Anemia no diabetes mellitus gestacional: implicações na instabilidade genômica / Anemia in gestational diabetes mellitus: implications for genomic instability

Introdução: Evidências têm mostrado uma associação entre anemia e Diabetes Mellitus. Contudo, a relação entre anemia e Diabetes Mellitus Gestacional (DMG) ainda não está bem estabelecida, bem como sua repercussão na instabilidade genômica. Portanto, objetivou-se verificar a associação entre anemia e instabilidade genômica em mulheres com DMG atendidas em um hospital universitário. Métodos: Estudo transversal com mulheres apresentando diagnóstico de DMG que realizaram pré-natal no Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria (RS). Informações referentes ao DMG, anemia e suplementação de ferro foram obtidas nos prontuários. A instabilidade genômica foi avaliada pelo ensaio de citoma em micronúcleos em células bucais (BMCyt). Resultados: Das 44 gestantes avaliadas, 28,6% apresentaram anemia e 79,5% foram suplementadas com ferro. Das gestantes que realizaram suplementação, 75,0% não apresentaram anemia gestacional. Níveis de hemoglobina não se associaram com a instabilidade genomica (p > 0,05), mas foi observada uma associação entre brotos nucleares e os níveis de glicemia (r = 0,977; p = 0,003). Conclusão: Não foi verificado associação entre anemia e instabilidade genômica em mulheres com DMG.(AU)

Introduction: There is evidence of an association between anemia and diabetes mellitus. However, the relationship between anemia and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) remains to be established, as well as its impact on genomic instability. Therefore, we aimed to examine the association between anemia and genomic instability in women with GDM treated at a university hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional study of women with a diagnosis of GDM who received prenatal care at the University Hospital of Santa Maria, southern Brazil. Data on GDM, anemia, and iron supplementation were obtained from medical records. Genomic instability was assessed by the buccal micronucleus cytome (BMCyt) assay. Results: Of 44 pregnant women evaluated, 28.6% had anemia and 79.5% received iron supplementation; of the latter, 75.0% did not have gestational anemia. Hemoglobin levels were not associated with genomic instability (p > 0.05), but an association was found between nuclear buds and blood glucose levels (r = 0.977; p = 0.003). Conclusion: There was no association between anemia and genomic instability in women with GDM.(AU)

La dieta vegetariana en niños y preadolescentes / Vegetarian diet in children and pre-adolescents

Basándonos en una consulta de una niña que desea realizar una dieta vegetariana se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica para identificar evidencia sobre el impacto de este tipo de dieta en la salud. La evidencia actual indica que la dieta vegetariana es una opción saludable que no produciría un impacto negativo en el crecimiento y desarrollo de los niños, si bien existiría la posibilidad de déficit de micronutrientes. (AU)

Based on a consultation of a girl who wishes to make a vegetarian diet, a literature search was conducted to identify evidence on the impact of this type of diet on health. Current evidence indicates that the vegetarian diet is a healthy option that would not have a negative impact on the growth and development of children, although there is a possibility of micronutrient deficits. (AU)

Intake, bioavailability, and absorption of iron in infants aged 6 to 36 months: an observational study in a Brazilian Well Child Clinic

BACKGROUND: Preventing the development of iron deficiency anemia during infancy requires the appropriate complementary foods with high energy, nutrient density, and adequate iron content, as well as high nutrient bioavailability. We aimed to evaluate iron intake, bioavailability, and absorption from foods, in healthy infants and toddlers at a Well Child Clinic. METHODS: This observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study evaluated 96 consecutive infants and toddlers, 6 to 12 months of age (group I) and 13 to 36 months of age (group II) that were brought for regular pediatric visits and introduced to complementary foods. Quantitative 24-h dietary recalls were obtained, and iron intakes quantified for lunch and dinner. Iron bioavailability and absorption were calculated and analyzed by Monsen's and FAO/WHO's methods according to enhancing factors: meat, poultry, and fish (MPF) and vitamin C. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in demographic, clinical, and anthropometric variables between groups. Vitamin C intake was not different between groups, but MPF was significantly lower in group I. The proportion of children with recommended RDA iron intake was lower (p< 0.05) in group I (16 %) than that in group II (47 %). Group I had lesser MPF intake and iron absorption and a higher proportion of children with low bioavailability in lunch and dinner when compared to group II (p< 0.05).CONCLUSIONS: Inclusion of low-cost meat, especially chicken meat and vitamin C-rich foods, at the same meal, both in lunch and dinner, would be of particular advantage to ensure an adequate intake of bioavailable iron during complementary feeding.

Adherencia a multimicronutrientes y factores asociados en niños de 6 a 35 meses de sitios centinela, Ministerio de Salud, Perú / Adherence to multiple micronutrient powders and associated factors in children aged 6 to 35 months treated in sentinel health facilities, Ministry of Health of Peru

RESUMEN: Introducción: La anemia en el niño es un problema de salud pública, las estrategias actuales incluyen el tratamiento y suplementación con hierro, pero se desconoce su nivel de adherencia o cumplimiento. Objetivo: Considerar la adherencia a los multimicronutrientes y los factores asociados. Métodos: Estudio epidemiológico de vigilancia activa por sitios centinela en 2.024 niños entre los 6 hasta los 35 meses atendidos en establecimientos de salud del Ministerio de Salud del Perú, entre octubre a diciembre de 2014. Se realizaron visitas domiciliarias, en las cuales se aplicaron el conteo de multimicronutrientes, que determinó la adherencia al consumo ≥ 90% de sobres, y un formulario sobre los factores asociados (conocimiento sobre anemia, alimentos ricos en hierro, efectos secundarios, esquema de dosis, medicamentos consumidos y motivación). Se emplearon estadísticas descriptivas, el test del χ², Odds Ratio con IC95% y la regresión logística binaria u OR ajustado (ORa). Resultados: 79,1% tenían entre 6 a 23 meses, 75,9% recibieron multimicronutrientes y la adherencia fue del 24,4% (IC95% 22,3 - 26,6). Los factores: seguir con la suplementación (OR = 3,5; IC95% 1,7 - 7,5); no tener náuseas (OR = 3,0; IC95% 2,0 - 4,3); no tomar antibióticos (OR = 2,5; IC95% 1,7 - 3,6) e intenciones de seguir con el tratamiento (OR = 2,3; IC95% 1,3 - 4,1) se asociaron a la adherencia. El análisis multivariado asoció pensar que debe continuar con el tratamiento (ORa = 2,6; IC95% 1,1 - 6,1); si presentó algún efecto secundario, no suprimió el tratamiento (ORa = 2,5; IC95% 1,4 - 4,3), el niño no tomó antibióticos (ORa = 2,0; IC95% 1,1 - 3,4) y creencia que anemia no solo se cura con medicamentos (ORa = 1,6; IC95% 1,0 - 2,6). Conclusión: Hubo una baja prevalencia de adherencia para un punto de corte exigente (≥ 90% sobres de multimicronutrientes consumidos) y los factores asociados están relacionados con ausencia de infecciones, efectos secundarios y creencias de la madre.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Anemia in children is a public health issue, and the current strategies include treatment and iron supplementation, but their level of adherence or compliance is unknown. Objective: To consider the adherence to multiple micronutrient powders and the associated factors. Methods: Epidemiological study of active surveillance through sentinel facilities in 2,024 children aged 6 to 35 months treated in health facilities of the Ministry of Health of Peru, from October to December 2014. Household visits were conducted in which counting of multiple micronutrient powders was applied and determined an adherence of consumption ≥ 90% envelopes, besides a form on the associated factors (anemia knowledge, iron-rich food, side effects, dosage regimen, drugs used, and motivation) was applied. Descriptive statistics, χ² test, Odds Ratio with a 95% confidence interval (CI), and binary logistic regression or adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) were used. Results: Of all, 79.1% participants were aged 6 to 23 months; 75.9% received multiple micronutrient powders; and the adherence was equivalent to 24.4% (95%CI 22.3 - 26.6). The factors: continue supplementation (OR = 3.5; 95%CI 1.7 - 7.5); no nausea (OR = 3.0; 95%CI 2.0 - 4.3); no use of antibiotics (OR = 2.5; 95%CI 1.7 - 3.6); and intention to continue treatment (OR = 2.3; 95%CI 1.3 - 4.1) were associated with adherence. The variables: thought of continuing treatment (aOR = 2.6; 95%CI 1.1 - 6.1); presence of side effects, but no discontinuation of the treatment (aOR = 2.5; 95%CI 1.4 - 4.3); no use of antibiotics (aOR = 2.0; 95%CI 1.1 - 3.4); and belief that not only drugs cure anemia (aOR = 1.6; 95%CI 1.0 - 2.6) were associated in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion: There was a low prevalence of adherence to a demanding cut-off point (≥ 90% of envelopes of multiple micronutrient powders), and the associated factors are associated with absence of infections, side effects, and mother's beliefs.

Iron bioavailability of different maize genotypes developed in a breeding program: in vitro and in vivo studies

The objective of this study was to evaluate iron bioavailability of maize genotypes, and analyze the correlation between in vitro and in vivo methods. Dialysable iron was analyzed in 13 genotypes from which 5 were selected for the biological assay. Mean iron content of the genotypes (n=13) was 17.93±2.93 mg kg-1. Phytate varied from 0.77% to 1.03%; phytate: iron molar ratio from 30.64 to 55.41; and soluble iron from 13.17 to 39.63%. The highest value for dialysable iron was 19.14%. In the biological assay, the control group, that received ferrous sulphate, did not present significant difference between the genotypes for Hb gain, Hb gain per gram of iron consumed and HRE. Hb gain did not present a significant correlation with in vitro assay. However, there were positive correlations varying from 0.653 to 0.809. The maize genotypes evaluated presented a good bioavailability since the genotypes showed the same result in hemoglobin gain than control group.

Biodisponibilidade de ferro de diferentes genótipos de milho desenvolvidos em programa de melhoramento genético: estudos in vitro e in vivo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a biodisponibilidade do ferro de genótipos de milho e analisar a correlação entre métodos in vitro e in vivo. Ferro dialisável foi analisado em13 genótipos, a partir do qual 5 foram selecionados para o ensaio biológico. A média de teor de ferro dos genótipos (n= 13) foi 17,93 ± 2,93 mg kg-1. O teor de fitato variou de 0,77% a 1,03%; razão molar fitato:ferro de 30,64 a 55,41; e ferro solúvel de 13,17 a 39,63%.O valor mais alto para o ferro dialisável foi 19,14%. No ensaio biológico, o grupo controle, que recebeu sulfato ferrso, não apresentou diferença significativa entre os genótipos no ganho Hb, ganho de Hb por grama de ferro consumido e HRE. Ganho de Hb não apresentou correlação significativa com o ensaio in vitro. No entanto, houve correlações positivas variando de 0,653 a 0,809. Os genótipos de milho avaliados apresentaram uma boa biodisponibilidade uma vez que os genótipos apresentaram o mesmo resultado quanto ao ganho de hemoglobina em relação ao grupo controle.

Double-blind randomized controlled trial of rolls fortified with microencapsulated iron / Estudo duplo-cego randomizado controlado com pães fortificados com ferro microencapsulado

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the fortification of rolls with microencapsulated iron sulfate with sodium alginate on the hemoglobin levels in preschoolers as compared to controls. METHODS: Double-blind randomized controlled trial comprised of children aged 2 to 6 years with initial hemoglobin exceeding 9 g/dL from four not-for-profit daycares randomly selected in the city of São Paulo - Brazil. Children of 2 daycares (n = 88) received rolls with fortified wheat flour as the exposed group (EC) and children of 2 daycares (n = 85) received rolls without fortification as the control group (CG) over a 24-week period. Rolls with 4 mg iron each were offered once a day, five days a week. Hemoglobin concentrations were determined in capillary blood by HemoCue® at three moments of trial: baseline (Ml), after 12 and 24 weeks of intervention (M2, M3). RESULTS: Hemoglobin concentration presented significant increase up to M3 in EG (11.7-12.5-12.6 g/dL) and in CG (11.1-12.4-12.3 g/dL) with higher elevations in children initially with anemia. There was significant reduction in the occurrence of anemia from 22 percent to 9 percent in EG and from 47 percent to 8.2 percent in CG at M3. CONCLUSION: Rolls fortified with microencapsulated iron sulfate were well tolerated, increased hemoglobin levels and reduced the occurrence of anemia, but with no difference compared to the control group.

OBJETIVO: A deficiência de ferro é a carência nutricional mais frequente no Brasil, tendo como principal etiologia a baixa ingestão do mineral. A fortificação alimentar é medida sustentável e de melhor custo-benefício para a prevenção e controle. O objetivo foi avaliar o impacto da fortificação de pães com sulfato ferroso microencapsulado com alginato de sódio sobre os níveis de hemoglobina em pré-escolares, comparados com controles. MÉTODOS: Estudo duplo-cego randomizado controlado incluindo crianças de 2 a 6 anos com hemoglobina inicial maior que 9 g/dL procedentes de 4 creches filantrópicas selecionadas aleatoriamente, São Paulo - Brasil. Crianças de 2 creches (n = 88) receberam pães com farinha de trigo fortificada, constituindo o grupo exposto (EC), e de outras 2 creches (n = 85) receberam pães não fortificados, compondo o grupo-controle (CG), durante 24 semanas. Pães contendo 4 mg de ferro foram oferecidos uma vez ao dia, cinco dias por semana. As concentrações de hemoglobina foram determinadas no sangue capilar por HemoCue® em três momentos do estudo: momento inicial (M1), após 12 e 24 semanas da intervenção (M2, M3). RESULTADOS: A concentração de hemoglobina apresentou aumento significativo até M3 no EG (11,7-12,5-12,6 g/dL) e no CG (11,1-12,4-12,3 g/dL) com maiores elevações nas crianças inicialmente anêmicas. Houve redução significativa na ocorrência de anemia de 22 por cento a 9 por cento no EG e de 47 por cento a 8,2 por cento no CG em M3. CONCLUSÃO: Os pães fortificados com sulfato ferroso microencapsulado foram bem tolerados, elevando os níveis de hemoglobina e reduzindo a ocorrência de anemia, porém sem diferenças em relação ao grupo-controle.

Efectos de la ingesta de hígado de res o pollo en estudiantes de Obstetricia con anemia ferropénica - Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos - 2011 / Effects of intake of liver from beef or chicken in students of Obstetrics with anemia iron deficiency - Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos - 2011

OBJETIVO: Evaluar los efectos de la ingesta de hígado de res o pollo en estudiantes con anemia de la Escuela Académico Profesional de Obstetricia de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. MATERIAL Y METODOS: Estudio cuasi-experimental donde se asignaron a 45 alumnas de obstetricia con anemia ferropénica divididos en grupo A:100 g de hígado de res (n=15), grupo B:45 g de hígado de pollo (n=15) y grupo C:100 g de hígado de pollo (n=15). Se midió hemoglobina antes de la ingesta y 21 días después. Se confeccionó una base de datos en Microsoft Excel y se analizó vía estadísticas descriptivas e inferencial con prueba de hipótesis significativos p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Los niveles de anemia encontrados fueron: leve en un 88,9 por ciento y moderada en 11,1 por ciento. Antes de la intervención los niveles de hemoglobina con el grupo de hígado de res 100 g fueron de 10,6 g/dL y después fue de 12,0 g/dL. Para el grupo de hígado de pollo 100 g al inicio de la intervención fue de 11,1 g/dL luego fue de 12,2 g/dL y en el grupo de hígado de pollo 45 g antes de la intervención fue de 11,0 g/dL y después fue de 12,0 g/dL. CONCLUSION: De las 45 alumnas de obstetricia, cuyas edades fluctúan entre 18 y 25 años con diagnóstico de anemia ferropénica fueron sometidas a ingesta diaria de hígado de res o de pollo por un periodo de 21 días, luego de las cuales los niveles de hemoglobina se incrementaron en los tres grupos en promedio.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of intake of beef liver or chicken anemia students' Academic Professional School of Obstetrics at the San Marcos University. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Quasi-experimental study where students were assigned to 45 of obstetrics with divided into group A:100 g of beef liver (n=15), group B:45 g of chicken liver (n=15) and group C:100 g of chicken liver (n=15). Hemoglobin was measured before and 21 days after ingestion. They compiled a database in Microsoft Excel and analyzed via descriptive and inferential statistics with significant hypothesis test p<0.05. RESULTS: The levels found were Mild anemia 88.9 per cent and 11.1 per cent moderate. Before surgery hemoglobin levels with the group of 100 g beef liver were 10.6 g/dL and then was 12.0 g/dL. For the group of chicken liver 100 g at the start of the intervention was 11.1 g/dL after was 12.2 g/dL in the group of 45 g chicken liver before surgery was 11.0 g/dL and then was 12.0 g/dL. Cholesterol levels before surgery were 128.4 mg/dL and later were 148.9 mg/dl. Triglycerides levels before surgery were 89.3 mg/dL and later werw 100 mg/dL. CONCLUSSION: Of the 45 students of obstetrics, whose ages range between 18 and 25 years diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia were subjected to daily intake of beef liver or chicken for a period of 21 days, after which hemoglobin levels increased average the three groups.

Anemia em gestantes brasileiras antes e após a fortificação das farinhas com ferro / Anemia in Brazilian pregnant women before and after flour fortification with iron / Anemia en gestantes brasileñas antes y después de la fortificación de harinas con hierro

OBJETIVO: Comparar prevalência de anemia e valores de hemoglobina (Hb) em gestantes brasileiras, antes e após a fortificação das farinhas com ferro. MÉTODOS: Estudo de avaliação de painéis repetidos, desenvolvido em serviços públicos de saúde de municípios das cinco regiões brasileiras. Dados retrospectivos foram obtidos de 12.119 prontuários de gestantes distribuídas em dois grupos: antes da fortificação, com parto anterior a junho de 2004, e após a fortificação, com última menstruação após junho de 2005. Anemia foi definida como Hb < 11,0 g/dL. Valores de Hb/idade gestacional foram avaliados segundo dois referenciais da literatura. Foram utilizados teste qui-quadrado, t de Student e regressão logística, com nível de 5 por cento de significância. RESULTADOS: Na amostra total, anemia caiu de 25 por cento para 20 por cento após fortificação (p < 0,001), com médias de Hb significativamente maiores no grupo "após" (p < 0,001). Observaram-se, entretanto, diferenças regionais importantes: reduções significativas nas regiões Nordeste (37 por cento para 29 por cento) e Norte (32 por cento para 25 por cento), onde as prevalências de anemia eram elevadas antes da fortificação, e reduções menores nas regiões Sudeste (18 por cento para 15 por cento) e Sul (7 por cento para 6 por cento), onde as prevalências eram baixas. Os níveis de Hb/idade gestacional de ambos os grupos se mostraram discretamente mais elevados nos primeiros meses, porém bem mais baixos após o terceiro ou quarto mês, dependendo da referência utilizada para comparação. Análise de regressão logística mostrou que grupo, região geográfica, situação conjugal, trimestre gestacional, estado nutricional inicial e gestação anterior associaram-se com anemia (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de anemia diminuiu após a fortificação, porém continua elevada nas regiões Nordeste e Norte. Embora a fortificação possa ter tido papel nesse resultado favorável, há que se considerar a contribuição de outras políticas públicas implementadas no período estudado.

OBJECTIVE: To compare prevalence of anemia and hemoglobin (Hb) levels in Brazilian pregnant women before and after flour fortification with iron. METHODS: A repeated cross-sectional panel study of public health care centers of municipalities in the five Brazilian regions was conducted. Retrospective data were obtained from 12,119 medical records of pregnant women distributed in two groups: before fortification (delivery prior to June 2004) and after fortification (date of last period after June 2005). Anemia was defined as Hb<11.0 g/dl. Hb levels according to gestational age were assessed using two references from the literature. Statistical analysis was carried out using chi-squared tests, Student's t tests, and logistic regression, with a significance level of 5 percent. RESULTS: In the total sample, prevalence of anemia fell from 25 percent to 20 percent after fortification (p<0.001). However, important regional differences were evident: while significant reductions were seen in the Northeast (37 percent to 29 percent) and North (32 percent to 25 percent) regions, where pre-fortification prevalence was high, smaller reductions were seen in the Southeast (18 percent to 15 percent) and South (7 percent to 6 percent) regions, where prevalence was low. Hb levels according to gestational age were slightly higher in the first months of pregnancy and lower after the third or fourth months, depending on the reference used. Logistic regression analysis showed that group, geographic region, marital status, trimester of pregnancy, initial nutritional status, and prior pregnancy were associated with anemia (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of anemia decreased after fortification, but remains high in the North and Northeast regions. Although fortification may have played a role in this favorable outcome, the contribution of other public policies implemented during the studied period should also be considered.

OBJETIVO: Comparar prevalencia de anemia y valores de hemoglobina (Hb) en gestantes brasileñas, antes y después de la fortificación de las harinas con hierro. MÉTODOS: Estudio de evaluación de paneles repetidos, desarrollado en servicios públicos de salud de municipios de las cinco regiones brasileñas. Datos retrospectivos se obtuvieron de 12.119 prontuarios de gestantes distribuidas en dos grupos: antes de la fortificación, con parto anterior a junio de 2004, y posterior a la fortificación, con última menstruación después de junio 2005. Anemia fue definida como Hb<11,0 g/dL. Valores de Hb/edad gestacional fueron evaluados según dos referenciales de la literatura. Se utilizaron prueba de chi-cuadrado, t de Student y regresión logística, con nivel de 5 por ciento de significancia. RESULTADOS: En la muestra total, anemia disminuyó de 25 por ciento a 20 por ciento después de la fortificación (p<0,001), con promedios de Hb significativamente mayores en el grupo "posterior" (p<0,001). Se observaron, sin embargo, diferencias regionales importantes: reducciones significativas en las regiones Noreste (de 37 por ciento a 29 por ciento) y Norte (de 32 por ciento a 25 por ciento), donde las prevalencias de anemia eran elevadas antes de la fortificación; y reducciones menores en las regiones Sureste (de 18 por ciento a 15 por ciento) y Sur (de 7 por ciento a 6 por ciento), donde las prevalencias eran bajas. Los niveles de Hb/edad gestacional de ambos grupos se mostraron discretamente mas elevados en los primeros meses, aunque mucho mas bajos posterior al tercero o cuarto mes, dependiendo de la referencia utilizada para comparación. Análisis de regresión logística mostró cual grupo, región geográfica, situación conyugal, trimestre gestacional, estado nutricional inicial y gestación anterior se asociaron con anemia (p<0,05). CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de anemia disminuyó posterior a la fortificación, aunque continua elevada en las regiones Noreste y Norte. A pesar de que la fortificación pueda haber tenido papel en este resultado favorable, hay que considerar la contribución de otras políticas públicas implementadas en el periodo estudiado.

Atención Integrada a las Enfermedades Prevalentes de la Infancia-AIEPI, para ferropenia en niños / Integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) for iron deficiency in children

Objetivo Evaluar la aplicación de la estrategia AIEPI en la prevención, detección y el tratamiento de la ferropenia en menores de 5 años atendidos en la Clínica La Asunción-ASSBASALUD de Manizales durante 2007. Métodos Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 310 niños entre 6 y 71 meses de la clínica La Asunción en el primer nivel de Manizales. Se evaluó la prevalencia de ferropenia en los niños y la aplicación de AIEPI para su prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento por los profesionales de la salud responsables de la atención en ese centro. Resultados La mayoría de los niños tenía menos de 24 meses, era de SISBEN 2, fue atendida en Crecimiento y Desarrollo y por personal de enfermería. Entre la población afectada por ferropenia, el déficit de hierro sin anemia fue el que prevaleció. En la mitad de la población que tenía anemia, ésta se debió a déficit de hierro; la prevalencia de anemia de otro tipo fue superior a la de la anemia asociada con infección. Por cada niño con anemia ferropénica se presentaron casi tres con déficit de hierro. Sólo seis acompañantes de los niños estudiados refirieron haber recibido indicaciones dietarias para la prevención de la anemia y en la mitad de los casos, ésta fue errada. Conclusión Se evidenció que durante la atención de los menores de cinco años los procesos dirigidos a la prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la anemia ferropénica no siguen los lineamientos estipulados por la estrategia AIEPI.

Objective Evaluating implementing the integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) strategy in the prevention, detection and treatment of iron deficiency in children aged less than 5 who were treated at ASSBASALUD's Clinica La Asunción in Manizales, Colombia, during 2007. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of 310 children aged 6 to 71 months who attended the first-level Clinica La Asunción in Manizales. Iron deficiency prevalence was evaluated in the children, as was IMCI implementation for prevention, diagnosis and treatment by health professionals responsible for child-care at that centre. Results Most children were aged less than 24 months, came within category 2 in the Identification and Classification System for Potential Beneficiaries for Social Programmes (SISBEN) and had been treated by Growth and Development section nurses. Children suffering from iron deficiency without anaemia accounted for most of those affected by iron deficiency. In half the population suffering anaemia this was due to iron deficiency; anaemia prevalence was higher than other types of infection-associated anaemia. For every child suffering iron deficiency-related anaemia, almost three had iron deficiency. Only six people accompanying the children being studied said that they had received indications for the dietary prevention of anaemia and this was wrong in half of the cases. Conclusion These results showed that when caring for children aged less than five, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency anaemia did not follow the guidelines provided by the IMCI strategy.

Impact of daily consumption of iron fortified ready-to-eat cereal and pumpkin seed kernels [Cucurbitapepo l.] on serum iron in adult women

The objective of this study was to consider the effectiveness of consumption of iron fortified ready-to-eat cereal and pumpkin seed kernels as two sources of dietary iron on status of iron nutrition and response of hematological characteristics of women at reproductive ages. Eight healthy female, single or non pregnant subjects, aged 20-37 y consumed 30 g of iron fortified ready-to-eat cereal [providing 7.1 mg iron/day] plus 30 g of pumpkin seed kernels [providing 4.0 mg iron/day] for four weeks. Blood samples collected on the day 20 of menstrual cycles before and after consumption and indices of iron status such as reticulocyte count, Hb, Ht, serum ferritin, iron, TIBC, transferrin and transferrin saturation percent were determined. Better response for iron status was observed after consumption period. The statistical analysis showed a significant difference between the pre and post consumption phase for higher serum iron, higher transferrin saturation percent, and lower TIBC. All individuals had higher serum iron after consumption. A significant positive correlation between the differences in serum iron levels and differences in transferrin saturation percentages and a significant negative correlation between the differences in serum iron levels and differences in TIBC was found, as well. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional problems in the world affecting billions of people through the world and impairs growth and cognition. Fortified foods contribute to maintaining optimal nutritional status and minimizing the likelihood of iron insufficiencies and use of fortified ready-to-eat cereals is a common strategy. The results showed that adding another food source of iron such as pumpkin seed kernels improves the iron status. Additional and longer studies using these two food products are recommended to further determine the effect of iron fortification on iron nutrition and status among the target population, and mainly in young children, adolescents, women of reproductive ages and pregnant women

Efficiency of two iron microencapsulation techniques and their effects on some properties of pasteurized milk

Iron deficiency anemia is one of the most prevalent nutritional deficiencies in the world, as well as in Iran. A solution to this problem is fortification of foods with iron. In this study the possibility of milk fortification with microencapsulated iron was investigated. Two kinds of iron salts were microencapsulated by two novel methods, and the efficiencies and optimum conditions of the methods were compared. Then, milk fat oxidation, color indices and sensory characteristics of the fortified milks during storage for 3 days at 4oC were studied. Maximum efficiency [ME] was obtained with microcapsules with a ratio of iron ion-to-lipid [0.04] and a 5 molar% of Tween 80 in the liposome method [ME=85.5%], and at ratio of polyglycerol monostearate-to-iron salt of 15 to 1 in the F.A.E. method [ME=81.8%]. The minimum and maximum milk fat oxidation was observed in milks fortified with irons microencapsulated by F.A.E. and plain iron, respectively. From a sensorial point of view, there was no difference between milks fortified with iron microencapsulated by F.A.E. at a concentration of 7mg L-1 and control. Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that the F.A.E. method, due to its simplicity, low cost, reasonableness, rapidness of the process, as well as higher stability of the microcapsules obtained, is an appropriate method for iron microencapsulation and fortification of pasteurized milk

Biodisponibilidade do ferro como fator de proteção contra anemia entre crianças de 12 a 16 meses / Iron bioavailability as a protective factor against anemia among children aged 12 to 16 months

OBJETIVO: Este estudo investiga os fatores dietéticos determinantes da ausência de anemia entre lactentes de famílias de baixo nível socioeconômico submetidos a um programa de intervenção nutricional, bem como a adequação do consumo de ferro de acordo com as recomendações. METODOLOGIA: O estudo compreendeu 369 crianças pertencentes a uma coorte do município de São Leopoldo (RS), as quais foram randomizadas ao nascimento para constituírem dois grupos: intervenção e controle. O grupo intervenção foi submetido a orientações dietéticas no primeiro ano de vida, com visitas domiciliares mensais, e o grupo controle foi visitado aos 6 e 12 meses, sem intervenção dietética. Ao final do primeiro ano de vida, realizou-se inquérito alimentar recordatório de 24 horas. O diagnóstico de anemia foi determinado pelo nível de hemoglobina inferior a 11 g/dL. As dietas das crianças foram classificadas de acordo com a biodisponiblidade do ferro presente. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de anemia encontrada neste estudo foi de 63,7 por cento. A proporção de crianças com consumo adequado em relação às recomendações foi estatisticamente mais elevada no grupo sem anemia (26,8 por cento) do que no grupo com anemia (17,7 por cento). As crianças que não apresentaram anemia mostraram maior consumo de ferro (p = 0,019), vitamina C (p = 0,001), densidade energética no jantar (p = 0,006), densidade de ferro por 1.000 calorias (p = 0,045), e 16,3 por cento delas apresentaram dieta com alta biodisponibilidade em ferro (p = 0,002). CONCLUSÕES: A prática alimentar que garante alta biodisponibilidade de ferro protege a criança contra anemia e pode ser usada como proposta de intervenção na rede básica de saúde e no âmbito das secretarias municipais de educação infantil.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the nutritional factors that determine the absence of anemia in infants from families with a low socioeconomic background submitted to a nutrition intervention program, as well as iron intake according to recommendations. METHODS: The study included 369 children from a cohort of inhabitants of São Leopoldo, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, who were randomized at birth into an intervention group and into a control group. The intervention group had nutritional guidance in the first year of life, with monthly follow-up home visits, whereas the control group was visited at 6 and 12 months, without nutritional intervention. At the end of the first year of life, a 24-hour recall was used. Anemia was diagnosed based on a hemoglobin level less than 11 g/dL. The children's diets were classified according to iron bioavailability. RESULTS: The prevalence of anemia amounted to 63.7 percent in this study. The proportion of children with adequate iron intake relative to the recommendations was statistically higher in the nonanemic group (26.8 percent) than in the anemic one (17.7 percent). Nonanemic children had a greater intake of iron (p = 0.019), vitamin C (p = 0.001), energy density at dinner (p = 0.006), iron density per 1,000 calories (p = 0.045); and 16.3 percent of them had a diet with high iron bioavailability (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: A diet with high iron bioavailability protects children from anemia and can be used as an intervention measure by basic health services and by the municipal departments of children's education.

Gluten-free diet improves iron-deficiency anaemia in patients with coeliac disease.

Two cases of newly-diagnosed asymptomatic coeliac disease with 3 years of unexplained severe iron-deficiency anaemia are presented. Oral iron supplementation had no effect on their serum iron levels and, therefore, had no influence on their anaemia. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy confirmed normal macroscopic findings. Duodenal biopsies revealed subtotal villous atrophy of the mucosa of the small intestine. A strict gluten-free diet led to an increase in serum iron, resolution of anaemia, and restitution of normal mucosal morphology. Thus, severe iron-deficiency anaemia associated with asymptomatic coeliac disease is responsible to gluten-free diet.

Prevenção da anemia ferropriva em nivel populacional: uma revisão da literatura dos últimos quinze anos / Prevention of iron deficiency anemia in public health: a fifteen years review of the literature

The authors present data of the current situation of the iron deficiency anemia and the main intervention alternatives to reduce the high prevalence of lack of iron found in population at risk. They also present, a revision of the literature of the last 15 years, which approach the use of the iron supplementation therapy, as well as the fortification of the main victual used in program for the infantile population. Besides, they approach the Nutritional Education used together with some of the alternatives mentioned above as na intervention form in the prevention and treatment of the iron deficiency anemia

Los autores presentan datos sobre la actua lsituación y las principales alternativas de inter-vención para minorar el alto prevalecimiento dela anemia ferropriva en poblaciones de riesgo inminente. Se revisan también los programas para la población infantil que utilizaron suplementación medicamentosa y fortificación de alimentos en los últimos 15 años. También se examina la Educación Nutricional utilizada junto con algunas de las alternativas arriba mencionadas, como forma de intervención en la prevención de la anemia ferropriva a nível poblacional.

Os autores apresentam dados da situação atual da anemia ferropriva e as principais alternativas de intervenção para reduzir as elevadas prevalências nas populações de risco. Apresentam, ainda, uma revisão da literatura dos últimos quinze anos de trabalhos abordando a utilização da suplementação medicamentosa, bem como da fortificação dos principais alimentos utilizados em programas para a população infantil. Além disso, abordam a Educação Nutricional, utilizada em conjunto com alguma das alternativas acima citadas, como forma de intervenção na prevenção da anemia ferropriva em nível populacional

Utilizaçäo de snack com elevado conteúdo de ferro em pré-escolares para controle da anemia ferropriva / Snack utilizationwith high content of iron in pre-school for lack of iron anemia control

Apesar de possuir enormes vantagens agronômicas e elevado potencial nutritivo, o grão-de-bico (Cicer arietinum, L) é pouco cultivado no Brasil, por não fazer parte do hábito alimentar brasileiro. Os subprodutos da indústria de carne, embora ricos em nutrientes, principalmente proteínas, ferro e vitaminas, são subutilizados por não apresentarem padrão organoléptico adequado. A deficiência de ferro é a mais comum desordem nutricional no mundo e afeta mais de 1 bilhão de pessoas. A anemia ferropriva é uma das doenças carenciais de maior prevalência entre as crianças menores de 5 anos. Alguns compostos tem sido pesquisados, na busca de uma forma biodisponível que garanta o fornecimento adequado do mineral e que seja economicamente viável...

Avaliação da eficácia de suplementação semanal no controle da anemia em pré-escolares / Evaluation of weekly supplementation efficacy in the anemic control in pre-schools

A eficácia de uma suplementação semanal com sulfato ferroso foi avaliada em uma coorte controlada de 1015 crianças de 4 a 59 meses de idade, divididos em dois grupos: Controle e intervenção. No Grupo Controle (nÍ583 crianças), após avaliação da hemoglobina inicial, a mãe era informada do resultado e, no caso de diagnóstico de anemia a mãe era orientada a procurar serviço de saúde para tratar. As crianças do Grupo Intervenção (nÍ432 crianças) receberam solução com sulfato ferroso, acompanhado de colher-medida para ingestão de uma quantidade de solução com aproximadamente 4 mg/kg/semana, suficiente para 6 meses de suplementação. Após período aproximado de 7 meses, a variação da concentração média de hemoglobina (delta) do Grupo Intervenção era significativamente maior do que do Grupo Controle...

Utilizaçäo de formulas lacteas no primeiro ano de vida: recomendaçäo da Sociedade Paulista de Gastroenterologia Pediatrica e Nutriçäo / Use of milk formula during the first year of life: recommendation of the \"Paulista Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition\" (SPGPN)

Existem alguns estudos sugerindo maior prevalência de anemia em crianças alimentadas com leite de vaca "in natura" do que naquelas alimentadas com formulas lacteas. Esta deficiencia se deve provavelmente ao menor aporte e menor biodisponibilidade do ferro no leite näo modificado, mas parece haver, também, perda sanguinea significativa quando o lactente toma leite "in natura". A prevalência de anemia ferropriva e alta em nosso meio. As Sociedades Europeia de Gastroenterologia Pediatrica e Americana de Pediatria recomendam formula modificada durante o primeiro ano de vida. Preocupados com estes aspectos, a SPGPN discutiu a materia e recomenda que as crianças cuja alimentaçäo ao seio seja possível, recebam formula adaptada como aporte durante o primeiro ano de vida