Disseminaded coccidiodomycosis presentig as acute respiratory distress syndrome in a liver postrasplant recipient / Síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda (SDRA) como prensentacion de Coccidiodomicosis diseminada en un paciente receptor de trasplante hepatico ortotópico

Abstract Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a respiratory process of acute onset, showing on X rays as bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and severe respiratory failure, Coccidiodomycosis is a unusual cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome, the incidence of coccidiomycosis in a solid organ trasplant recipientes ranges from 1.4% a 6.9%, inadecuancy of cellular inmunity is a well established risk factor for development of coccididomcosis, less than 1% of patients develop disseminaded infecction and carrying high mortality, the case that we are presenting add to the small list of reports documenting the ocasionally acute and agressive nature of the disseminated clinical form of coccidiodomycosis.

Resumen El síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda (SDRA) es un proceso respiratorio de inicio agudo, que se manifiesta en las radiografías como infiltrados pulmonares bilaterales, clinicamente como insuficiencia respiratoria grave, la coccidiodomicosis es una causa inusual de síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda, la incidencia de coccidiomicosis en receptores de trasplante de órgano sólido varía desde 1.4% a 6.9%, una inadecuada inmunidad celular es un factor de riesgo bien establecido para el desarrollo de coccidomicosis, menos del 1% de los pacientes desarrollan enfermedad diseminada y alta mortalidad, el caso que presentamos se suma a la pequeña lista de informes que documentan la naturaleza ocasionalmente aguda y agresiva de la forma clínica diseminada de coccidiodomicosis.

Coccidioidomycosis in a reference center in Northeast Brazil: clinical/epidemiological profile and most common radiological findings

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Coccidioidomycosis, a disease caused by Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii, is endemic in arid climatic regions in Northeast Brazil. Its prevalence is higher among young adult males living in rural areas. Existing literature about this disease in Ceará, a Northeast Brazilian state, are scarce. Here, we aimed to outline the clinical and epidemiological profiles, radiological patterns, and therapeutic responses of patients with coccidioidomycosis in a reference center in Ceará, Brazil. METHODS This is a descriptive study with quantitative analysis. Patients who underwent medical follow-up in São José Hospital of Infectious Diseases and received confirmed mycological diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis between January, 2007 and December 2017 were included. Epidemiological, clinical, radiological, and therapeutic response data were collected from medical charts. RESULTS Thirty patients were included. The patients were males with median age of 30 years, and 73% were considered to have high-risk exposure to Coccidioides owing to professional activities. Cough (96.7%), dyspnea (63.3%), fever (86.7%), and pleuritic pain (60%) were the most prevalent clinical manifestations. Interstitial pattern (91.3%) was the most frequent pulmonary radiological finding. Fluconazole, amphotericin B, and itraconazole were administered for treatment (in 82.1%, 42.8%, and 21.4% of cases, respectively). A favorable outcome was observed in 83.8% of patients. CONCLUSIONS Coccidioidomycosis was more prevalent in the central and southern regions of the State of Ceará. Understanding the local epidemiology and clinical manifestations of the disease, in addition to the pulmonary radiologic findings, may aid the early detection of coccidioidomycosis and facilitate early diagnosis.

Clinical Features of Coccidioidomycosis:Analysis of 33 Chinese Cases / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To summarize the characteristics of Chinese coccidioidomycosis cases, improve the diagnosis and treatment of this disease and prevent misdiagnosis as well as therapeutic error.Methods Search in databases including Medline,Wanfang,and CNKI using "Coccidioidomycosis" and "China" as index words yielded 23 articles that reported a total of 32 Chinese coccidioidomycosis cases.In addition,one patient with disseminated coccidioidomycos was treated in our center in April 2016.The demographic data,site of infection,clinical manifestations,past medical history,exposure history,imaging and laboratory findings,and pathological features of these 33 patients were analyzed.Results Among these 33 patients,7(21.2%)had visited an epidemic area and 6(18.2%)were immunocompromised.The disease involved the respiratory system,skin,bone,central nervous system,cornea,and stomach in 24,6,3,2,1,and 1 patients,respectively.Eight patients (24.2%) had multiple system involvement,and three of them died.The imaging findings included pulmonary nodules(=14),mediastinal lymphadenopathy(=5),solid shadow(=4),cavity(=4),pleural effusion(=3),multiple plaques(=2)and masses(=2).Coccidiolys cysts were detected in the affected tissues(=28)or in pus,exudate or pleural smear(=3);in addition,coccidioides mycelium and spores were found in the sputum,pus,and tissue cultures in 4 cases,among whom only 2 cases were confirmed by serological examination.The treatments included triazoles(=20),systemic or local administration of amphotericin B(=13),surgical resection of the lesion(=8),and intravenous gamma globulin(=1).Five patients died,among whom three had underlying diseases that caused immunosuppression and one was an infant.The prognoses were relatively good in the remaining patients.Conclusions Early diagnosis and proper treatment can achieve good prognosis in coccidioidomycosis patients.Multi-system involvement and immunosuppression are risk factors for poor prognosis of coccidioidomycosis.For these patients,adequate and full-course medication may prevent rapid disease progression.

Manifestaciones de salud asociadas a elementos medio ambientales: el caso de la ocurrencia de coccidioidomicosis en México 2004-2015 / Manifestations of health associated with environmental elements: the case of the occurrence of coccidioidemycosis in Mexico 2004-2015

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la dinámica temporal de la coccidioido micosis en México, durante el periodo comprendido entre 2004-2015, en el contexto de sus determinantes socio ambientales e identificar su distribución actual en el territorio nacional mediante la construcción de indicadores de concentración geográfica. Métodos: Se conduce análisis exploratorio de datos a partir de microdatos sobre egresos hospitalarios en el periodo 2004-2015. En términos teóricos, la presente investigación se ubica en el paradigma sobre determinantes sociales y ambientales de las condiciones de salud pública. Resultados: La evolución temporal durante 11 años de información analizada permite identificar un patrón persistente en la concentración de casos, que afecta principalmente a cuatro estados en el país, con una clara carga para la población masculina. Se identifica al estado de Sonora como la entidad de mayor incidencia en México, una entidad cuyos determinantes ambientales analizados sugieren la necesidad de implementar políticas públicas preventivas. Conclusiones: Dada la evolución temporal de egresos hospitalarios por coccidiodomicosis en México y el vínculo ambiental de la enfermedad, la evidencia obtenida representa un área de oportunidad para intervenir mediante estrategias de control focalizadas en territorios específicos, siendo el estado de Sonora un sitio prioritario de atención.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the temporal dynamics of coccidioide mycosis in Mexico, during the period between 2004-2015 in the context of its socio-environmental determinants and to identify its actual distribution in the national territory by means of the construction of geographical concentration indicators. Methods: An exploratory analysis of data was made from micro data on hospital discharges in the period 2004-2015. In theoretical terms, this research is located in the paradigm on social and environmental determinants of public health conditions. Results: The time evolution during 11 years of analyzed information allows to identify a persistent pattern in the concentration of cases, which mainly affects four states in the country, with a clear burden for the male population. The state of Sonora was identified as the entity with the highest incidence in Mexico, an entity that determines the environmental factors analyzed and the need to implement preventive public policies. Conclusions: Given the temporal evolution of hospital discharges due to coccidioid mycosis in Mexico and the environmental link of the disease, the evidence obtained represents an opportunity to intervene through control strategies focused on specific territories, with the State of Sonora being a priority site of attention.

Derrame pleural por micosis endémica en un paciente de 8 años: reporte de un caso / Pleural effusion due to endemic mycosis in an 8-year-old patient: a case report

Coccidioides is a fungus that is frequently found in dry places of sparse storms, with warm temperatures during most of the year. Two species are known to infect the human being: C. immitis and C. posadasii.It is endemic in northern Mexico, southern United States, as well as in some regions of Central America and South America. It is a highly contagious organism, but mostly it generates self-limited and asymptomatic diseases. Only 10 percent of cases with pulmonary symptoms are severe and may manifest as lobar pneumonia. Some cases of multiple foci and pleural effusion are diagnosed through biopsy with molecular methods. The treatment in many cases includes the use of azole antifungals for 3-6 months and follow-up with antibody titres

El Coccidioides es un hongo que se encuentra de manera frecuente en lugares secos, con temperaturas cálidas durante la mayoría del año. Son dos especies las que se conoce que infectan al ser humano la C. Immitis y C. Posadasii. Es endémico del norte de México, sur de Estados Unidos, así como algunas pequeñas regiones de centro y Sudamérica. Es un organismo altamente contagioso, pero en su mayoría genera enfermedades autolimitadas y de tipo asintomático, los pacientes con manifestaciones pulmonares solamenteen 10 por ciento son de presentación grave. Esta puede ser como una neumonía lobar, pero en algunos casos de focos múltiples y con derrame pleural, el diagnóstico es mediante biopsia en a fechas recientes con métodos moleculares. Los tratamientos en muchos casos requieren únicamente vigilancia. De requerir tratamiento se usa antimicótico 3-6 meses con azoles y seguimientos con títulos de anticuerpos

Epidemiological Characterization of Imported Systemic Mycoses Occurred in Korea

OBJECTIVES: Imported systemic mycoses is a severe fungal infection that can cause diseases in healthy people. However, there is a serious lack of epidemiological data about imported systemic mycoses. Therefore, an epidemiological characterization of imported systemic mycoses in Korea was performed. METHODS: We collected health insurance data between 2008 and 2012 from the Health Insurance Corporation and analyzed the data to determine the prevalence and treatment management of imported systemic mycoses. RESULTS: The prevalence of imported systemic mycoses between 2008 and 2012 increased slowly by 0.49/100,000 to 0.53/100,000 persons. The prevalence of coccidioidomycosis increased from 0.28/100,000 in 2008 to 0.36/100,000 persons in 2012. A mean of 229.6 cases occurred each year. Children and the elderly showed higher prevalence than adults in the 20- to 59-year-old age group. The rate of infection according to region ranged from 0.18/100,000 persons in Ulsan, to 0.59/100,000 persons in Gyeonggi. The prevalence in females was higher than that in males. Inpatient treatment was 3.3% (38 cases), with 96.7% treated as outpatients. Hospitalizations cost 272.7 million won and outpatient treatments cost 111.7 million won. The treatment cost for coccidioidomycosis from 2008 to 2012 was 330.9 million won, with personal charges of 79.2 million won and insurance charges of 251.7 million won. Most of the expenses for the coccidioidomycosis treatment were for inpatient treatment. CONCLUSION: The results in this study may be a useful resource for determining the changes in the trend of imported systemic mycoses.

Manual de diagnóstico de las micosis sistemáticas / Manual of diagnosis of systematic fungal diseases

manual es brindar un material de apoyo para el diagnóstico micológico a los laboratorios del Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social y servir de material complementario para los cursos de capacitación realizados por la sección Micología del Departamento de Bacteriología y Micología del Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública, y de esta manera fortalecer la capacidad diagnóstica de las micosis sistémicas, especialmente la Paracoccidioidomicosis, la principal micosis sistémica del Paraguay

Coccidioidomicosis: estado actual de la endemia en Venezuela / Coccidioidomycosis: current status of the endemic in Venezuela

La coccidioidomicosis es una micosis sistémica endémica del continente americano, causada por un hongo dimórfico. La inhalación de artroconidios transportados por el viento permite la colonización del tejido pulmonar produciendo la micosis. El diagnóstico se realiza a través del estudio epidemiológico y micológico, complementándose con el histopatológico, inmunitario y molecular. En Venezuela ha sido reportada desde 1948 cuando el Dr. Humberto Campins describió el primer caso en Barquisimeto, estado Lara. Las micosis en Venezuela no son enfermedades de denuncia obligatoria por lo que existe un grave subregistro en las estadísticas anuales del país, sin embargo, los Grupos de Trabajo en Micología logran mantener la data de los casos. Los datos aportados acerca de las variables bioclimáticas y ambientales de las zonas endémicas pueden contribuir a la búsqueda del nicho ecológico del hongo, para así apoyar la vigilancia eco-epidemiológica de los casos clínicos y la pesquisa de casos subclínicos, fortaleciendo el sistema preventivo de salud y el manejo médico oportuno de la micosis.

Coccidioidomycosis is a systemic fungal infection endemic in the Americas, caused by a dimorphic fungus. Inhalation of arthroconidia transported by wind colonize lung tissue causing mycosis. Diagnosis is made through epidemiological and mycological study, complemented by histopathological, molecular and immune response. In Venezuela it has been reported since 1948 when Dr. Humberto Campins described the first case in Barquisimeto, Lara state. The fungal diseases in Venezuela are not mandatory notification, so that t6here is a serious underreporting in the annual statistics of the country; however, the working groups in Mycology manage to keep the data of the cases. The information provided by bioclimatic and environmental variables in endemic areas can contribute to the pursuit of ecological niches of the fungus in order to strengthen eco-epidemiological surveillance of clinical cases and research subclinical cases, strengthening the preventive health system and appropriate medical management of mycosis.

Coccidioidomycosis and the skin: a comprehensive review

AbstractCoccidioidomycosis is a highly prevalent disease in the Western hemisphere. It is considered one of the most virulent primary fungal infections. Coccidioides species live in arid and semi-arid regions, causing mainly pulmonary infection through inhalation of arthroconidia although many other organs can be affected. Primary inoculation is rare. Since the first case of coccidioidomycosis was reported in 1892, the skin has been identified as an important target of this disease. Knowledge of cutaneous clinical forms of this infection is important and very useful for establishing prompt diagnosis and treatment. The purpose of this article is to provide a review of this infection, emphasizing its cutaneous manifestations, diagnostic methods and current treatment.

The treatment f coccidioidomycosis / Tratamento da coccidioidomicose

SUMMARYTherapy of coccidioidomycosis continues to evolve. For primary pulmonary disease, antifungal therapy is frequently not required while prolonged courses of antifungals are generally needed for those in whom extrathoracic disseminated has occurred. Intravenous amphotericin B should be reserved for those with severe disease. Oral triazole antifungals have had a great impact on the management of coccidioidomycosis. Both fluconazole and itraconazole at 400 mg daily have been effective for various forms of coccidioidomycosis, including meningitis, although relapse after therapy is discontinued is a problem. Individuals with suppressed cellular immunity are at increased risk for symptomatic coccidioidomycosis and they include those with HIV infection, those on immunosuppressive medications, and those who have received a solid organ transplant. Pregnant women and African-American men have been identified as two other groups who are at an increased risk for symptomatic and severe infection.

RESUMOA terapia da coccidioidomicose continua a evoluir. Para a doença pulmonar primária, o tratamento antifúngico frequentemente não é necessário, enquanto períodos prolongados de tratamento antifúngico são geralmente necessários para aqueles nos quais houve disseminação extratorácica. A anfotericina B intravenosa deve ser reservada para pacientes com doença grave. Antifúngicos triazólicos orais têm tido um grande impacto no manejo da coccidioidomicose. Tanto fluconazol quanto itraconazol em doses diárias de 400 mg foram eficazes contra várias formas de coccidioidomicose, incluindo a meníngea, embora recaídas após a interrupção da terapia ainda constituam um problema. Indivíduos com supressão da imunidade celular apresentam risco aumentado para a coccidioidomicose sintomática, incluindo pacientes infectados pelo HIV, em uso de medicações imunossupressoras, e os que receberam transplantes de órgãos sólidos. Mulheres grávidas e homens afro-americanos foram identificados como dois outros grupos que apresentam risco aumentado de infecção sintomática e grave.

Coccidioidomicosis cutánea: Comunicación de seis casos mexicanos / Cutaneous coccidioidomycoses: Six mexican cases report

Coccidioidomycosis is a systemic airborne mycosis that may involve secondarily other organs through systemic dissemination. Fungi Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii are the etiologic agents. The former is ubiquitous from the area of California in North America, and the latter is found elsewhere in the world. Primary cutaneous infection is rare. We present six Mexican male cases, residents of Tijuana B.C. Three of them with primary pulmonary infection and further cutaneous dissemination, and three cases of primary cutaneous coccicioidomycosis. In half the cases C. posadasii was isolated. The clinical suspicion is basic for reaching the diagnosis, and we must always keep in mind that the cutaneous manifestations are widely varied and that the lesions are more severe when systemic dissemination occurs.

La coccidioidomicosis es una micosis con vía de entrada inhalatoria que puede tener manifestaciones secundarias en otros órganos, y diseminación sistèmica. Se han identificado como agentes etiológicos a Coccidioides immitis y C. posadasii, El primero está presente en California de Norteamérica y el segundo en cualquier otra región del mundo. La infección cutánea primaria es una presentación poco común. Presentamos seis casos clínicos mexicanos, de sexo masculino, residentes de la ciudad de Tijuana, B.C. Tres de ellos con infección pulmonar primaria y diseminación cutánea y tres cutáneos primarios. En la mitad de los casos se logró aislar C. posadasii. La sospecha clínica es fundamental para llegar al diagnóstico ya que las manifestaciones cutáneas son muy variadas, y ante diseminación sistèmica las lesiones cutáneas son más graves.

Acute Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis and Review of Published Cases with Lung Involvement in Korea

Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection caused by Coccidioides immitis. The endemic area is mostly south-western United States. As increasing in overseas travel to endemic areas, the incidence rate has been recently increased in non-endemic areas. The diagnosis may be delayed in non-endemic area. It is important to elicit traveling histories and to differentiate lung consolidation with eosinophilia, for timely diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis. Recently, we experienced a case with pulmonary coccidioidomycosis in a Korean American who visited Korea showed consolidation in right lower lobe on chest X-ray and prolonged eosinophilia. In the case, a confirmatory diagnostic method was percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy of lung. We report acute pulomonary coccidioidomycosis case and review previous published reports with pulmonary manifestation in Korea.

Insights from paleomicrobiology into the indigenous peoples of pre-colonial America - A Review

This review investigates ancient infectious diseases in the Americas dated to the pre-colonial period and considers what these findings can tell us about the history of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. It gives an overview, but focuses on four microbial pathogens from this period: Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Trypanosoma cruzi and Coccidioides immitis, which cause stomach ulceration and gastric cancer, tuberculosis, Chagas disease and valley fever, respectively. These pathogens were selected as H. pylori can give insight into ancient human migrations into the Americas, M. tuberculosis is associated with population density and urban development, T. cruzi can elucidate human living conditions and C. immitis can indicate agricultural development. A range of methods are used to diagnose infectious disease in ancient human remains, with DNA analysis by polymerase chain reaction one of the most reliable, provided strict precautions are taken against cross contamination. The review concludes with a brief summary of the changes that took place after European exploration and colonisation.

Una causa poco frecuente de empiema en un varón inmunocompetente / A Rare Cause of Empyema in an Immunocompetent Male

La coccidiodomicosis es una micosis sistémica endémica de América, producida por los hongos del género Coccidioides, C. immitis y C. posadasii. La mayor parte de las infecciones son benignas y autolimitadas, muy pocas desarrollan una enfermedad pulmonar grave y, un porcentaje mínimo, una enfermedad diseminada. Las infecciones complicadas del espacio pleural se han comunicado en muy pocos casos en la literatura. Se presenta el caso de un paciente inmunocompetente con una forma cavitada extensa asociada a empiema.

Coccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis endemic in America, caused by Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii. Most of the infections are mild and self-limited; only a few of them develop a serious lung disease and a much smaller proportion cause a systemic disease. A few cases of infections complicating the pleural space infections have been reported in the literature. We present a case of an immunocompetent patient, with a pulmonary Coccidiodiomycosis with extensive cavitary dissease associated to empyema.

Success Rate and Risk Factors for Failure of Empirical Antifungal Therapy with Itraconazole in Patients with Hematological Malignancies: A Multicenter, Prospective, Open-Label, Observational Study in Korea

We assessed the success rate of empirical antifungal therapy with itraconazole and evaluated risk factors for predicting the failure of empirical antifungal therapy. A multicenter, prospective, observational study was performed in patients with hematological malignancies who had neutropenic fever and received empirical antifungal therapy with itraconazole at 22 centers. A total of 391 patients who had abnormal findings on chest imaging tests (31.0%) or a positive result of enzyme immunoassay for serum galactomannan (17.6%) showed a 56.5% overall success rate. Positive galactomannan tests before the initiation of the empirical antifungal therapy (P=0.026, hazard ratio [HR], 2.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-4.69) and abnormal findings on the chest imaging tests before initiation of the empirical antifungal therapy (P=0.022, HR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.11-3.71) were significantly associated with poor outcomes for the empirical antifungal therapy. Eight patients (2.0%) had premature discontinuation of itraconazole therapy due to toxicity. It is suggested that positive galactomannan tests and abnormal findings on the chest imaging tests at the time of initiation of the empirical antifungal therapy are risk factors for predicting the failure of the empirical antifungal therapy with itraconazole. (Clinical Trial Registration on National Cancer Institute website, NCT01060462)

Falla de tratamiento en neumonía adquirida en la comunidad: coccidioidomicosis en un viajero / Treatment failure in community-adquired pneumonia: coccidioidomycosis in a traveler patient

Treatment failure in community-acquired pneumonia is defined as a clinical condition with inadequate response to antimicrobial therapy. Resistant and unusual microorganisms and noninfectious causes are responsible for treatment failure. Coccidioides immitis is a fungus that causes pneumonia in the northern hemisphere, especially in the United States and northern Mexico. We report a case of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis imported from Mexico to Chile. After a comprehensive study, histopathology was able to establish Coccidiodes immitis as the causative agent, achieving clinical and radiological improvement with antifungal therapy.

La neumonía de evolución tórpida son aquellas en que no se logra una respuesta clínica adecuada con el uso de terapia antimicrobiana. Existen múltiples causas a esta falta de respuesta: resistencia antimicrobiana, microorganismos no cubiertos o infecciones por microorganismos atípicos. Coccidioides immitis es un hongo causante de neumonía en el hemisferio norte, especialmente en E.U.A y norte de México. No existen reportes de casos pulmonares importados en Chile. Presentamos el caso de una mujer adulta con una neumonía que no respondió al tratamiento antimicrobiano habitual. Una vez realizado un estudio exhaustivo, se logró establecer mediante el estudio histopatológico la existencia de una coccidiodomicosis como entidad causal, logrando una respuesta clínica y radiológica favorable al tratamiento antifúngico.

Vaccines against Coccidioides

Vaccines against fungal diseases are gaining attention because of their growing impact on modern medicine. Development of these vaccines should incorporate immunological tools that integrate with or replace chemotherapy to minimize antibiotic use and consequent resistance. In this review, we evaluate the current developmental status of fungal vaccines against coccidioidomycosis. There is a need for a vaccine that sufficiently prevents disease, without eradicating the fungus, by neutralizing adhesions and enzymes or other low penetrance virulence traits.

Coccidioidomycosis in armadillo hunters from the state of Ceará, Brazil

Coccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis with a variable clinical presentation. Misdiagnosis of coccidioidomycosis as bacterial pneumopathy leads to inappropriate prescription of antibiotics and delayed diagnosis. This report describes an outbreak among armadillo hunters in northeastern Brazil in which an initial diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia was later confirmed as coccidioidomycosis caused by Coccidioides posadasii. Thus, this mycosis should be considered as an alternative diagnosis in patients reporting symptoms of pneumonia, even if these symptoms are only presented for a short period, who are from areas considered endemic for this disease.