Evaluation of the association of bruxism, psychosocial and sociodemographic factors in preschoolers

Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate factors associated with sleep bruxism in five-year-old preschool children. A preschool-based cross-sectional study was conducted with 761 pairs of children and their parents/caregivers. Sleep bruxism was diagnosed using a questionnaire administered to the parents/caregivers, who also answered questionnaires addressing sociodemographic data and parent's/caregiver's sense of coherence. Clinical oral evaluations of the children to determine dental caries, traumatic dental injuries, malocclusion and tooth wear were performed by two researchers who had undergone a training exercise (interexaminer Kappa: 0.70 to 0.91; intraexaminer Kappa: 0.81 to 1.00). Descriptive analysis and logistic regression for complex samples were carried out (α = 5%). The prevalence of sleep bruxism among the preschool children was 26.9%. The multivariate analysis revealed that bruxism was associated with poor sleep quality (OR = 2.93; 95 CI: 1.52-5.65) and tooth wear (OR = 2.34; 95%CI: 1.39-3.96). In the present study, sleep bruxism among preschool children was associated with tooth wear and poor sleep quality of the child. In contrast, psychosocial aspects (sense of coherence) were not associated with sleep bruxism.

Bruxism and Masseter and Temporal Muscle Activity Before and After Selective Grinding

RESUMEN: Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar los eventos de bruxismo del sueño registrados por polisomnografía y la actividad de los músculos masetero y temporal registrada por electromiografía de superficie, antes y después de realizar una molienda selectiva. Este estudio comprendió tres etapas: 1. Pre-prueba (evaluación clínica, evaluación a través de articulador semiajustable, polisomnografía y electromiografía); 2. Molienda selectiva; 3. Post-prueba (polisomnografía y electromiografía). La muestra se conformó de 10 sujetos, que presentaron puntos de contacto prematuros, identificados en una clínica dental. Se evaluaron sujetos entre 21 y 23 años. Ocho sujetos presentaron interferencias posteriores durante los movimientos laterales. Los datos no cumplieron con los criterios de normalidad u homocedasticidad, por lo que se utilizó la prueba de Wilcoxon no paramétrica para comparar los promedios de las variables antes y después. Un promedio de episodios de bruxismo aumentó en las etapas 1 y REM, pero no hubo una diferencia estadística significativa en el registro polisomnográfico después de la molienda selectiva. En las etapas 2 y 3 del sueño, se encontraron 26 % y 54 % de reducciones, respectivamente. En la etapa 3, la diferencia entre los eventos fue estadísticamente significativa. El registro de la actividad electromiográfica antes y después de la molienda selectiva mostró una disminución en la amplitud, longitud y área de los músculos masetero y temporal. La diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa solo para los músculos temporales en los valores de longitud y el área temporal derecha. Después de la molienda selectiva, el número de episodios de bruxismo disminuyó durante las etapas de sueño 2 y 3. La molienda selectiva mostró una reducción estadísticamente significativa de los potenciales de acción registrados por la electromiografía de superficie del músculo temporal.

ABSTRACT: This research aimed at determining sleep bruxism events recorded by polysomnography and masseter and temporalis muscle activity recorded by surface electromyography before and after performing a selective grinding. This study comprised three stages: 1. Pre-test (A Clinical Evaluation, an assessment through semi-adjustable articulator, a polysomnography and an electromyography); 2. Selective grinding; 3. Post- test (polysomnography and an Electromyography). A convenience sample of 10 subjects, with premature contact points, was assessed in a dental clinic. Subjects between 21 and 23 years were assessed. All of them had premature contacts. Eight subjects presented subsequent interferences during lateral movements. Data did not meet the criteria of normality or homoscedasticity thus non-parametric Wilcoxon test was used to compare the means of variables before and after. An average of bruxism episodes increased in stages 1 and REM but there was not a significant statistical difference in the polisomnographic recording after selective grinding. In stages 2 and 3 of sleep 26 % and 54 % reductions were found respectively. In stage 3 the difference between events was statistically significant. The recording of electromyographic activity before and after selective grinding showed a decrease in amplitude, length and area of the masseter and temporalis muscles. The difference was statistically significant only for temporary muscles in the length values and the right temporal area. After selective grinding the number of bruxism episodes decreased during the sleep stages 2 and 3. The selective grinding showed a statistically significant reduction of action potentials recorded by the surface electromyography of temporal muscle.

Prevalencia de bruxismo del sueño en niños y su relación con los signos de trastornos temporo-mandibulares y las parafunciones diurnas / Prevalence of sleep bruxism in children, and its relationship with signs of temporomandibular disorders and daytime oral parafunctions

El bruxismo del sueño (BS), es el acto de apretar y rechinar los dientes mientras se duerme, lo cual puede producir serias consecuencias en los niños, como el desgaste dentario y dolor muscular. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la prevalencia del BS en niños, además de relacionarlo con la presencia de signos de trastornos temporomandibular (TTM) y de las parafunciones diurnas (PFD). La muestra está conformada por 369 estudiantes de 6 a 14 años. El diagnóstico de BS se basa en los criterios de inclusión de la Academia Americana de Medicina del Sueño, con reporte de los padres indicando la historia nocturna de apriete/rechinamiento dentario, presencia de PFD y antecedentes médicos. La información se complementó con examen clínico de signos de TTM y desgaste dentario. Para análisis estadístico se utilizaron las pruebas Chi-Cuadrado y Odds Ratio, con un intervalo de confianza de 95 %. La prevalencia de BS fue de 32 %. Los niños de 6 años presentan la mayor prevalencia (38 %), y los de 14 años la menor (27 %). De los individuos con BS, el 77 % presentaban signos de TTM (p<0,0001; OR: 5,4) y el 87 % presentaba PFD (p=0,0003; OR= 2,9). La prevalencia de BS, su distribución por edad y sexo, se corresponde con la evidencia científica internacional. El BS es un factor de riesgo para los TTM, aumentando las probabilidades de que las personas puedan sufrir mialgias o artralgias. En las parafunciones, el hábito de morder durante el día es común en los pacientes con BS. El tratamiento llevado a cabo durante la infancia con un diagnóstico temprano, podría ser capaz de prevenir el daño a la salud de un individuo como futuro adulto.

Sleep Bruxism (SB) is the act of grinding and clenching teeth during sleep, which could lead serious consequences in children, such a tooth wear and muscle pain. The objective of this research was to determine the prevalence of SB in children, and to relate the presence of signs of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and daytime oral parafunctions. The sample consists of 369 students of 6­14 years old. SB diagnosis is based on the inclusion criteria of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, with parent report indicating the history of tooth clenching/grinding, presence of awake oral parafunctions and medical history. The information was complemented by clinical examination of signs of TMD and tooth wear. For statistical analysis chi-square test and Odds Ratio Test was used, with a confidence interval of 95 %. The prevalence of SB was 32 %. Children 6 years old had the highest prevalence (38 %), and children 14 years old had less (27 %). Individuals with SB, 77 % showed signs of TMD (p<0.0001; OR= 5.4) and 87 % had daytime parafunctions (p= 0.0003; OR= 2.9). The prevalence of SB, its distribution by age and sex, corresponds to the international scientific evidence. The SB is a risk factor for TMD, increasing the probabilities that people may suffer muscle or joint aches. Daytime parafunctions are common in patients with SB. The treatment carried out during childhood with an early diagnosis, might be able to prevent damage to the health of an individual as a future adult.

Diagnostic validity of the use of questionnaires, clinical examination and a portable single-channel electromyography device for sleep Bruxism / Validação do uso de questionários, exame físico e aparelho portátil de eletromiografia para o diagnóstico do bruxismo do sono

O presente trabalho comparou dois métodos de diagnóstico para Bruxismo do Sono (BS): critérios de diagnóstico da Classificação Internacional de Distúrbios do Sono (ICSD-3) e um aparelho portátil com um canal de eletromiografia (EMG) (Grindcare) com o exame padrão ouro, polissonografia (PSG). A comparação com a PSG foi utilizada para determinar valores de corte apropriados e o número de noites necessárias para diagnóstico do BS válido e confiável com o Grindcare. Vinte estudantes da pós graduação e funcionários da Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru participaram da amostra. Cada participante se submeteu a entrevista, exame físico, uso do Grindcare por cinco noites consecutivas e exame de PSG. A descriminação entre participantes com e sem bruxismo foi baseado somente na análise da PSG. Dados sobre EMG por hora de uso do Grindcare (EMG/h) e PSG (bursts/h) foram anotados. A validade dos critérios ICSD-3 e do Grindcare foram avaliados pela análise da área sob a curva (ASC) ROC (receiver operating characteristics), razão de probabilidade (RP), razão de possibilidade de diagnóstico (RPD) e análise de Bland-Altman. Os itens do ICSD-3 para BS obtiveram pouca a moderada concordância com o diagnóstico por PSG, com ASC de 0,55 até 0,75. O melhor valor de concordância obtido foi o relato de BS mais do que uma vez na semana associado ao relato de dor transitória na musculatura mastigatória ou fadiga pela manhã com moderada, mas significativa concordância, (ASC=0,75) com especificidade de 90, RP positiva=6 e RPD=13,5. Quando a frequência do relato de BS aumentou para 4 vezes na semana, a combinação do relato com desgaste dentário também apresentou valores altos de concordância com o diagnóstico realizado através de PSG (ASC= 0,75, RP=6, RPD=13,6). A análise de Bland-Altman dos EMG bursts/h mostrou uma concordância positiva entre os resultados do Grindcare e PSG. A análise pela curva ROC também mostrou que, se utilizado o mínimo de 18 EMG/h por 3 noites e 19 EMG/h por 5 noites de uso do Grindcare como valores de corte, a especificidade do teste é de 90% e a RP positiva de 5. Como há considerável heterogeneidade nos resultados, a aplicação dos critérios de diagnóstico da ICSD-3 para BS pode estar limitada. Ainda, o aparelho Grindcare está apto a predizer BS diagnosticado pela PSG, quando utilizado por 3 ou 5 noites consecutivas, e pode ser um recurso válido para a prática clínica.

The presented study intended to compare two methods for assessing Sleep Bruxism (SB): International Classification of Sleep Disorders diagnostic criteria (ICSD-3) and a portable single-channel electromyography (EMG) device (Grindcare) with gold standard polysomnographic (PSG) examination. The comparison with PSG was used to determine an appropriate cut-off value and the number of nights of sleep with the Grindcare device necessary for a valid/reliable SB diagnosis. Twenty consecutive post-graduate students and staff at Bauru School of Dentistry composed the sample. Each participant underwent interview, clinical assessment, the Grindcare for five consecutive nights and a PSG exam. The discrimination between bruxers and non-bruxers was based only on the PSG analysis. Data about electromyography per hour with Grindcare (EMG/h) and PSG (bursts/h) were scored. The validity of ICSD-3 criteria and the Grindcare device were assessed by using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis (AUC), likelihood ratios (LR), the diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) and Bland-Altman analysis. The ICSD-3 diagnostic criteria items for SB had fair to moderate concordance with PSG diagnosis, with AUC ranging from 0.55 to 0.75. The best value of agreement was obtained by the report of SB more than once a week associated with a report of transient morning jaw muscle pain or fatigue with a moderate, but significant agreement with the PSG SB diagnosis (AUC=0.75) with 90% specificity, positive LR=6 and DOR=13.5. When the frequency of self-reported SB increased to more than 4 times per week, the combination of this finding with tooth wear had also high values of agreement with PSG SB diagnosis (AUC= 0.75, LR=6, DOR=13.6). Bland-Altman analysis of the EMG bursts/h showed positive agreement between Grindcare device and PSG exam. The ROC analyses also showed that using a minimum of 18 EMG/h for 3 nights and 19 EMG/h for 5 nights in Grindcare as cut-offs resulted in a 90% specificity and positive LR equal to 5. Since there is considerable heterogeneity in the results, the application of ICSD-3 for SB clinical diagnosis may be limited. Moreover, the Grindcare is able to predict SB diagnosed by PSG with a reasonable accuracy, when used for 3 or 5 consecutives nights, and it may be a valid choice in clinical practice for SB assessment.

Terapéutica alternativa asociada al bruxismo: revisión de literatura / Alternative therapy associated to bruxism: literature review

Discutir las principales y más eficaces actividades terapéuticas en el control del bruxismo nocturno. Para la identificación de los estudios, fue realizada una estrategia de búsqueda detallada y avanzada en los bancos de datos: PubMed y Medline. Fueron utilizados como PALABRAS CLAVE: bruxism, therapeutics y drug therapy. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: artículos clínicos, estudios controlados aleatorios, estudios in vitro, revisiones de literatura y revisiones sistemáticas con y sin meta-análisis de los últimos 10 años, que aborden el tema propuesto. Los criterios de exclusión fueron: artículos sin resumen, estudios en animales, artículos cuyo idioma no sea el inglés y artículos de revistas que no pertenecen al área odontológica. De un total de 83 artículos, después de un análisis según el criterio de inclusión y exclusión, fueron seleccionados 33 artículos. A pesar de la pequeña cantidad de estudios clínicos prospectivos con alto grado de confiabilidad y que la mayoría de los estudios que evaluaron la eficacia de tratamientos alternativos fueron reportes de casos clínicos aislados, la literatura muestra que la utilización de la toxina botulínica se mostró eficaz para el control del bruxismo nocturno. Por otro lado, aspectos importantes como el efecto transitorio, dosis segura y técnica de aplicación aún son poco estudiados, de esa manera más investigaciones son necesarias para que esas dudas sean esclarecidas...

The aim of this study was to review the literature in order to discuss the main and the most effective therapeutic activities to control the nocturnal bruxism. To identify the studies included in this review, it was conducted a detailed and advanced search strategy in the PubMed and Medline databases. It was used as KEY WORDS: bruxism, therapeutics and drug therapy. Inclusion criteria were: case reports, randomized controlled trials, in vitro studies, literature reviews and systematic reviews with or without meta-analysis of the past 10 years that addressed the theme. Exclusion criteria were: articles without abstract, animal studies, articles whose first language was not English and articles from journals that do not belong to the dentario field. From a total of 83 articles, after an analysis according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 33 articles were selected. Despite the fact that there is a small number of prospective clinical studies with high degree of reliability and most studies that evaluated the alternative treatments effectiveness are isolated case reports, the current literature shows that the use of botulinum toxin has been shown to be effective in the control of nocturnal bruxism. On the other hand, important aspects such as transitory effect, safe dosage and application technique are still little discussed, then, further studies are needed to have these doubts clarified...

The influence of gender and bruxism on human minimum interdental threshold ability

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of gender and bruxism on the ability to discriminate minimum interdental threshold. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and fifteen individuals, representing both genders, bruxers and non-bruxers, with a mean age of 23.64 years, were selected for this study. For group allocation, every individual was subjected to a specific physical examination to detect bruxism (performed by three different examiners). Evaluation of the ability to discriminate minimum interdental threshold was performed using industrialized 0.010 mm-, 0.024 mm-, 0.030 mm-, 0.050 mm-, 0.080 mm- and 0.094 mm-thick aluminum foils that were placed between upper and lower premolars. Data were analyzed statistically by multiple linear regression analysis at 5% significance level. RESULTS: Neither gender nor bruxism influenced the ability to discriminate minimum interdental threshold (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Gender and the presence of bruxism do not play a role in the minimum interdental threshold.

Bruxismo nocturno / Sleep bruxism

El bruxismo nocturno es una parafunción caracterizada por contracciones musculares repetidas de la mandíbula. Esto se transforma en una condición patológica cuando el paciente presenta daño dentario. La mayor actividad muscular fue encontrada en el estadio dos del sueño y durante el despertar. El bruxismo es un fenómeno controvertido, pero existe consenso sobre su etiología multifactorial