Practices related to assessment of sedation, analgesia and delirium among critical care pediatricians in Brazil / Práticas relacionadas à avaliação de sedação, analgesia e delirium entre pediatras intensivistas no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective To understand the use of tools, protocols and comfort measures related to sedation/analgesia, and to screen the occurrence of delirium in pediatric intensive care units. Methods A survey with 14 questions was distributed by e-mail to Brazilian critical care pediatricians. Eight questions addressed physician and hospital demographics, and six inquired practices to assess sedation, analgesia, and delirium in pediatric intensive care units. Results Of 373 questionnaires sent, 61 were answered (16.3%). The majority of physicians were practicing in the Southeast region (57.2%). Of these, 46.5% worked at public hospitals, 28.6% of which under direct state administration. Of respondents, 57.1% used formal protocols for sedation and analgesia, and the Ramsay scale was the most frequently employed (52.5%). Delirium screening scores were not used by 48.2% of physicians. The Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium was the score most often used (23.2%). The majority (85.7%) of physicians did not practice daily sedation interruption, and only 23.2% used non-pharmacological measures for patient comfort frequently, with varied participation of parents in the process. Conclusion This study highlights the heterogeneity of practices for assessment of sedation/analgesia and lack of detection of delirium among critical care pediatricians in Brazil.

RESUMO Objetivo Compreender o uso de ferramentas, protocolos e medidas de conforto relacionadas à sedação/analgesia, além de rastrear a presença de delirium em unidades de terapia intensiva pediátricas. Métodos Um inquérito com 14 questões foi distribuído, por meio de correio eletrônico, para médicos pediatras intensivistas brasileiros. Oito questões eram sobre os dados demográficos dos médicos e dos hospitais, e seis questões eram sobre as práticas na avaliação da sedação, analgesia e delirium em unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica. Resultados Responderam ao inquérito 61 médicos dos 373 e-mails enviados (taxa de resposta de 16,3%). A maioria dos médicos era da Região Sudeste (57,2%) e 46,5% trabalhavam em hospitais públicos, sendo 28,6% sob administração direta do Estado. Dos respondedores, 57,1% utilizavam protocolos formais de sedação e analgesia, sendo a escala de Ramsay a mais utilizada (52,5%). Não utilizavam escores de rastreamento de delirium 48,2% dos médicos, e o Cornell Asssessment of Pediatric Delirium (23,2%) foi o mais utilizado. A maioria (85,7%) dos médicos não utilizou a prática da interrupção diária da sedação, e apenas 23,2% utilizavam medidas não farmacológicas para o conforto do paciente com frequência, com a participação heterogênea dos pais nesse processo. Conclusão Este estudo destaca a heterogeneidade nas práticas de avaliação da sedação/analgesia e insuficiência de rastreamento de delirium entre os intensivistas pediátricos brasileiros.

Resultados tras implantación de un protocolo de sedoanalgesia para procedimientos en ámbito hospitalario / Results after implementation of a sedoanalgesia protocol for procedures in hospital environment

INTRODUCCIÓN: Se analiza la efectividad y seguridad de un protocolo específico de sedoanalgesia para procedimien tos, y evalúa la satisfacción del personal sanitario con cada procedimiento. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Estudio prospectivo de un protocolo de sedoanalgesia para procedimientos en ámbito hospitalario en menores de 18 años, con una estrategia individualizada según la situación basal del paciente, el tipo de procedimiento y la experiencia del pediatra responsable de la sedación. Se registraron las variables: diagnóstico que motiva el procedimiento, tipo de procedimiento, datos antropométri cos, alergias, medicación, estado ASA y enfermedad de base, tiempo de ayuno, auscultación pul monar, temperatura, saturación de oxígeno, frecuencia respiratoria, frecuencia cardiaca, tensión arterial, lugar de sedación, tipo de fármaco, dosis, tipo de vía, escala de sedación Ramsay, duración de la sedación, tipo y tratamiento de efectos adversos, presencia de familiares durante todo el pro cedimiento y satisfacción del paciente. RESULTADOS: Se realizaron 279 sedaciones. Los fármacos más usados fueron óxido nitroso (62,7%) y midazolam (16,5%); las vías de administración más utili zadas fueron la inhalada (62,4%) y la intravenosa (15,8%). La satisfacción fue alta para el pediatra (92,5%), el enfermero (94,3%), los familiares (96,8%) y los pacientes (93,6%), con una buena correlación entre ellos, y fue significativamente menor al usar midazolam y las vías nasal y bucal. La tasa de efectos adversos fue del 3,2%, y ninguno fue grave. CONCLUSIONES: La implementación de un protocolo específico de sedoanalgesia para procedimientos en el ámbito hospitalario consigue una alta efectividad y seguridad, además de un alto nivel de satisfacción, tanto en familiares como en personal sanitario.

INTRODUCTION: We analyze the effectiveness and safety of a specific analgosedation protocol for procedures, and eva luate the satisfaction of the health personnel with each procedure. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Prospective study of an analgosedation protocol for hospital procedures in children under 18 years of age, with an individualized strategy based on the patient's baseline situation, the type of procedure and the experience of the pediatrician responsible for the sedation. The following variables were recorded: diagnosis motivating the procedure, type of procedure, anthropometric data, allergies, medication, ASA status and baseline disease, fasting time, lung auscultation, temperature, oxygen saturation, res piratory rate, heart rate, blood pressure, sedation location, type of drug, dose, route of administra tion, Ramsay sedation scale, duration of sedation, type and treatment of adverse effects, presence of family members throughout the procedure, and patient satisfaction. RESULTS: 279 sedations were performed. The most commonly used drugs were nitrous oxide (62.7%) and midazolam (16.5%); the most commonly used routes of administration were the inhaled one (62.4%) and the intravenous one (15.8%). The satisfaction was high for the pediatrician (92.5%), the nurse (94.3%), the family (96.8%), and patients (93.6%), with a good correlation between them, and it was significantly lower when using midazolam and the nasal and oral routes. The adverse effects rate was 3.2%, and none was severe. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of a specific analgosedation protocol for procedures in the hospital environment achieves high levels of effectiveness and safety, as well as a high level of satisfaction, both in family members and in health personnel.

Critical Analysis of Sedation and Analgesia in Severe Head Trauma / Análise crítica da sedação e analgesia no traumatismo craniano grave

Introduction Head injury is a direct determinant of morbidity, disability, and mortality in the young population. Sedatives and analgesics are commonly used in patients with brain injury to retrieve an ICP, CMRO2, and CBF, preserving the cerebral regulation system and self-avoiding hypotension. Objective The objective of this paper is to review on this topic, linking themain drugs, side effects, costs, anxiolytic properties, anticonvulsants, and correlating them with complacency and brain metabolism. Methods We perform a literature review using PubMed database, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Direct, The Cochrane Database, Google Scholar, and Clinical trials.We selected papers from the period between 1958 and 2014, which totaled 254 papers. Of these, we selected 129 papers based on keywords, inclusion, and exclusion criteria. Evidence Review The volume of the brain decreases due to dislocation of the CBV out of the skull. The main sedatives and analgesics are propofol, midazolam, etomidate, ketamine, barbiturates, dexedetomedina, morphine, fentanyl, alfentanil, sulfenatil, and remifentanil. We hereby discuss the algorithm for a fast intubation sequence and the algorithm for intracranial hypertension treatment regarding the systematic sedation therapy. A range of sedatives and analgesic agents are available for sedation. Each class has its own positive and negative effects on neurotrauma patients. Conclusions The correct analysis of sedation and analgesia in neurotrauma, rapid sequence intubation, and management ofmedications in intracranial hypertension can lead to an ideal management of brain injury.

Introdução Traumatismo Craniano (TCE) é determinante direto na morbidade, incapacidade e mortalidade na população jovem. Sedativos e analgésicos são comumente usados em pacientes com lesão cerebral com o objetivo de recuperar PIC, CMRO2 e FBC, preservando o sistema de autorregulação cerebral, evitando hipotensão. Objetivo O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer uma revisão sobre este tema, correlacionando as principais drogas, efeitos colaterais, custos, propriedades ansiolíticas, anticonvulsivantes, correlacionando com complacência e metabolismo cerebral. Métodos Revisão da literatura utilizando base de dados PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Direct, The Cochrane Detabase, Google Scholar, ensaios clínicos. Os trabalhos selecionados de 1958 a 2014. Somou-se 254 trabalhos. Foram selecionados 129, através de palavras-chave, inclusão e critérios de exclusão. Evidência Revisão O volume do cérebro é reduzido devido o deslocamento do volume cerebral. Os principais sedativos e analgésicos são: propofol, midazolam, etomidato, cetamina, barbitúricos, a dexmedetomidina, morfina, fentanil, alfentanil, sulfato, remifentanil. Discute-se algoritmo para a sequência rápida de intubação e algoritmo para tratamento de hipertensão intracraniana. Uma série de sedativos e analgésicos agentes estão disponíveis para sedação. Cada classe tem seu próprio efeitos positivos e negativos em pacientes no neurotrauma. Conclusões e Relevância O presente trabalho contribui com a análise correta da sedação e analgesia em neurotrauma, sequência rápida de intubação e administração de medicamentos para analgesia e sedação em hipertensão intracraniana, e um ideal manejo na lesão cerebral.

Analgesia multimodal con la asociación de ketamina, dipirona y tramadol en cirugía de urgencia / Multimodal analgesia with ketamine, dipyrone and tramadol association in emergency surgery

INTRODUCCIÓN: el dolor posoperatorio es frecuente en pacientes con afecciones que requieren cirugía de urgencia; su tratamiento satisfactorio constituye uno de los retos más importantes a que nos enfrentamos. OBJETIVO: comparar la analgesia multimodal mediante la asociación de las drogas tramadol, dipirona y ketamina, con la terapia tramadol-dipirona, en el paciente intervenido quirúrgicamente de urgencia. MÉTODOS: estudio prospectivo, comparativo y transversal a 100 pacientes distribuidos de forma aleatoria en dos grupos de 50 cada uno, grupo I (grupo control): dipirona 1,2 g más tramadol 100 mg, diluidos en cloruro de sodio al 0,9 %, 200 mL a pasar en 20 min por vía intravenosa, y grupo II (grupo estudio): dipirona 1,2 g más tramadol 100 mg, diluidos en cloruro de sodio al 0,9 %, 200 mL a pasar en 20 min por vía intravenosa; además recibieron un bolo de ketamina de 0,3 mg/kg de peso corporal del paciente, seguido de infusión continua de este fármaco a una velocidad de infusión de 0,8 mg/kg/h hasta el fin de la cirugía. RESULTADOS: la intensidad del dolor fue menor en el grupo en estudio, motivo por el cual se utilizó menos la analgesia de rescate, no así en el grupo control en que el 90 % de los casos necesitó analgesia de rescate. Los efectos adversos que aparecieron fueron náuseas y vómitos en el grupo I, y mareo en el grupo II; no se registraron complicaciones en ninguno de los dos grupos. CONCLUSIONES: la analgesia multimodal con la asociación de dipirona, tramadol y ketamina resulta ser un método analgésico superior en comparación a la analgesia dipirona-tramadol en el control del dolor posoperatorio de los pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente de urgencia.

INTRODUCTION: the postoperative pain is frequent in the patients with affections that require urgency surgery. Its satisfactory treatment constitute one of the most important challenges that we face today. OBJECTIVE: to compare multimodal analgesia by associating drugs as dipyrone, tramadol, and ketamine with tramadol-dipyrone therapy in patient emergency surgeries. METHODS: a randomized prospective, comparative, cross-sectional study was conducted in 100 patients. They were distributed into two groups of 50 each: Group I (control group) had dipyrone 1.2 g plus 100 mg tramadol, diluted in sodium chloride 0.9 %, 200 mL in 20 min intravenously; group II (study group) had dipyrone 1.2 g plus 100 mg tramadol, diluted in sodium chloride 0.9 %, 200 mL in 20 min intravenously. They also received a bolus of ketamine 0.3 mg/kg of patient body weight, followed by continuous infusion of this drug to an infusion rate of 0.8 mg / kg / h to the end of the surgery. RESULTS: the pain intensity was smaller in the study group, thus less rescue analgesia was used, but subjects in the group control that 90 % of the cases needed rescue analgesia. Side effects were nausea and vomiting in group I, and dizziness in group II. No complications occurred in either group.. CONCLUSIONS: multimodal analgesia with the association of dipyrone, tramadol, and ketamine turns out to be a superior analgesic method in comparison to dipyrone-tramadol analgesia for controlling postoperative pain in patient emergency surgeries.

Bloqueo continuo del plexo braquial en el posoperatorio inmediato / Continuous brachial plexus block in immediate postoperative

OBJETIVO: evaluar el período posoperatorio inmediato en pacientes con lesiones traumáticas quirúrgicas del miembro superior que han recibido dos métodos de anestesia-analgesia. MÉTODOS: se estudiaron 240 pacientes, todos ASA I-II-III según la clasificación del estado físico de la Sociedad Americana de Anestesiología. Se dividieron en dos grupos iguales, grupo G: anestesia general endotraqueal más fentanil y analgesia con dipirona 1,2 g IM cada 6 h, y grupo B: anestesia regional por técnicas continuas de bloqueo del plexo braquial con 100 mg de bupivacaína y analgesia regional con igual anestésico local cada 6 h. RESULTADOS: las complicaciones respiratorias se presentaron solamente en el grupo G (p= 0,01), mientras que las cardiovasculares se observaron 5,3 veces más en el grupo G (p= 0,000). Las náuseas y vómitos se manifestaron en más de la mitad de los pacientes (55 %) del grupo G y solo en seis (5 %) del grupo B (p= 0,000). La retención de orina y la oliguria se observó en tres y cuatro pacientes respectivamente, todos masculinos y del grupo G (p= 0,000). La tendencia a la hiperglucemia apareció en el grupo G en 27 pacientes (22,5 %) y solo en cinco (4,2 %) del grupo B (p= 0,000). Las molestias por la manipulación de la vía aérea superior, se presentaron en 79 pacientes (65,8 %) del grupo G; mientras que las molestias por el catéter solo se refirió en 16 pacientes (13,3 %) del grupo B. El grupo G a las 24 h llegó a tener 69 pacientes (57,5 %) en el nivel de analgesia no satisfactoria (p= 0,01). CONCLUSIONES: el método de anestesia-analgesia regional por bloqueo continuo del plexo braquial tuvo menor incidencia de complicaciones en el posoperatorio inmediato y mejor calidad de analgesia.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the immediate postoperative period in surgical patients with traumatic injuries of the upper limb who have undertaken two methods of anesthesia-analgesia. METHODS: 240 patients were studied, all ASA I-II-III according to the classification of the American Society of Anesthesiologists for physical state. They were divided into two equal groups. Group G had general endotracheal anesthesia and analgesia with fentanyl plus dipyrone 1.2 g IM every 6 h, and group B who had regional anesthesia techniques for continuous brachial plexus block with 100 mg of bupivacaine and regional analgesia with equal local anesthetic every 6 h. RESULTS: respiratory complications occurred only in group G (p= 0.01), cardiovascular complications were observed 5.3 times more in G group (p= 0.000). Nausea and vomiting were expressed in more than half of patients (55 %) in group G and only in six (5 %) from group B (p= 0.000). Urine retention and oliguria were observed in three and four patients respectively, all male from group G (p= 0.000). Hyperglycemia tendency appeared in group G in 27 patients (22.5 %) and in only five (4.2 %) from group B (p= 0.000). Discomfort by manipulating the upper airway occurred in 79 patients (65.8 %) from group G; nuisance due to the catheter was only referred in 16 patients (13.3 %) from group B. 24 hours after surgery, Group G had 69 patients (57.5 %) in unsatisfactory analgesia level (p= 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: the method of regional anesthesia-analgesia by continuous brachial plexus block had lower incidence of complications in the immediate postoperative period and better quality of analgesia.

Eficacia del bloqueo caudal versus bloqueo subaracnoideo bajo sedación en el paciente pediátrico / Caudal against spinal block effcacy under sedation of the pediatric patient

Antecedentes: esta incrementado el uso de anestesia regional en pediatría, única o combinada con sedación ó anestesia general, para aumentar la analgesia postoperatoria, disminuir la utilización de fármacos sistémicos, los riesgos de la anestesia general y costos hospitalarios. Objetivo: determinar la eficacia de la analgesia quirúrgica y postoperatoria con bloqueo caudal versus el bloqueo subaracnoideo en pediatría. Materiales y Pacientes: Estudio descriptivo prospectivo, incluyendo 40 pacientes. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: edad de 1-15 años, indicación de cirugía en región inguinal y miembros inferiores, sexo indistinto, riesgos potencial al uso de anestesia general ASA I y II. Las variables para medir eficacia del procedimiento: analgesia quirúrgica, analgesia postoperatoria, recuperación del bloqueo motor, efectos secundarios y tipo de cirugía. Resultados: A 20 se les aplicó bloqueo caudal y a 20 bloqueo subaracnoideo. La eficacia de la analgesia quirúrgica en el bloqueo caudal fue en 16(80%) y en 20(100%) con subaracnoideo. La analgesia postoperatoria fue de 12-18 hrs en el bloqueo caudal y más de 24 hrs en el subaracnoideo. La recuperación inmediata del bloqueo motriz se presentó en los 20(100%) pacientes con bloqueo caudal y en 3(15%) con subaracnoideo. Ningún efecto secundario en el bloqueo caudal y con el bloqueo subaracnoideo 2(10%) presentaron náuseas y vómitos. En las cirugías ortopédicas el bloqueo caudal falló en 4(20%) y no se observaron fallas con el bloqueo subaracnoideo. Conclusión: Ambos bloqueos son eficaces para anestesia quirúrgica y seguros para el paciente pediátrico, pero en este grupo de pacientes el bloqueo subaracnoideo es más eficaz para la analgesia postoperatoria y para cirugía ortopédica...

Avaliação do uso da clonidina para sedoanalgesia de pacientes sob ventilação mecânica prolongada, internados em unidade de terapia intensiva / Evaluate the clonidine use for sedoanalgesia in intensive care unit patients under prolonged mechanical ventilation

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O controle do desconforto dos pacientes internados em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) tem-se tornado essencial na prática da Medicina intensiva. Os fármacos sedoanalgésicos podem influenciar na morbimortalidade do paciente crítico. Agentes a2-agonistas podem ter um futuro interessante nas UTI. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a administração da clonidina para a sedoanalgesia de pacientes sob ventilação mecânica (VM) prolongada. MÉTODO: Estudo de coorte histórico, onde foram selecionados os prontuários dos pacientes internados na UTI entre janeiro e dezembro de 2006, sob sedação, analgesia e ventilação mecânica por período > 7 dias. Foram anotados os dados demográficos, clínicos e terapêuticos desses pacientes, que foram subdivididos em três grupos: G1 - medicados com clonidina e outros sedoanalgésicos, G2 - medicados com mais de três fármacos sedoanalgésicos, exceto clonidina, e G3 - medicados com midazolam e fentanil. Registrou-se a dose média diária da clonidina, anotando-se, antes da sua administração, 6 e 24 horas após, os valores da freqüência cardíaca e pressão arterial. Para a análise estatística foram utilizados os testes Análise de Variância (ANOVA), t de Student, c² sendo considerado significativo quando p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 55 pacientes. Quinze (27,3 por cento) pertenciam ao G1, 11 (20 por cento) ao G2, 29 (52,7 por cento) ao G3. A idade média dos pacientes foi 44 (G1), 50 (G2) e 55 (G3) anos (p = NS). O índice APACHE II médio dos grupos foi 18 (G1), 20,4 (G2), 20,7 (G3) (p = NS). Os pacientes do G1 e G2 permaneceram mais tempo internados na UTI e no hospital (p < 0,05). A dose média administrada de clonidina foi 1,21 ± 0,54 mg/kg/h. Houve diminuição da freqüência cardíaca e da pressão arterial nos pacientes do G1. Esses efeitos não tiveram repercussão clínica nem relação com a dose da clonidina. A mortalidade foi significativamente menor nos pacientes do G1 (20 por cento) em...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The control of patient discomfort in the intensive care unit (ICU) has become an integral part of critical care practice. The sedoanalgesic drugs could influence critically ill patient's morbimortality. Alpha²-adrenoceptor agonists might have an interesting future in ICU. The objective of this study is to evaluate the clonidine use for sedoanalgesia in ICU patients under prolonged mechanical ventilation. METHODS: Historical cohort study. Admitted patient files, January-December 2006, which stayed under mechanical ventilation, analgesia and sedation > 7days were analyzed. Demographic, clinical features and therapeutic data concerning analgesia and sedation were remarked. The data allowed classify the patients in three different groups: G1 = patients that used clonidine and other drugs; G2 = patients that used three or more drugs, without clonidine and G3 = patients that used fentanyl and midazolam. The mean daily doses of infused clonidine were registered, and the values of heat rate (HR), blood arterial pressure (BAP) before starting use of clonidine, after six hours and 24 hours were also registered. Statistical analyzes were performed using Variance Analysis (ANOVA), t tests and x² (significance p < 0.05). RESULTS: Were selected 55 patients. Fifteen (27.2 percent) belonged to G1, 11 (20 percent) belonged to G2 and 29 (52.7 percent) belonged to G3. The mean age of patients was 44 (G1), 50 (G2) and 56 (G3) (p = NS). The mean score APACHE II was 18 (G1), 20.4 (G2) and 20.7 (G3) (p = NS). G1 and G2 patients presented higher ICU length-of-stay (p < 0.05). The mean dose of clonidine used was 1.21 ± 0.54 mg/kg/min. G1 patients had HR and BAP decreased, however these effects were not considered clinically relevant. The mortality was lower in the patients from G1 (20 percent) when compared to G2 (54.5 percent) and G3 (62 percent) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The clonidine use to analyzed patients did not result in clinical...

Agitación y sedación conciente en cuidados intensivos / Agitation and conscious sedation in intensive care

La sedación y la analgesia son parte integral en el manejo de los pacientes críticos en las unidades intensivas, estos pacientes tienen mayor riesgo de presentar ansiedad, agitación, combatividad, delirio y síndromes de abstinencia. Con el fin de proporcionar una guía simple y práctica para la toma de decisiones en sedación y analgesia en el año 2005 la Federación Panamericana e Ibérica de Sociedades de Medicina Crítica y Terapia Intensiva (FEPIMCTI) propuso la realización de un consenso con un enfoque regional, basado en la mejor evidencia disponible en la literatura médica. En este contexto nosotros realizamos la presente guía de sedación vigil y agitación. Se tratan temas importantes relacionados con el uso cauto de la sedación y optimización de la sincronía ventilador paciente, como también el control de la agitación y de los procedimientos invasivos mínimos en UCI. Cada recomendación está hecha en base a dos criterios: su aceptabilidad como recomendación fuerte o débil (considerada de acuerdo al consenso de los asistentes expertos) y su sostén en la literatura médica obtenida mediante revisión sistemática y calificada por, al menos, dos grupos de expertos en epidemiología clínica.

Sedation and analgesia play a major role in critical patients management in ICUs. These patients face a higher risk of developing anxiety, agitation, combativity, delirium, and deprivation syndromes. In order to offer a simple and practical guideline for decision making in sedation and analgesia, the Pan-American and Iberian Federation of Critical Medicine and Intensive Therapy Societies (FEPIMCTI) proposed a regional-focused consensus based on best available evidence in medical literature. It is in this context that the current Guideline on Conscious Sedation and Agitation has been developed. Important issues related to the appropriate use of sedation and improvement of ventilator-patient synchrony, as well as control of agitation and minimally invasive procedures in ICU are dealt with. Each proposed recommendation is based on two main criteria: its acceptability as a strong or weak recommendation (according to consensus of participating experts) and its support in medical literature, which has been systematically reviewed and assessed by, al least, two groups of clinical epidemiology experts.

Analgesia con electroacupuntura en pacientes sometidas a legrados diagnóstico con enfermedades descompensadas / Electroacupuncture analgesia in female patients undergoing diagnostic curettages with decompensated diseases

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo que estuvo relacionado con la aplicación de la electroacupuntura en pacientes sometidas a legrados diagnóstico, con el objetivo de evaluar su efectividad. Se aplicó analgesia mediante la electroacupuntura a 201 pacientes que presentaron riesgos de contraindicaciones a la anestesia general y algunas que se decidieron a participar en el estudio de forma voluntaria. Se analizaron las variables: edad, riesgo anestésico, complicaciones transoperatorias, valoración del dolor, tipo de procedimiento realizado y evaluación del tratamiento. Se registró que el 63,1 por ciento de los casos tenían entre 41-60 años de edad, el 73,6 por ciento de los pacientes presentaron riesgo anestésico y hubo una efectividad de la analgesia mediante la electroacupuntura para el 96,1 por ciento. No refirieron dolor durante el transoperatorio el 85 por ciento de los pacientes y solo el 9,9 por ciento presentó complicaciones, predominando la hipertensión arterial. El 75,6 por ciento refirió que el método de analgesia mediante la electroacupuntura fue una alternativa muy buena(AU)

A descriptive retrospective study related to the application of electroacupuncture in female patients undergoing diagnostic curettages was conducted in order to evaluate its efectiveness. Electroacupuncture analgesia was administered to 201 patients that presented risks of contraindications to general anesthesia and to some of them that decided to participate in the study as volunteers. The following variables were analyzed: age, anaesthetic risk, transoperative complications, assessment of pain, type of procedure carried out and treatment evaluation. It was observed that 63.1 percent of the cases were between 41 and 60 years old, and that 73.6 percent of the patients presented anesthesic risk. Electroacupuncture analgesia showed an effectivity of 96.1 percent. 85 percent of the patients did not refer pain in the transoperative, and only 9.9 percent had complications, with predominance of arterial hypertension. 75.6 percent considered electroacupuncture analgesia as a good alternative(AU)

Analgesic choice in dentistry. Part II: the toxicity

Nonopioid analgesics are widely prescribed in dentistry. The first article of this series reviewed the mechanism of action of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), acetaminophen (paracetamol) and dipyrone; this part discusses the risks related to the use of these drugs. Paracetamol and dipyrone in therapeutic doses, unlike aspirin, do not cause nausea, do not interfere with protrombin time, do not inhibit the platelet aggregation, and do not produce as many side effects as does aspirin. The adverse reactions in relation to paracetamol seem to be restricted to situations where acute overdosage occurs. In relation to dipyrone, blood dyscrasias such as the agranulocytosis are the main adverse reactions.

Comparision of spinal anesthesia at the interspace L2-3 and L3-4

Comparision of analgesia and side effects in spinal anesthesia administered by bupivacaine combined with fentanyl in 66 patients with indicated abdominal hysterectomy in the Institute of Military Medicine No.103, from February to July, 2003. The results showed that: spinal anesthesia and the safe in surgeries have agained with the same dose 0.18mg/kg bupivacaine and 25mcg fentanyl at spinal interspace L2-3 and L3-4. However, spinal anesthesia was administered at the interspace L2-3 difference L3-4: onset time of sensory blockade at the T6 is faster, analgesia level after 20mins is higher, hemodynamic changing are faster and more serious

Efecto de la implementación de recomendaciones de sedoanalgesia en una UCI general / Effect of the implementation of recommendations about sedoanalgesia in a general ICU

A great part of the patients in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) need sedo-analgesia (SA), specially in mechanic ventilation (MV). Our unit is a general ICU where a diversity of therapeuticschemes and farmacological presentations have been used, without standard practices. At a first stage we introduced SA recommendations, reinforcing its use. We conducted the present study to evaluate its effect in our clinical practice. Methodology: Indicators of adverse incidents were registered, associated to MV, mortality, permanence in MV,hospitalization in ICU, use of medicines and cost, the results were measured during the 3 months prior to beginning and the 3 months following implementation of the SA recommendations, which ruled the use of the association of midazolam (MZ) (Dormonid (R), Laboratorio Roche (R) and morphine; in cases of the renal insufficiency, hemo-dynamic instability or allergic reaction it was chosen to associate MZ and fentanyl, both associations in continuous infusion and with suspension of morning sedation. The sedation level had to be evaluated with ramsay scale. Neurological patients were excluded. It was considered "strict compliance" when the recommended combination of medicines were utilized, adjusted by sedation scale and with matinal suspension; "partial compliance" when these were utilized without complying with the scale adjustement or the matinal suspension. The results obtained were analyzed utilizing the Primer(R) statistical program. Results: Before the introduction of the recommendations we observed an average MV duration of 5,8 days (Range: 1-82), duration of ICU hospitalization of 9,8 days (Range: 1-101), a mortality of 28 per cent, one case of auto-extubation, with the use of one average dose of MZ of 10±1,8 mg/hr, with a montly use of MZ in the unit of 22,2 g., a montly expense in sedatives, analgesics and relaxants of US$3018. After its introduction we observed an average duration at MV of 4,5 days (Range: 1-41) (NS), duration of hospitalization at ICU of 5,0 days (Range: 1-45) (p=0,001), a mortality of 22 per cent (NS), one case of auto-extubation, with an average dose of MZ of 4,2 g. (p=0,001), a montly expense in sedatives, analgesics and relaxants of US$809 (p=0,0001). Average compliance with the recommendations was 68 per cent (46 per cent partial, 22 per cent strict).

Bloqueio pleural / Pleural block

Justificativa e objetivos - Em 1986 o bloqueio pleural foi considerado uma importante aquisiçäo da especialidade e, atualmente, vem sendo empregado com maior frequência. O objetivo desta revisäo é enfocar aspectos anatômicos, técnicos e clínicos importantes para a realizaçäo do bloqueio pleural. Conteúdo - Säo abordados aspectos históricos, anatômicos e técnicos do bloqueio pleural, assim como a farmacodinâmica, a farmacocinética, as indicaçöes, contra-indicaçöes e complicaçöes. Dentre as indicaçöes säo ressaltados o emprego do bloqueio pleural para cirurgia e analgesia pós-operatória como também no tratamento da dor aguda e crônica. Conclusöes - O bloqueio pleural, cujo acesso é feito pelo espaço pleural, pode ser realizado tanto percutaneamente como em tórax aberto ao término de cirurgias torácicas. Pode ser utilizado para cirurgia sobre a parede torácica, assim como para analgesia pós-operatória. Apresenta vantagem de ser realizado em uma única punçäo, provocando bloqueio de vários nervos intercostais com baixa incidência de complicaçöes

new analgesia protocol for cataract surgery

Our objective was to describe the safety and efficacy of a new analgesia protocol that enables the surgeon to maintain control over an alert patient experiencing seemingly painless ambulatory cataract surgery, while eliminating the risks and side effects associated with general, local, and intracameral anesthesia. This study was carried out on two thousands cataract surgery cases. This technique produces profound ocular analgesia, avoiding any undesired sedative effects, using very low-dose, titrated, intravenous alfentanil. Complete control of the uncooperative patient, including lid squeezing and ocular and genera! body movements, is obtained whenever necessary using very low-dose, titrated, intravenous propofol. Success was defined as surgery completed in a controlled manner without the need to convert to general, local, or intracameral anesthesia and the patent's experience being perceived as pain free. One thousand nine hundred ninety-five [99.75%] of the cases were successful without ever deviating from the protocol. This analgesia protocol offers advantages for cataract surgery. It virtually eliminates the morbidity of cataract surgery associated with other anesthesia techniques while providing excellent and reliable control with minimal side effects. It allows for an immediate postoperative recovery with instantaneous vision restoration. These patients are generally awake, alert, and retain their protective reflexes

Cirurgia orificial e anestesia peridural com morfina / Orificial surgery and peridural anesthesia with morphine

Neste estudo retrospectivo, testamos a qualidade da analgesia pós-operatória com morfina peridural em cirurgias orificiais, confrontando com os efeitos colaterais apresentados. Selecionamos 36 pacientes que utilizaram morfina-epidural (1,0 a 1,5 mg), analisando as incidências de prurido, depressäo respiratória, náuseas e vômitos, retençäo urinária, uso de analgésicos no pós-operatório imediato (POI) e a permanência hospitalar. Dividimos os pacientes em dois grupos, segundo a prescriçäo de analgésicos no POI: Grupo I (diclofenaco sódico, 75 mg, IM, SOS), Grupo II (diclofenaco sódico 75 mg, IM, 12/12h). A idade mínima e máxima foi respectivamente 21 e 57 anos com idade média de 34,5 anos com desvio padräo igual a 7,1. Resultados mostraram: ausência de depressäo respiratória; incidência relevante de retençäo urinária (47 por cento), com predominância masculina; e diferença na qualidade da analgesia pela potencializaçäo do diclofenaco associado à morfina, tendo 100 por cento de pacinentes sem dor no Grupo II contra 62,5 por cento no Grupo I (p < 0,05). Prurido (5 por cento) e náuseas e vômitos (25 por cento) foram inferiores a outros trabalhos descritos. O tempo de internamento foi 2-3 dias (94,4 por cento). A analgesia foi efetiva, contudo a incidência elevada de efeitos colaterais e o adequado controle da dor com outros métodos sistêmicos, talvez reservem o uso da morfina-peridural para casos de dor mais severa. Atualmente a associaçäo de agonista-antagonista ou antagonista com a morfina dá uma excelente analgesia com poucos efeitos colaterais

Analgesia postoperatoria por vía epidural: estudio doble ciego entre buprenorfina y meperidina / Postoperative epidural analgesia: double blind study between buprenorphine and meperidine

Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, doble ciego con el objetivo de comparar la analgesia y los efectos secundarios de la inyección epidural de buprenorfina (Bp) 300 cmg y la meperidina (Mp) 50 mg. Se incluyeron a 20 pacientes sometidos a cirugía de abdomén electiva, ASA I, II y III a quienes se les instaló un cateter epidural entre L1-2 ó L2-3 antes de iniciar la cirugía . En recuperación al referir dolor eran sorteados para recibir Bp 300 mcg o Mp 50mg diluídos en 10 ml de solución salina. Se evaluaron signos vitales, efectos adversos y escala visual análoga. La calidad su superior en quienes recibieron Bp, ya que 8 refirieron O de EVA en algún momento, mientras que esto ocurrió sólo en 4 con Mp. La duración fue estadísticamente superior con Bp: 774 + - 330 min, contra 324 + - 216 min de los que recibieron Mp (p< 0.01). La náusea fue más frecuente con Bp (4 casos) y no se presentaron otros efectos adversos ni cambios en los signos vitales. La Bp a la dosis de 300 mcg ofrece una analgesia de mejor calidad y mayor duración que la Mp 50 mg. No hubo efectos adversos graves con ninguno de los dos medicamentos, aunque fue más frecuente la náusea con Bp.