Dialysis headache: characteristics, impact and cerebrovascular evaluation / Cefaleia da diálise: características, impacto e avaliação cerebrovascular

ABSTRACT Background: Headache is one of the most frequent symptoms that occur during hemodialysis sessions. Despite the high prevalence of dialysis headache, it has been little studied. Objective: To evaluate the characteristics, impact and factors associated with dialysis headache. The behavior of the cerebral vasculature was also compared between patients with and without dialysis headache. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Consecutive patients who underwent hemodialysis were assessed through a semi-structured questionnaire, the Headache Impact Test (HIT-6), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36). Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography was performed in the first and fourth hours of hemodialysis. Results: A total of 100 patients were included; 49 of them had dialysis headache. Women (OR=5.04; 95%CI 1.95-13.04), younger individuals (OR=1.05; 95%CI 1.01-1.08), individuals with higher schooling levels (OR=3.86; 95%CI 1.4-10.7) and individuals who had spent longer times on dialysis programs (OR=0.99; 95%CI 0.98-1) had more dialysis headache (logistic regression). Individuals with dialysis headache had worse quality of life in the domains of pain and general state of health (56.9 versus 76.4, p=0.01; 49.7 versus 60.2, p=0.03, respectively). Dialysis headache was associated with significantly greater impact on life (OR=24.4; 95%CI 2.6-226.6; logistic regression). The pulsatility index (transcranial Doppler ultrasonography) was lower among patients with dialysis headache than among those without them. Conclusions: Dialysis headaches occur frequently and are associated with worse quality of life and patterns of cerebral vasodilatation.

RESUMO Antecedentes: A cefaleia é um dos sintomas mais frequentes que ocorrem durante as sessões de hemodiálise. Apesar da alta prevalência, essa cefaleia é pouco estudada. Objetivo: Avaliar as características, impacto e fatores associados à cefaleia da diálise. O comportamento da vasculatura cerebral também foi comparado entre pacientes com e sem cefaleia da diálise. Métodos: Este foi um estudo transversal. Pacientes consecutivos submetidos à hemodiálise foram avaliados por meio de questionário semiestruturado, do Headache Impact Test (HIT-6), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale e Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36). Foi realizada ultrassonografia Doppler transcraniana na primeira e na quarta horas de hemodiálise. Resultados: Foram incluídos 100 pacientes, 49 deles tinham cefaleia da diálise. Mulheres (OR=5,04; IC95% 1,95-13,04), indivíduos mais jovens (OR=1,05; IC95% 1,01-1,08), com maior escolaridade (OR=3,86; IC95% 1,4-10,7) e que passaram mais tempo em programas de diálise (OR=0,99, IC95% 0,98-1) tiveram mais cefaleia da diálise (regressão logística). Indivíduos com cefaleia dialítica tiveram pior qualidade de vida nos domínios dor e estado geral de saúde (56,9 versus 76,4, p=0,01; 49,7 versus 60,2, p=0,03, respectivamente). A cefaleia da diálise foi associada a um impacto significativamente maior na vida (OR=24,4; IC95% 2,6-226,6; regressão logística). O índice de pulsatilidade (ultrassonografia Doppler transcraniana) foi menor entre os pacientes com cefaleia da diálise do que entre aqueles sem. Conclusões: A cefaleia da diálise ocorre com frequência e está associada a pior qualidade de vida e a padrões de vasodilatação cerebral.

Ectasia dural e hipotensión endocraneal en síndrome de Marfán / Dural ectasia and intracranial hypotension in Marfan syndrome

INTRODUCCIÓN: El síndrome de Marfán es un trastorno multisistémico del tejido conectivo de herencia autosómica dominante, de expresión variable. La ectasia dural es un compromiso frecuente, pero poco conocido, que puede asociarse a síndrome de hipotensión endocraneana (SHE). OBJETIVO: Pre sentar un caso de cefalea invalidante secundario a SHE, para advertir de esta rara complicación, que debe tenerse presente en niños portadores de conectivopatías, en especial síndrome de Marfán. CASO CLÍNICO: Adolescente femenina de 13 años, portadora de sindrome de Marfán, de diagnóstico clínico según criterios de Ghent 2010, que consultó por cefalea ortostatica invalidante de 6 meses de evolución. La Resonancia Magnetica (RM) de cerebro mostró múltiples signos de hipotensión endocraneana, mientras que la RM de columna total mostró una ectasia dural que determinó la dilatación del saco tecal y remodelación posterior de los cuerpos vertebrales, especialmente a nivel del sacro. Se realizó tratamiento con parche sanguíneo autólogo epidural con buena respuesta clínica. CONCLUSIONES: La ectasia dural, frecuente en el sindrome de Marfán, es una causa predisponente a fuga de líquido cefaloraquideo (LCR), que podría causar cefalea ortostática segundaria al SHE.

INTRODUCTION: Marfan syndrome is an autosomal dominant, multi-systemic connective tissue di sorder of different presentations. Dural ectasia is a common, but little known complication that can be associated with intracranial hypotension syndrome (IHS). OBJECTIVE: To present a case of severe headache secondary to IHS in order to warn about this rare complication, which must be considered in children carriers of connective tissue diseases, especially Marfan syndrome. CLINICAL CASE: 13-year- old female carrier of Marfan syndrome, clinically diagnosed according to the 2010 Ghent criteria, who consulted due to a 6-months history of severe orthostatic headache. Head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed multiple signs of intracranial hypotension, while whole-spine MRI showed dural ectasia that caused the thecal sac dilation and subsequent remodeling of vertebral bodies, es pecially the sacral ones. Treatment with an autologous epidural blood patch was administered with good clinical response. CONCLUSIONS: Dural ectasia, frequent in Marfan syndrome, is a predisposing cause of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage, which could cause orthostatic headache secondary to IHS.

Alice in Wonderland syndrome: "Who in the world am I?" / Síndrome de Alice no País das Maravilhas: "Quem sou eu no mundo?"

ABSTRACT Alice in Wonderland syndrome (AIWS) is a paroxysmal, perceptual, visual and somesthetic disorder that can be found in patients with migraine, epilepsy, cerebrovascular disease or infections. The condition is relatively rare and unique in its hallucinatory characteristics. Objective: To discuss the potential pathways involved in AIWS. Interest in this subject arose from a patient seen at our service, in which dysmetropsia of body image was reported by the patient, when she saw it in her son. Methods: We reviewed and discussed the medical literature on reported patients with AIWS, possible anatomical pathways involved and functional imaging studies. Results: A complex neural network including the right temporoparietal junction, secondary somatosensory cortex, premotor cortex, right posterior insula, and primary and extrastriate visual cortical regions seem to be involved in AIWS to varying degrees. Conclusions: AIWS is a very complex condition that typically has been described as isolated cases or series of cases.

RESUMO Síndrome de Alice no País das Maravilhas (SAPM) é uma condição paroxística visual perceptiva e somestésica que pode ser encontrada em pacientes com enxaqueca, epilepsia, doença cerebrovascular ou infecções. A condição é relativamente rara e tem características alucinatórias peculiares. Objetivo: Discutir as potenciais vias envolvidas na SAPM. O interesse pelo assunto surgiu com um caso de nosso serviço, onde a distropsia da imagem corporal foi relatada pela paciente, que via isto em seu filho. Métodos: Os autores revisaram e discutiram a literatura médica de casos relatados de SAPM, possíveis vias anatômicas envolvidas e estudos de imagem funcional. Resultados: Uma complexa rede neural incluindo junção temporoparietal direita, córtex somatossensitivo secundário, córtex pré-motor, região posterior da ínsula direita, e regiões do córtex visual primário e extra-estriatal têm diferentes graus de envolvimento na SAPM. Conclusão: SAPM é uma condição complexa que tipicamente foi descrita apenas com casos isolados ou séries de casos.

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome a rare cause of post-partum headache: an anesthetic overview / Síndrome de vasoconstrição cerebral reversível, uma causa rara de cefaleia pós-parto: visão da anestesia

Abstract Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome is a cerebrovascular disorder leading to multifocal arterial constriction and dilation. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome is possibly caused by transient deregulation of cerebral vascular tone. We report a rare case of a patient with chief complain of postpartum headache, was later diagnosed as a case of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. A young full term primigravida with good uterine contraction admitted to labour room. Later she complained of leaking per vagina and on examination meconium stained liquor was noted. Caesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia was done and intra-operative period was uneventful. Both mother and baby were normal and shifted to postoperative ward and nursery respectively. In postoperative ward, mother complained of severe headache after 1 h and later developed seizure. Midazolam was given intravenously and was intubated and transferred to critical care unit for further investigation and management. Non contrast computerised tomography scan of brain showed right occipital intracerebral as well as subarachnoid bleed. CT angiography showed right vertebral artery narrowing without any other vascular malformation. Patient was managed in critical care unit for 2 days and then extubated and shifted to high dependency ward after a day observation and discharged 3 days later after a full uneventful recovery.

Resumo A síndrome de vasoconstrição cerebral reversível é uma doença cerebrovascular que leva à constrição e dilatação arterial multifocal. A síndrome de vasoconstrição cerebral reversível é possivelmente causada pela desregulação transitória do tônus vascular cerebral. Relatamos um caso raro de uma paciente com queixa principal de cefaleia pós-parto, posteriormente diagnosticada como um caso de síndrome de vasoconstrição cerebral reversível. A jovem primigesta a termo apresentando boa contração uterina foi internada em sala de parto. Mais tarde, a parturiente queixou-se de perda de líquido pela vagina e, ao exame, líquido amniótico manchado foi observado. O parto cesariano sob raquianestesia foi realizado, e não houve intercorrência no período intraoperatório. Tanto a mãe quanto o bebê estavam normais e foram transferidos para a sala de recuperação pós-operatória e berçário, respectivamente. Na sala de recuperação, a mãe queixou-se de forte dor de cabeça após uma hora e depois desenvolveu convulsão. Midazolam foi administrado por via intravenosa, e a paciente foi intubada e transferida para uma unidade de terapia intensiva para posterior investigação e tratamento. A tomografia computadorizada sem contraste do cérebro mostrou hemorragia intracerebral occipital direita e subaracnoide. A angiotomografia mostrou estreitamento da artéria vertebral direita, sem qualquer outra malformação vascular. A paciente foi tratada em unidade de terapia intensiva por dois dias e, em seguida, foi extubada e transferida para a ala de alta dependência onde permaneceu um dia em observação, recebendo alta hospitalar três dias depois, após uma recuperação completa e sem intercorrências.

Anatomical Variations of the Middle Turbinate Concha Bullosa and its Relationship with Chronic Sinusitis: A Prospective Radiologic Study

Abstract Introduction A pneumatized turbinate, also called concha bullosa, is a normal anatomical variant of the paranasal sinus region. Depending on the site of pneumatization, the concha is classified into extensive, bulbous or lamellar type. The middle turbinate concha bullosa has been implicated as a possible etiological factor in chronic sinusitis. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the anatomical variations of the concha bullosa, based on paranasal sinus imaging, and its possible association with sinusitis. Methods This prospective descriptive study was performed at the Department of ENT and Head Neck Surgery over a period of one year, from 2016 to 2017. We studied the computed tomography scans of the nose and paranasal sinuses- in axial, coronal and sagittal planes-of patients who had symptoms of nasal obstruction, or headache and features of chronic sinusitis. Results Out of the 202 scans studied, the prevalence of concha bullosa was 31.7%. The concha was bilateral in 35 (54.7%) patients and unilateral in 29 (45.3%) patients. Out of 99 conchae, 54 were on the right side and 45 were on left side. Ipsilateral sinusitiswas found in 40.4% of the sides in the scans of subjectswith concha. There was no statistically significant association between any type of middle turbinate concha with sinusitis, but sinusitis was more predominant with the extensive type of concha (p > 0.05). Conclusion Multiple air cells, mucocele, pyocele and inflammatory mucosal thickenings in the concha are relatively rare. Detailed knowledge of anatomic variations of the concha bullosa is imperative for the radiologists and the operating surgeons.

Resultados de la resonancia magnética nuclear de cerebro en niños con cefalea / Brain magnetic resonance imaging findings in children with headache

Introducción: El objetivo fue describir los resultados de la resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) en niños con cefalea. Población y métodos: Revisión retrospectiva de las historias clínicas de los pacientes ingresados a los consultorios externos de neurología pediátrica con síntomas de cefalea entre enero de 2013 y diciembre de 2014. Resultados: Se ingresaron 478 pacientes (273 mujeres, 205 varones) con síntomas de cefalea. Los tipos de cefalea fueron migraña en 218 pacientes (45, 6%), cefalea tensional en 159 (33, 3%), cefalea secundaria en 39 (8, 2%) y cefalea inespecífica en 62 (13%). Se realizó una RMN de cerebro a 407 pacientes (85%); se observaron anomalías cerebrales en 128 pacientes (31, 4%); cinco tenían anomalías cerebrales relevantes para cefalea, incluso tumores. Entre los otros 123 pacientes, los hallazgos casuales más frecuentes correspondieron a 42 casos (10%) de anomalías inespecíficas de la sustancia blanca, 17 casos (4%) de espacios perivasculares agrandados, 17 casos (4%) de quiste aracnoideo, 16 casos (3, 9%) de ventrículos asimétricos, 12 casos (2, 9%) de malformación de Chiari tipo 1 y ectopia amigdalina cerebelosa. Asimismo, 17 pacientes (4, 1%) tenían anomalías extracerebrales en la RMN, entre otras, sinusitis, engrosamiento de la mucosa y quistes de retención de los senos paranasales. Conclusiones: A pesar del incremento en la realización de estudios de neuroimagenología, la contribución de la RMN de cerebro al diagnóstico y el tratamiento de los niños con cefalea es aún baja.

Introduction. The aim was to describe the findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in children with headache. Population and methods. Retrospective review of the medical records of patients who were admitted to our pediatric outpatient neurology clinics with the complaint of headache between January 2013 and December 2014. Results. A total of 478 patients (273 female, 205 male) were admitted with the complaint of headache. The types of headache were migraine in 218 (45.6%), tension-type in 159 (33.3%), secondary in 39 (8.2%) and unspecified headaches in 62 (13%) patients. Brain MRI was performed in 407 (85%) patients and revealed cerebral abnormalities in 128 (31.4%) patients; 5 patients had cerebral abnormalities relevant with headache, including tumors. Amongst the others 123 patients, the most common findings were 42 cases (10%) of nonspecific white matter abnormalities, 17 cases (4%) of enlarged perivascular spaces, 17 cases (4%) of arachnoid cyst, 16 cases (3.9%) of asymmetric ventricles, 12 cases (2.9%) with Chiari type I and cerebellar tonsillar ectopia. Also, 17 (4.1%) patients had extra-cerebral MRI abnormalities including sinusitis, mucosal thickening and retention cysts of sinuses. Conclusions. In this study, the contribution of brain MRI in the diagnosis and management of the children with headache was still low.

Ultrasound for evaluation and treatment of headaches

Headaches are a common pain complaint, affecting millions of people in the US alone. These pains have been attributed to intracranial processes, such as dilated blood vessels and the trigeminal ganglion, and therefore only amenable to medication therapies. However, many of these headaches, including "migraines", may be caused by extracranial conditions that can be diagnosed and treated with interventional pain techniques. Using "pattern recognition", many headache etiologies can be quickly identified, and then treated with ultrasound-guided injections that diagnose and treat the underlying condition. The topics in this article include the diagnosis and ultrasound-guided treatment of supraorbital neuralgia, auriculotemporal neuralgia, and greater occipital neuralgia, and their role in headache management

Cefalea... ¿y algo más?: Neuroimágenes en el estudio de la cefalea / Headache and something else? Neuroimaging in the study of headaches

Se revisa la iconografía de los hallazgos por tomografía computada (TC) y resonancia magnética (RM) de la cefalea, según nuestra experiencia. De acuerdo con la base MESH, esta entidad se define como un dolor craneano, que puede ser de ocurrencia benigna o la manifestación de una amplia gama de desórdenes. Las cefaleas se clasifican por su evolución temporal (aguda o crónica), presentación (en estallido, gravativa, etc.) o coexistencia de síntomas asociados, como auras, convulsiones o déficits focales. También se dividen en primarias o secundarias, según la existencia o no de una patología subyacente. Las primarias pueden tener manifestaciones clínicas definidas, pero en las secundarias ciertos signos y síntomas deben alertar sobre la presencia de una patología estructural. En este caso, las neuroimágenes tienen un rol esencial al detectar las causantes del cuadro. Nuestros hallazgos correspondieron a cefaleas primarias (p. ej: infarto migrañoso) y a etiologías orgánicas, entre las que se destacaron causas vasculares, como patología venosa (trombosis), vasoespasmo y leucoencefalopatía posterior reversible; hemorragias intraparen-quimatosas y extraaxiales; cefaleas postraumáticas y posquirúrgicas; y causas infecciosas y tumorales (apoplejía hipofisaria e hipertensión endocraneana). Además, hubo malformaciones (Arnold-Chiari, p.ej.) y otras como hipotensión endocraneana. En algunos casos inicialmente se realizó una TC y luego una RM, mientras que en otros la RM fue el método de elección. Las neuroimágenes facilitan el estudio de la cefalea, caracterizando la afección en primaria o secundaria. En el segundo caso permiten, a su vez, clasificar los hallazgos

A review is presented of the radiological findings (computed tomography -CT- and magnetic resonance imaging -MRI-) of headache, according to our experience. According to MESH database this entity is a skull based pain that can have a benign cause or be an expression of a wide spectrum of disorders. Headaches can be classified according to their temporal evolution (acute or chronic), presentation (blow up, aura, rapidly evolutionary, etc.), or according to associated symptoms, such as seizures or focal deficits. They could also be classified into primary or secondary, depending on the presence or absence of demonstrable disease. The primary headaches can have known symptoms (i.e. migraine), but in secondary ones certain symptoms and signs should alert on the existence of structural disease. At this point imaging methods have an outstanding role, as they allow detecting and identifying structural causes in patients with headache. Our findings corresponded to primary headaches (i.e.: migraine infarction) and organic aetiologies, such as vascular causes (venous thrombosis, vasospasm and posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy); intracerebral and extra-axial haemorrhage; post-surgical and post- traumatic headaches; and those due to infections and tumours (pituitary apoplexy or intracranial hypertension). Malformations, such as Arnold-Chiari's, and intracranial hypotension have also been found. In some cases a CT is initially performed and then an MR, whilst in others MR is the method of choice. Neuroimaging facilitates the study of headache, helping to characterise them into primary or secondary. In the latter case, the imaging also enables the findings to be classified

Angiomas venosos y cefalea en pediatría: un caso clínico / Venous angiomas and headache in children: A case report

Introducción: Los angiomas venosos (AV) son entidades benignas que infrecuentemente presentan síntomas. Objetivo: Reporte de un caso y revisión del tema. Caso clínico: Escolar, de sexo femenino, 6 años, que inicia cefaleas bifrontales frecuentes 3-4 veces por semana, en relación con trabajo académico, de carácter opresivo, no pulsátil, sin náuseas ni vómitos, rango de intensidad entre 4-6/10. Se inició manejo con calendario de cefaleas, apoyo escolar y evaluación psicológica. La tomografía computarizada cerebral solicitada informó de angioma venoso de núcleo caudado izquierdo, razón por la cual se realizó una resonancia magnética cerebral más angiorresonancia que confirmó angioma venoso y excluyó complicación o asociación a otra malformación vascular. La cefalea respondió bien a terapia psicopedagógica y psicológica. La frecuencia de cefaleas disminuyó a 10-12 al año, agrupadas en periodos de mayores demandas académicas. La paciente es controlada durante 12 años, hasta el egreso de la enseñanza media, sin complicaciones y con un buen manejo de la cefalea tensional. Conclusión: En el estudio de una cefalea el hallazgo de un AV puede ser incidental; una vez reunidos los criterios internacionales de cefalea tensional e iniciado el tratamiento para ello, la monitorización de los AV debe ser clínica. Las complicaciones del AV son infrecuentes y el tratamiento quirúrgico es excepcional.

Introduction: Venous angiomas (VA) are benign entities; however infrequent symptomatic cases may occur. Objective: Case report and literature review. Case report: A 6 year old girl was referred with a history of bi-frontal, non-pulsatile, headache with no nausea or vomiting. Headache intensity was 4-6/10. The episodes were frequent, 3-4 times per week. Triggers include academic work. Computed tomography showed a small VA in left caudate nucleus, which was confirmed by a brain MRI, with no evidence of inflammatory or ischaemic changes, or another vascular malformation. Psychological and psycho-pedagogic techniques were used, combined with relaxation and cognitive-behavioural techniques to reduce the intensity and frequency. There was a good outcome, and the headache decreased to 10 episodes per year. The patient was monitored for 12 years until graduation from high school. The VA remained without complications. Conclusions: In the study of a headache, a VA usually is an incidental finding. The International Classification of Headache Disorders III provides specific criteria of frequent episodic tension-type headache, and allows us begin specific therapy for it. Monitoring of non-symptomatic VA cases should be clinical. The surgical management of these entities is exceptional.

Computed tomography in management of patients with non-localizing headache

To assess the usefulness of a computed tomography scan in patients with non-localized headache. One-hundred and forty-two patients with non-localized headache were included in a retrospective study after reviewing the medical records of 896 patients at the Radiology Department, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital Patients with neurological deficits, head injury, previous intracranial intervention, or malignancy were excluded. Radiological findings of all patients were reviewed and results were divided into 3 groups: 1] no intracranial abnormality; 2] with clinically significant intracranial abnormality; and 3] positive without clinical significance or with extracranial abnormality. All patient history records were reviewed for a period of six months following their initial computed tomography scan to assess their clinical outcomes. The cost of computed tomography examination and patient radiation dose were calculated. Of the 142 patients, 64% were females and 36% males [7% pediatric] with an age range of 4-87 years [mean: 36.2 years]. Among the patients, 70% demonstrated negative computed tomography findings [grade 1], only 4% showed clinically significant findings [grade 2], and 26% demonstrated incidental positive findings with no clinical significance [grade 3]. The average cost of computed tomography head examination was approximately 60 Omani Riyal [$156]. The clinically significant positive cases were fewer than expected. The average estimated radiation dose for these patients was calculated and found to be around 5 times the radiation from computed tomography of the sinuses [approximately 1.84 mSv]. Computed tomography head imaging in patients with non-localized headache has a low likelihood for any significant intracranial lesion. Therefore, it is essential to develop local standard operating procedures to promote better utilization of this type of imaging service

Diagnostic outcome of patients presenting with severe thunderclap headache at saidu teaching hospital

To find out the frequency of patients attending Casualty department of a Teaching Hospital with sudden severe thunderclap headache, their diagnostic out-come and follow up. The study was conducted in Casualty and Medical, Departments of Saidu Teaching Hospital, Saidu Sharif, from January 2006 to December 2006. Out of 22,000 patients with different Medical problems attended Casualty department during study period of which 128 cases had acute severe thunderclap headache. Age range was 15 to 80 years with mean age of 46 +/- 10 years. Seventy eight patients [61%] were female and fifty [39%] were male. Protocol included proper clinical examination, basic laboratory investigations, admission to the General medical ward / Intensive care unit for observation, treatment and follow-up. CT scan of brain and or lumber puncture was performed in all the studied patients. The in-hospital follow up period was from two to fourteen days. The patients were reviewed one month later after discharge from hospital. Out of 120 patients twenty cases [15.6%] had Subarachnoid haemorrhage [SAH] seven patients [5.4%] had Cerebral infarction, five patients [3.9%] had an Intracerebral Haematoma. Five patients [3.9%] had aseptic meningitis. Two cases [1.5%] were reported as cerebral edema. One case [0.8%] had venous sinus thrombosis. As there was no specific finding on investigations and follow up of 88 cases [69%]: these were labeled as idiopathic thunder-clap headache. Past history of not more than three similar episodes was present in 33 cases [25.78%]. Out of these 33 cases, thirty belonged to the benign group of 88; other three cases had organic causes. Clinical diagnosis of Migraine was made in 37 cases out of these 88 cases. Attack of severe thunderclap headache is not an un-common emergency. Attack due to Subarachnoid haemorrhage [SAH] or other serious underlying disease cannot be distinguished from non specific headaches on clinical grounds alone. It is recommended that all such patients be hospitalized and investigated properly with CT scan and or lumbar puncture to distinguish between benign and organic headaches