Perfusão arterial reversa gemelar: revisão da literatura / Twin reverse arterial perfusion: literature review

A perfusão arterial reversa gemelar é uma anormalidade rara que pode ocorrer em gestações gemelares monocoriônicas. Consiste em uma alteração na circulação fetoplacentária, com desvio de sangue de um dos gemelares para o outro, por meio de anastomoses arterioarteriais e venovenosas na superfície placentária e anastomoses arteriovenosas em áreas de circulação placentária compartilhada. O feto bombeador pode desenvolver insuficiência cardíaca devido ao aumento do débito cardíaco, e o feto receptor, perfundido por sangue pobre em oxigênio por meio do fluxo reverso, é severamente malformado, incompatível com a vida extrauterina. Este artigo apresenta o caso de uma gestação gemelar monocoriônica diamniótica, com manejo clínico conservador. O objetivo é relatar um caso de complicação rara de gestações monozigóticas e revisar condutas para diagnóstico e manejo adequado.(AU)

Twin reverse arterial perfusion is a rare abnormality that can occur in monochorionic twin pregnancies. It consists of an alteration in the fetal-placental circulation, with blood diversion from one of the twins to the other, through arterio-arterial and veno- venous anastomosis on the placental surface and arterio-venous anastomosis in areas of shared placental circulation. The pumping fetus may develop heart failure due to increased cardiac output, and the recipient fetus, perfused by oxygen-poor blood through reverse flow, is severely malformed, incompatible with extrauterine life. This article presents the case of a monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy, with conservative clinical management. The objective is to report a case of rare complication of monozygotic pregnancies and review procedures for diagnosis and adequate management.(AU)

Tipos de partos y niveles de oxitocina, cortisol y hormonas tiroideas en plasma del cordón umbilical / Types of deliveries and levels of oxytocin, cortisol and thyroid hormones in umbilical cord plasma

Introducción: La placenta sintetiza y secreta varias hormonas que permiten la regulación del embarazo, el trabajo de parto y la adaptación metabólica materno-fetal. Su comportamiento asociado al tipo de parto puede dar información relevante sobre efectos epigenéticos. Objetivo: Describir el tipo de parto con los niveles de oxitocina, cortisol y hormonas tiroideas en plasma de cordón umbilical al nacer. Método: A 50 mujeres con embarazos principalmente normales se les cuantificaron los niveles neurohormonales en plasma de cordón umbilical, obtenido inmediatamente tras el periodo expulsivo. Los resultados se incorporaron a la base de datos clínicos de cada participante y se analizaron con Stata v.14.0. El protocolo fue aprobado por el comité de ética. Resultados: Hubo 33 partos vaginales (12 espontáneos, 13 acelerados y 8 inducidos) y 17 cesáreas (7 electivas y 10 de urgencia). Se observaron mayores niveles de cortisol en los partos vaginales acelerados; las cesáreas tuvieron menores niveles de cortisol y hormona estimulante de la tiroides. Las intervenciones clínicas, con altos o bajos niveles hormonales, están en directa relación con el tipo de parto. Conclusiones: El cortisol y la hormona estimulante de la tiroides medidos en plasma de cordón umbilical variaron según el tipo de parto. Esto es una primera cuantificación de hormonas en plasma de cordón umbilical y su posible regulación placentaria a propósito del tipo de parto.

Introduction: The placenta synthesizes and secretes several hormones allowing the regulation of pregnancy, labor and maternal-fetal metabolic adaptation. Their behavior associated with the type of delivery, may provide relevant information on epigenetic effects. Objective: To describe the type of delivery with the levels of oxytocin, cortisol and thyroid hormones in umbilical cord plasma at birth. Method: Neurohormonal levels from umbilical cord plasma obtained immediately post expulsion, were quantified in 50 women with mainly normal pregnancies. Results incorporated into the clinical database of each participant, statistically analyzed in Stata v.14.0. Protocol approved by ethics committee. Results: 33 were vaginal deliveries (12 spontaneous, 13 accelerated, 8 induced) and 17 cesarean sections (7 elective and 10 emergency). Higher cortisol levels were observed in accelerated vaginal deliveries, cesarean sections had lower cortisol and thyroid stimulating hormone levels. While clinical interventions, with high or low hormone levels, were related to the type of delivery. Conclusions: Cortisol and thyroid stimulating hormone measured in umbilical cord plasma varied according to the type of delivery. This is a first quantification of hormones in umbilical cord plasma and their possible placental regulation in relation to the type of delivery.

Ligadura del cordón umbilical en recién nacidos prematuros / Umbilical cord clamping in preterm infants

La prematiridad fue aumentando la supervivencia desde hace varios años, y eso produce, sobre todo, una preocupación en los prematuros nacidos antes de las 28 semanas de gestación. El tiempo del clampeo del cordón umbilical puede generar diversos trastornos, principalmente, cuando se realiza temprano (10-15 segundos). Ya desde hace 20 años, a través de varias investigaciones, se pudieron demostrar los notorios beneficios del clampeo demorado del cordón (de 2 a 3 minutos). Esta práctica fue instalada en la asistencia obstétrica y neonatal por las recomendaciones de sociedades científicas y de las revisiones sistemáticas, que señalaron las sólidas evidencias que apoyaban esta conducta para prematuros. En esta revisión, se describen los artículos más relevantes en los últimos años, que sustentan notoriamente la aplicación del clampeo demorado del cordón versus el clampeo temprano. Asimismo, esta práctica genera una disminución de los trastornos graves en prematuros.

For several years now, the survival of preterm infants has been increasing, which has shifted our concern to preterm infants born before 28 weeks of gestation in particular. The timing of umbilical cord clamping may lead to several disorders, especially when done early (10-15 seconds). In the last two decades, several investigations have shown the considerable benefits of delayed cord clamping (2-3 minutes). Delayed cord clamping has been practiced in obstetrics and neonatal care based on the recommendations made by scientific societies and in systematic reviews, which have provided solid evidence to support this practice in preterm infants. This review describes the most relevant articles from the last years, which strongly support the use of delayed cord clamping versus early cord clamping. In addition, this practice reduces the rate of severe disorders in preterm infants.

Gran feto acardio: diagnóstico tardío de gestacion gemelar monocorial biamniótica complicada por secuencia TRAP: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Great acardiac fetus: late diagnosis of monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy complicated by sequence TRAP: case report and review of the literature

OBJETIVOS: reportar el caso de una paciente con gestación gemelar monocorial-biamniótica complicada por secuencia TRAP que dio lugar al nacimiento de un feto bomba de 1932 gramos sin malformaciones anatómicas y de un feto acardio anceps de 1800 gramos, y realizar una revisión sobre esta patología y la importancia de su diagnóstico y tratamiento precoces. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: se presenta el caso de un feto acardio en una gestante con embarazo sin control estricto en el Hospital San Pedro de Logroño en el año 2019, de interés por su diagnóstico tardío y elevado peso al nacimiento del feto acardio. Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en las bases de datos Medline vía PubMed, OVID, Embase y SciE-LO con las palabras clave DeCS y términos MeSH. Como criterios de inclusión se consideraron artículos tipo series y reportes de casos y artículos de revisión desde enero de 1950 hasta enero de 2020. RESULTADOS: la búsqueda incluyó 39 referencias bibliográficas sobre las que se repasaron las principales cuestiones teóricas a exponer. El peso del feto acardio de nuestro caso fue muy elevado sin provocar repercusión en el feto sano, en comparación con la bibliografía, lo que aporta singularidad al caso, siendo sólo equiparable la serie de casos de Brassard et al (1999), con pesos de los fetos acardio por encima de 1700 gramos y diferenciándose en 100 gramos del feto bomba. CONCLUSIONES: el feto acardio es una complicación infrecuente de embarazos gemelares monocoriales. Se requiere la presencia de anastomosis vasculares placentarias entre ambas circulaciones. El diagnóstico precoz es importante para disminuir la morbilidad y usar, en la medida de lo posible, técnicas terapéuticas no invasivas.

OBJECTIVES: to report the case of a patient with a monochorionic-biamniotic twin gestation complicated by TRAP sequence that gave rise to the birth of a pump fetus without anatomical malformations (1932 g) and an acardiac anceps fetus (1800 g), and to review this pathology and the importance of its early diagnosis and management. MATERIAL AND METHODS: the case of an acardiac fetus is presented in a pregnant woman without strict control at the Hospital San Pedro de Logroño in 2019, worthwhile because of its late diagnosis and high birth weight. A search of the literature was carried out in the Medline databases via PubMed, OVID, Embase and SciELO with the MeSH terms. As inclusion criteria, we considered series-type articles and case reports, cohorts and review articles from January 1950 to January 2020. RESULTS: 39 bibliographic references were included with the main theoretical questions to be reviewed. Our acardiac fetus weight was very high comparing with the bibiography and without causing repercussion in the healthy fetus, which contributes to the uniqueness of the case, only the series report by Brassard et al (1999) is comparable, with weights of the acardiac fetus above 1700 grams and differing by 100 grams from the pump fetus. CONCLUSIONS: the acardiac fetus is an infrequent complication of monochorionic twin pregnancies. The presence of placental vascular anastomoses between both circulations is required. Early diagnosis is important to decrease morbidity and to use, as far as possible, non-invasive therapeutic techniques.

Caracterización clínica y epidemiológica de la sífilis congénita en neonatos: Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga / Clinical and epidemiological features of congenital syphilis in neonatos: Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediatrico Dr. Agustin Zubillaga

Se realizó una estudio descriptivo transversal de recolección retrospectiva de datos de 102 historias clinicas con el objetivo de describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la sífilis congénita en neonatos registrados en el Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga durante el período enero 2014 a junio 2017. Los resultados evidencian que el 52% de los neonatos eran del sexo masculino, el peso y longitud del neonato osciló entre 2501 a 4000 gramos y 46 a 55 cms, respectivamente; los neonatos pretérmino y a término tenían un tamaño adecuado; el APGAR fue normal al minuto, cinco y diez minutos. Las manifestaciones clínicas y paraclínicas más frecuentes fueron ictericia (41,2%), leucocitosis (16,7%) y periostitis (12,8%). El 78,4% de los casos presentaron VDRL no reactivo en LCR mientras que 72,5% mostraron VDRL reactivo en sangre. En conclusión, es importante aumentar el control prenatal e indicar de forma rutinaria el VDRL en sangre con la finalidad de detectar tempranamente los casos de sífilis materna y de esta manera prevenir la sífilis congénita(AU)

A descriptive, cross-sectional study, of retrospective review of data from 102 medical charts was carried out in order to describe clinical and epidemiological characteristics of congenital syphilis in neonates registered at the Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga during the period January 2014 to June 2017. Male sex was predominant 52%, weight and height of newborns were between 2.501 to 4.000 grams and 46 to 55 cms, respectively; preterm and term neonates were of adequate size; APGAR score was normal at one, five and ten minutes. Most common clinical and paraclinical manifestations of congenital syphilis of the neonate at birth were jaundice (41,2%), leucocitosis (16,7%) and periostitis (12,8%). 78,4% had non-reactive VDRL in cerebrospinal fluid while 72,5% had reactive VDRL in blood. In conclusion, it is important to increase prenatal control and screen for maternal syphilis in order to detect early cases and prevent congenital syphilis(AU)

Características epidemiológicas, clínicas e imagenológicas en pacientes con microcefalia y sospecha de infección por el virus del zika. Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga / Epidemiological, clinical and imaging features of patients with microcephaly and suspected infection by zika virus. Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga

La infección por virus Zika es transmitida por la picadura del Aedes sp, aunque también se ha descrito la transmisión transplacentaria a los fetos. La microcefalia congénita es el primer hallazgo relacionado con la enfermedad y se asocia a defectos en la proliferación neuronal y muerte de las células progenitoras corticales que tiene como consecuencia una disminución de la producción neuronal y que resulta en una serie de trastornos cerebrales que comprometen la motricidad, visión, audición y funciones cognitivas. La presente investigación describió las características epidemiológicas, clínicas e imagenológicas en pacientes pediátricos con microcefalia secundario a la sospecha de infección por el virus Zika, que acudieron a la consulta de Neuropediatría del Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga de la ciudad de Barquisimeto, estado Lara durante el lapso diciembre 2016- septiembre 2017(AU)

Zika virus infection is transmitted by the bite of Aedes sp, although transplacental transmission to the fetuse has also been described. Congenital microcephaly is the first finding related to the disease and is associated with defects in neuronal proliferation and death of cortical progenitor cells, which result in a decrease in neuronal production and a group of brain disorders which compromise motor skills, vision, hearing and cognitive functions. The present study describes the epidemiological, clinical and imaging characteristics in pediatric patients with microcephaly secondary to suspected Zika virus infection who attended the Neuropediatric consultation of the Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga during the December 2016-September 2017 period(AU)

Bloqueio atrioventricular congênito / Congenital atrioventricular block

O bloqueio atrioventricular total congênito ocorre em aproximadamente 1/20.000 nascidos vivos e está associado a aumento de mortalidade e morbidade fetal. O bloqueio atrioventricular total congênito pode ser secundário a processos imunológicos e não imunológicos. Os bloqueios atrioventriculares totais congênitos de etiologia imunológica estão associados à passagem transplacentária de anticorpos maternos anti-RO/SSA e anti-La/SSB. Esses anticorpos provocam lesão no sistema cardíaco de condução de fetos suscetíveis. Nesta revisão foi analisada a fisiopatologia do bloqueio atrioventricular total congênito, o papel da terapia transplacentária e as indicações de marcapasso

Congenital complete atrioventricular block is observed in approximately 1 in 20,000 live births and is associated to increased fetal mortality and morbidity. Complete atrioventricular block may be secondary to immune or non-immune processes. Immune-mediated congenital complete atrioventricular blocks are associated with the transplacental passage of anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB maternal antibodies. These antibodies damage the conduction tissue of susceptible fetuses. This report examines the pathophysiology of congenital complete atrioventricular block, the role of transplacental therapy and pacemaker indication

Sildenafil citrate and uteroplacental perfusion in fetal growth restriction

Background: Severe early-onset fetal growth restriction can lead to a range of adverse outcomes including fetal or neonatal death, neurodisability, and lifelong risks to the health of the affected child. Sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, potentiates the actions of nitric oxide, which leads to vasodilatation of the uterine vessels and might improve fetal growth in utero

Objective: To evaluate effectiveness and safety of Sildenafil citrate for treatment of intrauterine growth restriction [IUGR]

Design: A prospective randomized control study

Setting: At Ain shams University hospital and Kafr Aldwwar main Hospital in El-Beheria governorate

Subjects: Eighty pregnant women with gestational age between 24 and 34 weeks having singleton pregnancy and suffering from IUGR attending an antenatal clinic

Methods: Eighty pregnant women with FGR and abnormal umbilical artery Doppler between 24and34 weeks were randomly allocated to sildenafil [n= 40] 25mg tid or placebo [n=40] with a plenty of fluids until delivery

Main outcome measure: Length of pregnancy, neonatal weight and ICU admission

Results: Sildenafil treatment was associated with a significant increase in length of pregnancy [P> 0.05] and a significant increase in estimated fetal weight by ultrasound [P<0.05], and was associated with a significant decrease in neonatal ICU admission [P=0.218] and neonatal mortality [P=0.290]

Conclusion: Sildenafil citrate can improve utero-placental perfusion and length of pregnancy in pregnancies complicated by IUGR. It appears to have a significantly positive effect on fetal weight. Sildenafil treatment may offer a new opportunity to improve perinatal outcomes, for pregnancies complicated by IUGR. However these observations require further studies on wide scale

Ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure in two fetuses with airway obstruction

The ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure was introduced to reduce fetal hypoxic damage while establishing an airway in fetuses with upper and lower airway obstruction. Delivery of the fetal head and shoulders while maintaining the uteroplacental circulation offers time to secure the fetal airway. Here, we report two cases of EXIT procedure for fetal airway obstruction, which were successfully managed with extensive preoperative planning by a professional multidisciplinary team.

Effect of maternal exercises on biophysical fetal and maternal parameters: a transversal study / Efeito do exercício materno em parâmetros biofísicos maternofetais: um estudo transversal

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the acute effects of maternal and fetal hemodynamic responses in pregnant women submitted to fetal Doppler and an aerobic physical exercise test according to the degree of effort during the activity and the impact on the well-being. Methods Transversal study with low risk pregnant women, obtained by convenience sample with gestational age between 26 to 34 weeks. The participants carry out a progressive exercise test. Results After the exercise session, reduced resistance (p=0.02) and pulsatility indices (p=0.01) were identified in the umbilical artery; however, other Doppler parameters analyzed, in addition to cardiotocography and fetal biophysical profile did not achieve significant change. Maternal parameters obtained linear growth with activity, but it was not possible to establish a standard with the Borg scale, and oxygen saturation remained stable. Conclusion A short submaximal exercise had little effect on placental blood flow after exercise in pregnancies without complications, corroborating that healthy fetus maintains homeostasis even in situations that alter maternal hemodynamics.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar os efeitos agudos de respostas hemodinâmicas maternas e fetais em gestantes submetidas a Doppler fetal e a um teste de exercício físico aeróbio, de acordo com o grau de esforço durante a atividade e o impacto sobre o bem-estar. Métodos Estudo transversal desenvolvido com gestantes de baixo risco, por amostra de conveniência com idade gestacional entre 26 e 34 semanas. As participantes realizam um teste de esforço progressivo. Resultados Na artéria umbilical, após sessão de exercício físico, identificou-se a redução do índice de resistência (p=0,02) e do índice de pulsatilidade (p=0,01), mas os demais parâmetros Doppler analisados, além da cardiotocografia e do perfil biofísico fetal, não obtiveram alteração significativa. Os parâmetros maternos obtiveram crescimento linear com a atividade, mas não foi possível estabelecer padrão com a escala de Borg, e a saturação de oxigênio se manteve estável. Conclusão O esforço submáximo curto teve pouco efeito sobre o fluxo de sangue da placenta após o exercício em gestações sem complicações, corroborando que o feto hígido mantém a homeostase mesmo em situações que alterem a hemodinâmica materna.

Reduced placental volume and flow in severe growth restricted fetuses

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate placental volume and vascular indices in pregnancies with severe fetal growth restriction and determine their correlations to normal reference ranges and Doppler velocimetry results of uterine and umbilical arteries. METHODS: Twenty-seven fetuses with estimated weights below the 3rd percentile for gestational age were evaluated. Placental volume and vascular indices, including vascularization, flow, and vascularization flow indices, were measured by three-dimensional ultrasound using a rotational technique and compared to a previously described nomogram. The observed-to-expected placental volume ratio for gestational age and observed-to-expected placental volume ratio for fetal weight were calculated. Placental parameters correlated with the Doppler velocimetry results of uterine and umbilical arteries. RESULTS: The mean uterine artery pulsatility index was negatively correlated with the observed-to-expected placental volume ratio for gestational age, vascularization index and vascularization flow index. The observed-to-expected placental volume ratio for gestational age and observed-to-expected placental volume ratio for fetal weight and vascularization index were significantly lower in the group with a bilateral protodiastolic notch. No placental parameter correlated with the umbilical artery pulsatility index. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancies complicated by severe fetal growth restriction are associated with reduced placental volume and vascularization. These findings are related to changes in uterine artery Doppler velocimetry. Future studies on managing severe fetal growth restriction should focus on combined results of placental three-dimensional ultrasound and Doppler studies of uterine arteries.

A baby with congenital hypothyroidism born to a hypothyroid mother who expressed undiagnosed thyroid stimulation blocking antibody

In adults, hypothyroidism caused by thyroid stimulation blocking antibody (TSB Ab) is rare, and confirmed cases are even fewer, as TSB Ab levels are rarely assayed. However, this may create problems in babies, as the transplacental passage of maternal TSB Ab can cause a rare type of hypothyroidism in the infant. Prompt levothyroxine replacement for the baby starting immediately after birth is important. We describe a congenital hypothyroid baby born to a hypothyroid mother who was not aware of the cause of her hypothyroid condition, which turned out to be associated with the expression of TSB Ab. This cause was confirmed in both the infant and mother using a series of thyroid function tests and measurements of autoantibody levels, including TSB Ab. During periodic follow-up, the TSB Ab and thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibody titers became negative in the baby at 8 months of age, but remained positive in the mother. Evaluation of hypothyroidism and its cause in mothers during pregnancy is important for both maternal and child health.

A baby with congenital hypothyroidism born to a hypothyroid mother who expressed undiagnosed thyroid stimulation blocking antibody

In adults, hypothyroidism caused by thyroid stimulation blocking antibody (TSB Ab) is rare, and confirmed cases are even fewer, as TSB Ab levels are rarely assayed. However, this may create problems in babies, as the transplacental passage of maternal TSB Ab can cause a rare type of hypothyroidism in the infant. Prompt levothyroxine replacement for the baby starting immediately after birth is important. We describe a congenital hypothyroid baby born to a hypothyroid mother who was not aware of the cause of her hypothyroid condition, which turned out to be associated with the expression of TSB Ab. This cause was confirmed in both the infant and mother using a series of thyroid function tests and measurements of autoantibody levels, including TSB Ab. During periodic follow-up, the TSB Ab and thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibody titers became negative in the baby at 8 months of age, but remained positive in the mother. Evaluation of hypothyroidism and its cause in mothers during pregnancy is important for both maternal and child health.

Two cases of Ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) in UP-PGH

The survival rate and prognosis for neonates with airway obstruction is poor if not managed immediately after delivery. Ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) is indicated for cases in which airway obstruction is anticipated. The procedure establishes the fetal airway prior to complete delivery while maintaining an intact uteroplacental circulation. Maintaining uteroplacental circulation, ensuring uterine relaxation, and temporizing placental detachment during the EXIT procedure are achieved by administering a higher dose of inhalation anesthetic and intravenous nitroglycerine. However, this can lead to maternal hypotension and compromised feto-placental perfusion, reduced fatal cardiac output and acidosis. It is therefore essential that these be managed using vasopressors and inotropes. This paper reports the first institutional experience with the EXIT procedure in the Philippines, presenting two cases of neonates with large cystic hygroma. One case was performed as an elective procedure, the other as emergency treatment.

Tratamiento intraparto para la gastrosquisis / Intrapartum treatment for gastroschisis

El tratamiento intraparto de la gastrosquisis es una técnica quirúrgica llevada a cabo durante el nacimiento, bajo el principio de la preservación de la circulación fetoplacentaria, que permite reducir las vísceras herniadas antes de la primera respiración, evita la deglución del aire durante el llanto y minimiza la demora entre el nacimiento y la resolución quirúrgica de esta compleja afección. Se presenta la utilización de esta técnica, por primera vez, en el Centro Territorial de Cirugía Neonatal de Holguín, en un neonato femenino, procedente de la provincia de Santiago de Cuba, nacido por cesárea a las 36 semanas de gestación, e intervenido por un equipo multidisciplinario en la maternidad provincial de Holguín. La corrección del defecto se realizó en los primeros 15 minutos después del nacimiento, antes de cortar el cordón umbilical. La necesidad de apoyo ventilatorio fue menor de 24 horas, y se inició la vía oral en los primeros 3 días después del procedimiento. Al quinto día se observó el cierre total del defecto sin necesidad de suturas. Con la práctica del procedimiento Simil EXIT (similar al extra utero intrapartum treatment de sus siglas en inglés) para gastrosquisis, se logró la corrección inmediata de un defecto complejo de la pared abdominal, que es de alta morbilidad y mortalidad, y permitió la incorporación temprana de la paciente a una vida normal, sin huella quirúrgica y sin complicaciones.

Intrapartum treatment of gastroschisis is a surgical technique applied during birth under the principle of preservation of fetal-placental circulation. It allows reducing herniated viscera before first breathing, prevents air swallowing during crying and minimizes delay between birth and surgical resolution of this complex condition. This report presented the use of this technique for the first time in the territorial center of neonatal surgery in Holguin province. The patient was a female neonate from Santiago de Cuba province, she was born from cesarean section at 36 weeks of gestation and was operated on by a multidisciplinary team in the provincial maternal hospital of the province. The defect was corrected during the first 15 minutes after birth and before cutting the umbilical cord. The ventilation support was necessary for less than 24 hours, and three days after the procedure, the oral route started functioning. On the fifth day, there was observed the total closure of the defect without any suture. With the application of the Simil EXIT procedure (similar to extrauterine intrapartum treatment) for gastroschisis, it was possible to correct immediately the complex defect of the abdominal wall, which is of high mortality and morbidity, and to early incorporate the patient to her normal life with no trace of surgery and no complication.

A Case of the Ex Utero Intrapartum Treatment in Congenital Fetal Oral Teratoma / 대한이비인후과학회지

The ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) is used for unborn fetuses in cases of predictable complications of postpartum airway obstruction. The delivered fetus is maintained on placental circulation while airway is established and this is carried out by a multidisciplinary team. Teratomas arising from the palate or pharynx may cause immediate life-threatening airway obstruction to the newborn. In our case, congenital oral teratoma was detected via prenatal ultrasound. The treating team determined that this may induce airway occlusion at birth and decided to perform an EXIT to secure an airway. On the day of birth, debulking of the tumor was performed and the fetus was successfully delivered. Vital signs were stable without intubation management.

Repercussões da cicatriz uterina resultante de cesariana prévia na dopplervelocimetria das artérias uterinas entre 26 e 32 semanas / Repercussions of previous cesarean uterine scar at uterine arteries Doppler velocimetry between the 26th and 32nd gestational weeks

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as repercussões da cicatriz uterina na dopplervelocimetria das artérias uterinas, entre 26 e 32 semanas, em gestantes primíparas com uma cesariana prévia, considerando quando esta foi realizada fora (cesárea eletiva) ou durante o trabalho de parto. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo transversal em 45 gestantes, divididas em três grupos: 17 gestantes com cicatriz prévia resultante de cesariana eletiva (grupo A); 14 gestantes com uma cicatriz prévia oriunda de cesariana executada em trabalho de parto (grupo B); 14 gestantes cujo único parto anterior foi realizado por via vaginal (grupo C). A dopplervelocimetria das artérias uterinas foi realizada pela via abdominal. Foram calculados as médias, medianas e desvios-padrão (DP) para cada grupo em estudo. Em relação ao índice de pulsatilidade, a comparação dos grupos foi conduzida pelo teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis. RESULTADOS: Os valores médios do índice de pulsatilidade no grupo A variaram de 0,60 a 1,60 (média: 0,90; DP: 0,29), no grupo B, de 0,53 a 1,43 (média: 0,87; DP: 0,24), e no grupo C, de 0,65 a 1,65 (média: 1,01; DP: 0,37); p = 0,6329. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve repercussões da cicatriz de cesariana prévia na dopplervelocimetria das artérias uterinas avaliadas de 26 a 32 semanas de gestação.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the possible repercussions of the previous cesarean scar at uterine arteries Doppler velocimetry between the 26th and 32nd gestational weeks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective cross-sectional study including 45 women between 11 and 14 weeks of gestation, divided into three groups: 17 pregnant women with uterine scar resulting from a previous elective cesarean section (group A); 14 with uterine scar resulting from a previous cesarean section performed during labor (group B); and 14 pregnant women with a single previous vaginal delivery (group C). Uterine arteries Doppler velocimetry was performed with transabdominal approach. Means, medians and standard deviation (SD) were calculated for each group in the study. The groups comparison regarding pulsatility index was performed with the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: In group A, the pulsatility index ranged from 0.60 to 1.60 (mean: 0.90; SD: 0.29), in group B, from 0.53 to 1.43 (mean: 0.87; SD: 0.24), and in group C, from 0.65 to 1.65 (mean: 1.01; SD: 0.37); with p = 0.6329. CONCLUSION: No repercussion of previous cesarean scar was observed at uterine arteries Doppler velocimetry performed in the period between the 26th and 32nd gestational weeks.

Conduta obstétrica na centralização da circulação fetal / Obstetric management in fetal brain sparing effect

A centralização do fluxo sanguíneo fetal é um fenômeno de compensação vascular bastante estudado na atualidade. Trata-se de alterações na resistência da circulação fetal, caracterizada pela redistribuição hemodinâmica do fluxo sanguíneo, com perfusão preferencial para órgãos nobres (cérebro, coração e glândulas adrenais) em detrimento dos pulmões, rins, baço e esqueleto, o que pode ser diagnosticado pelo estudo dopplervelocimétrico. O momento ideal para intervenção obstétrica ainda não é consenso. Uma das grandes preocupações, em relação à avaliação da vitalidade fetal, diz respeito ao momento ideal para interrupção da gravidez, uma vez que alguns dos métodos utilizados apresentam uma alta frequência de resultado falso-positivos, podendo ocasionar um nascimento prematuro, por vezes, desnecessário. Em fetos muito prematuros a opção pela interrupção da gravidez pode trazer consequências irreversíveis. Na tentativa de minimizar os danos, optou-se pela realização de uma revisão, baseada nas melhores evidências sobre a conduta nos fetos centralizados.

Fetal brain-sparing effect is a vascular compensation phenomenon widely studied today. Diagnosed by Doppler study it consists of changes on resistance in the fetal circulation characterized by hemodynamic redistribution of blood flow, with preferential perfusion to brain, heart and adrenal glands compared to the lungs, kidneys, spleen and skeleton. There is no consensus over ideal time for obstetric intervention. Ideal time for pregnancy termination is of major concern when assessing fetal vitality since methods used today have high false positives rate, leading to unnecessary prematurity. In extreme prematurity the decision to terminate pregnancy can lead to irreversible consequences. In an attempt to minimize damage, it was decided to carry out a review, based on the best evidence regarding conduct in fetal brain sparing effect.

Gestación uterina y sus limitaciones / Uterine gestation and their limitations

Se describe sumariamente los pasos que secuencialmente tienen lugar para lograr una gestación uterina. Cuando la pareja por razones diversas es incapaz de alcanzar el desarrollo embrionario requerido para un embarazo uterino, se utilizan protocolos que permiten determinar las causas de la infertilidad. Se describen las principales modalidades de la fecundación asistida: la inseminación artificial, la fecundación in vitro y los diversos pasos que permiten lograrla. Se presentan las modalidades de microinyección espermática incluidas las de aplicación más reciente (inyección de espermatozoides morfológicamente seleccionadas y examen de la morfología de las organelas que participan en la motilidad espermática). Se describe la transferencia embrionaria, especialmente los logros en el diagnóstico genético preimplantacional y en cuales enfermedades es factible. La fertilización en casos de cáncer requiere un enfoque multidisciplinario. Finalmente se enumeran las otras causas de infertilidad y su tratamiento. A modo de conclusión, se presenta la significación de los avances logrados desde el Reimer "bebe probeta" en 1984 y algunos datos de interes indicativos de la actividad que se desarrolla en el Servicio de Medicina de la Reproducción en el Instituto Universitario Dexeus de Barcelona, España

Sequential steps to seek uterine gestation are brielly and sequentially described. When a couple, due to diverse causes, is incapable to concieve and develop an embryo and hence a normal intrauterine gestation, specifit protocols are used aimed to determine the causes of infertility. The main modalities of assisted fertilization are presented: artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization including the steps needed to achieve embryogenesis. Spermatic modalities of microinjection, including the most up to date modalities (intracytoplasmatic morphologicaly selected sperm inyection and motile sperm organelle morphology examination) are presented. Embryonic transference, and in special, data related to preimplantation genetic diagnosis are analyzed, including a listing of those disease in which useful results are now available. Finally, other causes of infertility, including its treatment, are briefty mentioned. Fertilization in women with cancer needs a multidisciplinary approach. In closing remarks, the significance of advances achieved since the first test-tube baby in 1984 is emphasized, and some of the significant advances in this field at Institute Dexeus (Barcelona-Spain) are summarized