Análise de aplicativos móveis voltados para controle parental: revisão narrativa / Analysis of mobile applications aimed at parental control: narrative review / Análisis de aplicaciones móviles orientadas al control parental: revisión narrativa

Crianças e adolescentes usam a tecnologia móvel para diversas finalidades, como lazer, entretenimento, estudos e comunicação. No entanto, faz-se necessário o controle e mediação parental pois o uso inadequado pode gerar danos à saúde. Existem aplicativos voltados para esta tarefa e com funcionalidades e características variadas. Diante disso, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as aplicações móveis disponíveis para download na plataforma Google Play Store por meio de uma revisão narrativa e com auxílio do software IRAMUTEQ para revisão dos dados, analisar os comentários deixados pelos usuários. Foram investigadas as informações de 138 aplicativos, boa parte deles realizam funções essenciais, como controlar o tempo de acesso, bloquear sites e apps indesejados, porém, há muitas críticas relacionadas a problemas técnicos, aplicabilidade e prejuízos gerados pelo excessivo controle dos pais. A investigação mostrou que cinco softwares para o controle parental apresentavam as principais funções de acordo com a aplicabilidade (limite de tempo, filtros, localizador GPS, monitoramento de chamadas e mensagens), nota acima de 3,0 e ano de atualização em 2021. A análise dos comentários feita pelo software IRAMUTEQ, destacou as palavras "App" (referente à aplicativo), "filho", "celular", "bloquear", "funcionar", "criança", "instalar" e "desinstalar" como as mais importantes pelos usuários.

Children and teenagers use mobile technology for different purposes, such as leisure, entertainment, studies and communication. However, parental control and mediation is necessary, as inappropriate use can cause health damage. There are applications aimed at this task and with varied functionalities and characteristics. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the mobile applications available for download on the Google Play Store platform through a narrative review and with the help of the IRAMUTEQ software to review the data, analyze the comments left by users. Information from 138 applications was investigated, most of which perform essential functions, such as controlling access time, blocking unwanted websites and apps, however, there are many criticisms related to technical problems, applicability and damage caused by excessive parental control. The investigation showed that five parental control software had the main functions according to applicability (time limit, filters, GPS locator, call and message monitoring), grade above 3.0 and year of update in 2021. The analysis of the comments made by the IRAMUTEQ software, highlighted the words "App" (referring to the application), "son", "cell phone", "block", "work", "child", "install" and "uninstall" as the most important for users.

Los niños y adolescentes utilizan la tecnología móvil para diferentes fines, como el ocio, el entretenimiento, los estudios y la comunicación. Sin embargo, es necesario el control y la mediación parental, ya que un uso inadecuado puede causar daños a la salud. Existen aplicaciones destinadas a esta tarea y con funcionalidades y características variadas. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las aplicaciones móviles disponibles para su descarga en la plataforma Google Play Store a través de una revisión narrativa y con la ayuda del software IRAMUTEQ para revisar los datos, analizar los comentarios dejados por los usuarios. Se investigó la información de 138 aplicaciones, la mayoría de las cuales cumplen funciones esenciales, como controlar el tiempo de acceso, bloquear sitios web y apps no deseadas, sin embargo, existen muchas críticas relacionadas con problemas técnicos, de aplicabilidad y daños causados por el excesivo control parental. La investigación mostró que cinco programas de control parental tenían las funciones principales según aplicabilidad (límite de tiempo, filtros, localizador GPS, monitorización de llamadas y mensajes), grado superior a 3.0 y año de actualización en 2021. El análisis de los comentarios realizados por el software IRAMUTEQ, destacó las palabras "App" (refiriéndose a la aplicación), "hijo", "móvil", "bloquear", "trabajar", "niño", "instalar" y "desinstalar" como las más importantes para los usuarios.

Aspectos bioéticos sobre el consentimiento informado en el uso de las vacunas en Pediatría / Bioethical aspects of informed consent for the use of vaccines in Pediatrics

Introducción: El consentimiento informado en Pediatría, es un proceso de toma de decisiones progresivo, consensuado y dialogado, centrado en una relación tripartita (pediatra, niño y padres), en virtud de la cual, estos últimos, aceptan o no las acciones de vacunación, las cuales han mejorado la prevención de distintas enfermedades infecciosas que afectan la salud de la población infantil y provocan gran morbilidad, mortalidad y secuelas. Objetivo: Exponer los principales aspectos bioéticos relacionados con el consentimiento informado en el uso de las vacunas en Pediatría. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura en español e inglés acerca del tema utilizando motores de búsqueda como Google Académico, y se consultaron 42 artículos de libre acceso en las bases de datos SciELO y Pubmed. Se analizó la bibliografía de los últimos 20 años, fundamentalmente de los últimos 5 años, desde 2000 hasta 2020. Desarrollo: Las vacunas son intervenciones preventivas que tienen una historia centenaria que demuestra su bondad y su eficacia, pero han planteado problemas éticos desde su comienzo. El consentimiento informado para su administración no se implementa con el mismo rigor en todas las regiones del mundo. Conclusiones: La vacunación en Pediatría constituye una práctica frecuente, por lo que es necesario el uso del consentimiento informado debidamente redactado y autorizado por los tutores legales o el paciente, que incluya la explicación de los propósitos, los procedimientos a que será sometido, los posibles daños y beneficios, y los posibles resultados de la misma(AU)

Introduction: Informed consent in Pediatrics is a progressive, consensual and dialogue-based decision-making process focused on a tripartite relationship (pediatrician-child-parents), under which the latter accept or do not accept the actions towards vaccination that have improved the prevention of different infectious diseases that affect the health of the child population and cause great morbidity, mortality and sequelae. Objective: To state the main bioethical aspects related to informed consent for the use of vaccines in Pediatrics. Material and Methods: A review of literature on the topic in Spanish and English was carried out using search engines such as Google Scholar. Also, 42 open access articles were consulted in the SciELO and Pubmed databases. The bibliography of the last 20 years was analyzed. It mainly included articles published during the last 5 years (from 2000 to 2020). Development: Vaccines are preventive interventions that have a centuries-old history that demonstrates their goodness and effectiveness, but have posed ethical problems since the very beginning. Informed consent for their administration is not implemented with the same rigor in all regions of the world. Conclusions: Vaccination in Pediatrics is a frequent practice, so a duly drafted informed consent authorized by the legal guardians or the patient is necessary. It should include the explanation of the aims, the procedures to which the patient will be submitted, the possible damages and benefits, and the possible results(AU)

Efecto de la ingesta de galletas fortificadas con sangre bovina en hemoglobina de niños anémicos / Effects of Infesting Cookies Fortified with Bovine Blood in the Hemoglobin of Anemic Children

Introducción: La anemia infantil es un problema de salud pública que afecta el desarrollo fisiológico e intelectual del niño. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la ingesta de galletas fortificadas con sangre bovina en los niveles de hemoglobina de niños anémicos. Métodos: Estudio cuasi experimental, con grupo experimental y control, en la zona rural del distrito de San Andrés de Tupicocha de Huarochiri de Lima, Perú, desde agosto hasta diciembre de 2018. La población fue de 46 niños de 3 a 5 años de edad, de la que participaron 32 (consentimiento de los padres), de ellos 15 niños tuvieron hemoglobina < 11 g/dl, quienes conformaron el grupo experimental; mientras que 17 niños con hemoglobina > 11 g/dl, conformaron el grupo control. Se utilizó la prueba estadística T de Student (p < 0,05). Resultados: En el grupo experimental, después de 12 semanas de ingesta de galletas fortificadas con sangre bovina, se observó un incremento de hemoglobina en sangre de 10,4 g/dl a 11,6 g/dl (p < 0,001); mientras que el grupo control, también registró un incremento de 11,7 g/dl a 12,1 g/dl (p = 0,007). Al comparar el incremento de hemoglobina de ambos grupos, se observa que en el grupo control la hemoglobina solo ascendió en 0,5 g/dl, mientras que en el grupo experimental ascendió en 1,2 g/dl, siendo así el incremento mayor en el grupo experimental que consumió las galletas fortificadas (p = 0,003). Conclusión: La ingesta de galletas fortificadas con sangre bovina incrementó los niveles de hemoglobina en niños de una zona rural, reduciendo así los casos de anemia infantil(UA)

Introduction: Childhood anemia is a public health concern that affects the physiological and intellectual development of the child. Objective: To evaluate the effect of ingesting cookies fortified with bovine blood on the hemoglobin levels of anemic children. Methods: Quasiexperimental study carried out with experimental and control groups, in the rural area of San Andrés de Tupicocha de Huarochiri district of Lima, Peru, from August to December 2018. The study population consisted of 46 children aged 3-5 years, of which 32 participated under parental consent and 15 had hemoglobin lower than 11 g/dL. These made up the experimental group. On the other hand, 17 children had hemoglobin higher than 11 g/dL. These made up the control group. The Student's t-test was used (P< 0.05). Results: In the experimental group, 12 weeks after ingestion of cookies fortified with bovine blood, an increase in hemoglobin in the blood was observed, from 10.4 g/dL to 11.6 g/dL (P< 0.001); while the control group also registered an increase, from 11.7 g/dL to 12.1 g/dL (P=0.007). When comparing the increase in hemoglobin between both groups, it is observed that, in the control group, hemoglobin only rose by 0.5 g/dL, while, in the experimental group, it rose by 1.2 g/dL. Thus, the highest increase appeared in the experimental group that consumed the fortified cookies (P = 0.003). Conclusion: The ingestion of cookies fortified with bovine blood increased hemoglobin levels in children in a rural area, thus reducing the cases of childhood anemia(AU)

Frequency and Causes of Discharge against Medical. Advice in children

Introduction: Discharging with personal satisfaction is one of the main problems in hospitalization, when the patient leaves the hospital sooner than the doctor's advice. This will exacerbate the disease and increase the risk of hospital re-admittance. In this regard, more attention should be given to children because they are not able to understand the above meaning or participate in decision making. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, all children who were discharged due to personal satisfaction from the hospital were included. The 4-page checklist for the various causes of "leaving the hospital despite medical advice" was divided into three sections: Causes related to the patient's own issues, causes related to the hospital medical staff and the causes of the hospital situation, and a page of demographical variables included gender, age and history of hospitalization and ward of hospitalization. Results: A total of 310 cases (7.4%) were discharged with personal satisfaction of their parents. The most important factor linked to discharge with personal satisfaction was the poor economic condition of parents. In terms of factors related to the medical staff, the lack of proper handling of the nurse and then the doctor were the most important factors for discharge. Conclusion: It seems that economic issues are the most important factor in the discharge of children with parental consent of parents. On the other hand, factors such as unacceptable and unpopular behavior of nurses and doctors play crucial role in this phenomenon. Parents who are under intense psychological stress due to economic problems and child illness can be at risk of developing this phenomenon if they are not mentally supported by health staffs

Hipoacusia neurosensorial adquirida asociada a alteraciones vestibulares y / o control postural / Neurosensorial acquired hypoacusia associated with vestibular alterations and / or postural control

La otitis media aguda es una infección del oído medio con alta prevalencia en población pediátrica, las complicaciones pueden generar desde hipoacusia neurosensorial de diverso grado hasta alteración vestibular y/o control postural, aunque de ello no existen mayores reportes ni investigaciones en Chile. Por lo anterior, el objetivo fue asociar la hipoacusia neurosensorial a alteraciones vestibulares y/o de control postural. Se evaluó a un sujeto de sexo femenino, 13 años de edad, quien presentó múltiples cuadros de Otitis Media Aguda y fue diagnosticada con hipoacusia neurosensorial bilateral grado moderado. Antes del estudio, reportó desequilibrio y aumento de riesgo de caída. Se aplicaron test auditivos (timpanometría y audiometría), vestibulares (evaluación del VIII par craneal) y de control postural (posturógrafo y tests "Time up and go", Romberg y Romberg en tándem). Se encontraron alteradas la prueba de integración sensorial, con predominancia del hemicuerpo derecho, igualmente predominancia a alteraciones auditivas en el oído derecho ante pruebas que valoraron oído medio. Se observó una relación directa entre las alteraciones posturales y de equilibrio con el tipo y grado de pérdida auditiva que presenta el sujeto de estudio.

The acute otitis media is a middle ear infection with high prevalence in pediatric population, the complications could generate from sensorineural hearing loss to vestibular alteration and/or postural control, although, there aren´t report or researches of it in Chile. Therefore, the objective was to associate sensorineural hearing loss with vestibular alterations and/or postural control. We evaluated a female subject presenting multiple events of acute otitis media and she was diagnosed with sensorineural hearing loss middle grade. Before this study, she reported imbalance and falling risk. Hearing (tympanometry and audiometry), vestibular (evaluation of the VIII cranial nerve) and postural control tests were applied (posturography and "Time up and go", Romberg and Romberg in tandem test). It was found altered the integration sensorial test, with predominance to half body right and predominance of hearing impairment in the right ear to the middle ear evaluated evidence. It was observed a direct relation between postural alterations and balance with the hearing loss type from the subject of study.

Human Neural Stem Cells: Translational Research for Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury

Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury is a major cause of neonatal mortality and long-term neurodevelopmental disabilities. Although promising neuroprotective interventions have been studied, the current management of HI brain injury has been limited to supportive measures and induced hypothermia. In addition to engrafting, migrating toward the damage sites and differentiating into multiple lineages, multipotent neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) also provide trophic/immunomodulatory factors and integrate into the host neurons upon implantation into an HI-injured brain. However, NSPC-based therapies have shown poor cell survival and integration, poor differentiation or restricted differentiation into the glial lineages. Furthermore, to achieve full functional recovery following brain injury, the optimization of cell therapy is needed to recapitulate the precise migration of stem cells to the region of interest and the neural rewiring present in the brain microenvironment. Therefore, the efficacy of NSPCs in the treatment of CNS injury is currently insufficient. Human NSPCs (hNSPCs) were isolated from the forebrain of an aborted fetus at 13 weeks of gestation with full parental consent and the approval of the Institutional Review Board of the Yonsei University College of Medicine. Here, to enhance the regenerative ability of hNSPCs in HI brain injury, cells were either pretreated with pharmacological agents or engineered to serve as vehicles for gene delivery. Furthermore, when combined with a poly (glycolic acid)-based synthetic scaffold, hNSPCs provide a more versatile treatment for neonatal HI brain injury. Finally, hNSPCs transfected with zinc-doped ferrite magnetic nanoparticles for controlling both cell migration and differentiation offer a simple and smart tool for cell-based therapies.

Relação entre o pai e os filhos após o divórcio: revisão integrativa da literatura / Relationship Between Father And Children After Divorce: Integrative Literature Review

Resumo A continuidade da relação entre o pai e os filhos após o divórcio favorece o desenvolvimento da criança e da família. Este estudo teve por objetivo apresentar uma revisão integrativa da literatura de pesquisas empíricas, acerca da relação entre o pai e os filhos após o divórcio/separação conjugal. Os resultados sugerem que: existem fatores que favorecem e fatores que dificultam a relação entre pai e filhos após o divórcio; essa relação exerce influências sobre o desenvolvimento de crianças e adolescentes; a paternidade de pais separados é marcada por especificidades; e, intervenções psicológicas com o pai divorciado são indicadas para melhorar o funcionamento de famílias binucleares. Destaca-se a relevância desta temática para a formação de profissionais das áreas da saúde, educação e jurídica, pois se trata de um fenômeno multifacetado, complexo e relevante para o desenvolvimento da criança e da família.

Abstract The continuity of the relationship between the father and the children after the divorce favors the development of the child and the family. This study aimed to present an integrative review of empirical research literature on the relationship between fathers and children after divorce/marital separation. The results suggests that: there are factors that favor and factors that hinder the relationship between fathers and children after divorce; this relationship exerts influence on the development of children and adolescents; separated-father parenting is marked by specific characteristics; and psychological interventions with divorced fathers are indicated to improve the functioning of binuclear families. This subject is highly relevant for the training of professionals in the health, education and legal fields, since it is a multifaceted phenomenon, complex and relevant for the development of children and family.

Desafios éticos na pesquisa com adolescentes envolvidos no tráfico de drogas / Ethical challenges in conducting research with adolescents involved in drug trafficking / Desafíos éticos en la investigaciones con adolescentes implicados en el tráfico de drogas

Este artigo discute as implicações éticas na pesquisa com adolescentes envolvidos em atos infracionais, enfatizando a realidade de grupos com histórico de envolvimento no tráfico de drogas. Na primeira parte, discute-se os indicadores sociais e psicológicos que estão associados ao engajamento de adolescentes e jovens na comercialização das substâncias psicoativas. Em seguida, é apresentada a experiência de uma pesquisa com esse grupo, enfatizando os dilemas encontrados no trabalho de campo em virtude de impasses que surgiram na pesquisa pela falta de clareza do comitê de ética que avaliou a proposta. Por fim, são debatidos os preceitos éticos da pesquisa com adolescentes com envolvimento no tráfico a partir das diretrizes definidas na Resolução n. 510/2016 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde (CNS).

This paper analyses the ethical implications in the research with adolescents in conflict with the law, highlighting the reality of groups with a history of involvement in drug traffick. In the first part, we discuss the social and psychological aspects associated to the engagement of adolescents and young people in the commercialization of psychoactive substances. Then, an experience in researching with this group is presented, emphasizing the dilemmas encountered in the fieldwork due to the inaccuracies of the ethics committee that evaluated the proposal. Finally, based on the guidelines defined in the Resolution n. 510/2016 of the National Health Council, the ethical issues of research with adolescents with involvement in trafficking are discussed.

Este artículo discute las implicaciones éticas en la investigación con adolescentes involucrados en actos infractores, enfatizando la realidad de grupos con historial de implicación en el tráfico de drogas. En la primera parte, se discuten los indicadores sociales y psicológicos que están asociados al compromiso de adolescentes y jóvenes en la comercialización de las sustancias psicoactivas. A continuación, se presenta la experiencia de una investigación con ese grupo, enfatizando los dilemas encontrados en el trabajo de campo en virtud de impasses que surgieron en la investigación por la falta de claridad del comité de ética que evaluó la propuesta. Por último, se discuten los preceptos éticos de la investigación con adolescentes con implicación en el tráfico a partir de las directrices definidas en la Resolución n. 510/2016 del Consejo Nacional de Salud (CNS).

Avaliação da tomada de decisão de pais frente ao tratamento oncológico pediátrico / Evaluation of parents' decision-making in oncologic pediatric treatment / Evaluación del toma de decisiones de los padres en tratamiento pediátrico oncológico

Introdução: A tomada de decisão frente a um tratamento oncológico pediátrico merece um foco de atenção vista a quantidade de decisões que os pais enfrentam durante esse processo, podendo gerar muitas vezes desconfortos emocionais, dúvidas, incertezas e angústias. Dessa forma, avaliar como a equipe de saúde influencia na decisão dos pais se apresenta como fator importante para poder se entender o quanto de autonomia eles possuem para poderem escolher diante das inúmeras possibilidades advindas do tratamento. Objetivo: Avaliar o processo de tomada de decisão de pais frente ao tratamento oncológico de seus filhos, analisando a percepção de coerção, nível de desenvolvimento psicológico moral e outras dificuldades existentes. Métodos: Foram selecionados dez participantes por conveniência para realizar uma entrevista semiestruturada individual e foram aplicadas a Escala de Percepção de Coerção em Assistência e a Escala de Desenvolvimento Psicológico-Moral. Utilizou-se o método da análise de conteúdo de Bardin para se realizar a categorização das falas dos participantes. Resultados: Nove mães e um pai foram entrevistados (n=10), com média de idade de 33,1 anos. Foram identificadas seis categorias a partir da análise de conteúdo oriundas da temática central. Verificou-se não haver percepção de coerção pelos pais e todos demonstraram nível psicológico-moral adequado para tomarem decisões. Conclusão: Observou-se que, apesar de dificuldades emocionais, os pais se mostraram capazes de decidir questões relacionadas ao tratamento de seus filhos, tendo autonomia o suficiente para a tomada de decisão.

Introduction: Decision-making when facing a pediatric cancer treatment deserves a spotlight due to the amount of decisions that parents must deal with during this process, which may often generate emotional stress, doubts, uncertainties and anxieties. Thus, assessing how the health team influences the decision of parents is an important factor to evaluate how much autonomy they have to be able to choose on the numerous possibilities resulting from the treatment. Objective: To evaluate parents' decision-making process in oncologic pediatric treatments and to analyze the perception of coercion, the level of moral-psychological development and other difficulties. Method: 10 participants were selected by convenience to conduct individual semi-structured interviews, applying the Scale of Perception of Coercion in Assistance and the Moral-Psychological Scale. Results: Nine mothers and one father were interviewed (n = 10), with an average age of 33.1 years. Six categories were identified from the analysis of content originated from the central theme. There was no perception of coercion by parents and all have shown psychological and moral levels suitable for decision-making. Conclusion:It was observed that, in spite of emotional difficulties, parents have proved ableto decide on issues related to the treatment of their children, having enough autonomy for decision-making.

El frente de la toma de decisiones a un tratamiento de cáncer pediátrico merece un foco de atención a la cantidad de decisiones que enfrentan los padres durante este proceso y con frecuencia puede generar malestares emocionales, dudas, incertidumbres y ansiedades. Por lo tanto, para evaluar el equipo de salud influye en la decisión de los padres se presenta como un factor importante para entender el grado de autonomía que tienen que ser capaces de elegir en las numerosas posibilidades que resultan del tratamiento. Objetivo: Evaluación de toma de decisiones de los padres sobre sus hijos el tratamiento pediátrico oncológico, Evaluación de la percepción de la coacción, el nivel de desarrollo psicológico moral y otras dificultades existentes. Método: Por conveniencia, diez participantes fueron seleccionados para responder a la entrevista semiestructurada individual, aplicando la escala de percepción de coerción de Asistencia y la Escala de Desarrollo moral psicológica. Resultados:Se entrevistaron a nueve madres y un padre (n = 10), con una edad media de 33,1 años. Se identificaron seis categorías de contenido de origen a partir del análisis temático central. Había la percepción de coacción por parte de los padres y todo a nivel psicológico y moral Mostró apropiado tomar decisiones. Conclusión:Se observó que, a pesar de las dificultades emocionales, los padres han demostrado ser capaces de decidir cuestiones relacionadas con el tratamiento de sus hijos, que tienen la suficiente autonomía para la toma de decisiones.

Promoting parental support and vocational development of 8th grade students / Promoção do suporte parental e desenvolvimento vocacional de estudantes do 8° ano / Promoción del suporte parental y desarrollo vocacional de estudiantes de 8° ano

The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of a career intervention (pre-test/post-test) that promotes the parental involvement in career issues, particularly with regard to career exploration, career decision-making and perception of parental support. Participants (42 Portuguese students from 8th grade) were asked to answer a set of dilemmas that implied the involvement of their own parents to be solved. Results show a positive impact of the intervention in the environmental exploration. They also indicate that adolescents' perceptions about parents', or caregivers', interest in their career options are positively associated to their own exploration behavior.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto de uma intervençãoo vocacional (pré-teste/pós-teste) promotora do envolvimento parental nas questões de carreira, ao nível dos processos de exploragäo vocacional, tomada de decisão de carreira e percepção do suporte parental. Foi pedido aos participantes (42 alunos portugueses de 8° ano) que respondessem a um conjunto de dilemas que implicavam o envolvimento dos pais na sua resolugäo. Os resultados revelam um impacto positivo da intervenção na dimensäo exploragäo do meio e indicam que a perceção do adolescente acerca do interesse dos seus pais, ou cuidadores, relativamente ás suas opções de carreira surge positivamente associado aos comportamentos de exploração.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar, en una intervención vocacional (pre-test/post-test), el impacto que provoca la participación de los padres en asuntos vinculados con la elección de la carrera, particularmente en lo que respecta a la exploración vocacional, la toma de decisiones, y la percepción del apoyo parental. Se pidió a los participantes (42 estudiantes portugueses de octavo ano) que respondieran un conjunto de dilemas que exigían la participación de los padres en su solución. Los resultados revelan un impacto positivo de la intervención en la dimensión exploración del medio e indican que la percepción del alumno acerca del interés de sus padres, o cuidadores, respecto a sus elecciones de carrera aparece asociado, de manera positiva, a sus comportamientos de exploración.

Revelação do diagnóstico de HIV para crianças e adolescentes: subsídios para prática assistencial / Revealing an HIV diagnosis for children and adolescents: subsidy for the practice of care

RESUMO Objetivo Construir coletivamente um guia para acompanhamento do processo de revelação do diagnóstico de HIV para crianças e adolescentes em serviço especializado. Método Pesquisa convergente assistencial, com triangulação de observação, entrevista e grupos, realizada de maio a junho de 2015, com sete profissionais de saúde de um Ambulatório de Doenças Infecciosas Pediátricas. Foi desenvolvida análise de conteúdo temática. Resultados A discussão da compreensão da revelação, seus disparadores, atores envolvidos, estratégias utilizadas, limites e possibilidades elencados pelos profissionais subsidiaram a construção do guia a ser aplicado em etapas: analisar questionamentos e curiosidades das crianças; avaliar sua capacidade cognitiva; discutir os motivos para revelar; elencar os profissionais envolvidos no acompanhamento do processo; incluir a família; elaborar estratégias de revelação. Conclusões Este guia pode mediar mudanças na prática assistencial, tanto para garantir o direito da criança quanto para corresponsabilizar os profissionais.

RESUMEN Objetivo Construir colectivamente una guía para acompañar a la revelación del diagnóstico de VIH para los niños y adolescentes en un servicio especializado. Método La investigación convergente asistencial con la triangulación de la observación, la entrevista y grupos, que tuvo lugar entre mayo y junio/2015, con siete profesionales de una Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas Pediátricas. Se desarrolló un análisis de contenido temático. Resultados El análisis de la comprensión de la revelación, sus factores desencadenantes, las partes interesadas, las estrategias utilizadas, límites y posibilidades apoyaron la construcción de la guía para ser aplicada en etapas durante: analizar las preguntas y curiosidades de los niños; evaluar la capacidad cognitiva; analizar las razones para revelación; una lista de los profesionales involucrados del proceso de revelación; incluyen la familia; desarrollar estrategias de revelación. Conclusión Esta guía puede mediar cambios en la práctica de atención tanto para garantizar el derecho del niño y responsabilizar a los profesionales.

ABSTRACT Objective To collectively build a guide for following-up on HIV diagnosis disclosure to children and adolescents in a specialized service. Method Convergent-care research approach with observation triangulation, interview and groups, conducted from May to June 2015 with seven health professionals in a pediatric outpatient clinic for infectious diseases. Thematic content analysis was developed. Results The discussion of understanding the disclosure, its triggers, actors involved, used strategies, and limits and possibilities listed by the professionals subsidized the construction of a guide to be applied in the stages: analyzing children's questions and curiosities; evaluating their cognitive ability; discussing the reasons to reveal; listing the professionals involved on follow-up process; including family; developing strategies for disclosure. Conclusion This guide may mediate changes in care practice to ensure the child's rights and to make the professionals co-accountable.

Aspectos legales de la transfusión de hemoderivados en el paciente crítico pediátrico hijo de padres Testigos de Jehová, a propósito de un caso mediáticamente relevante / Legal aspects of blood-derived transfusion in a pediatric critical patient whose parents are Jehova Witness: with regard to a medically relevant case

Caso: en el mes de agosto del año 2013, se dio lugar un caso en la ciudad de Guayaquil, que llamó la atención a los medios de comunicación. Una jueza, dictaminó una orden judicial (medida cautelar) para la administración de sangre a un neonato ingresado en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales, que requería transfusión sanguínea urgente y que era hijo de padres que negaban la transfusión al menor de edad aduciendo motivos religiosos. Este artículo tiene como objetivos verificar fuentes sobre el caso y realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre los fundamentos religiosos, bioéticos y legales que sustenten el evento. Para el desarrollo del mismo se realizó entrevistas tanto a la Jueza involucrada, como al procurador jurídico de la Congregación de los Testigos de Jehová del Ecuador, al Asesor Jurídico de la Jefatura de la DINAPEN (Dirección Nacional de la Policía especializada en Niños, Niñas y Adolescentes), y al Director Nacional Tutelar de la Defensoría del Pueblo del Ecuador. Este reporte de caso, además cuenta con una revisión actualizada del tema con el fin de esclarecer las condiciones en las que se debe recurrir a instancias judiciales ante la negativa de los padres de transfusión a menores de edad en condiciones críticas.

Case: in august 2013, a particular medical case called the attention of the Media in the city of Guayaquil. A Judge granted a judicial order (interim measure) for blood transfusion to a newborn child who was an inpatient in the Newborn Intensive Care Unit and needed the treatment urgently. The parents of the Child refused the blood transfusion due to their religious beliefs. The objectives of the present article are to share the interviews of the sources of the case and confirm the event. In addition, a review of the religious, bioethical and legal issues behind the event has been portrayed. Interviews to the Judge involved, the Jehovah's Witness of Ecuador Attorney, the Legal Adviser of DINAPEN (Police Specialized in Children National Management Office), and the National Tutelary Attorney of the Public Defense Office of Ecuador were performed. Furthermore, the article will set the procedure in which legal action shall be sought for the administration of blood transfusions in critical situations when parents deny a blood transfusion in children.

Neonatal anesthesia: how we manage our most vulnerable patients / 대한마취과학회지

Neonates undergoing surgery are at higher risk than older children for anesthesia-related adverse events. During the perioperative period, the maintenance of optimal hemodynamics in these patients is challenging and requires a thorough understanding of neonatal physiology and pharmacology. Data from animals and human cohort studies have shown relation of the currently used anesthetics may associate with neurotoxic brain injury that lead to later neurodevelopmental impairment in the developing brain. In this review, the unique neonatal physiologic and pharmacologic features and anesthesia-related neurotoxicity will be discussed.

Caracterización del consumo de drogas psicoactivas por jóvenes y adolescentes atendidos en el Centro de Deshabituación de Adolescentes del municipio Playa / Characterization of the use of psychoactive drugs by adolescents and young adults cared for at the Adolescents' Rehabilitation Center, municipality of Playa

INTRODUCCIÓN: en las últimas décadas se ha incrementado el uso y abuso de drogas psicoactivas en particular en determinados grupos sociales. En Cuba en las últimas décadas se ha observado un incremento de bebedores en individuos de 15 años en adelante y pudiera esperarse que otras drogas tengan un comportamiento similar. OBJETIVO: caracterizar el consumo de drogas psicoactivas en adolescentes y jóvenes adictos tratados en el Centro de Deshabituación de Adolescentes del municipio Playa. MÉTODOS: la muestra estuvo formada por 43 pacientes: adolescentes de 13 a 16 y 17 a 19 años y jóvenes de 20 a 25 y de 26 a 29 años. Se analizaron las historias clínicas para determinar los tipos de drogas que consumían: la droga de inicio y de mantenimiento. Como método empírico se utilizó la encuesta EMTAJOVEN para determinar fumadores. RESULTADOS: se comprobó que el grupo más numeroso de adictos tenían entre 20 y 25 años y que el inicio del consumo fue mayor entre adolescentes de 17 a 19 años. Se comprobó que 36 de los pacientes mostraron policonsumo con dos, tres y más tipos de drogas, con igual comportamiento para ambos géneros. La droga de inicio y de mantenimiento más consumida fue la marihuana seguida por el alcohol. La encuesta EMTAJOVEN reveló un elevado número de fumadores. CONCLUSIONES: entre los adictos predominó la adolescencia tardía como momento de inicio de la drogodependencia, siendo en su mayoría policonsumidores, con la marihuana como la droga de inicio y de mantenimiento más utilizada. Sería recomendable que en el tratamiento de estos pacientes se incluya el abandono del tabaquismo como una medida más en el proceso de deshabituación.

INTRODUCTION: recent decades have witnessed an increase in the use and abuse of psychoactive drugs, particularly by certain social groups. In Cuba the number of alcohol users has risen among people aged 15 years and over, and similar behavior could be expected from the use of other drugs. OBJECTIVE: characterize the use of psychoactive drugs by adolescents and young addicts cared for at the Adolescents' Rehabilitation Center, municipality of Playa. METHODS: the sample was composed of 43 patients: adolescents aged 13-16 and 17-19 and young adults aged 20-25 and 26-29. Their medical records were analyzed to determine the types of drugs they used: initial and maintenance drug. The EMTAJOVEN survey was used as an empirical method to determine smokers. RESULTS: it was found that the largest number of addicts were in the 20-25 age group, and that consumption predominantly started in the 17-19 age bracket. Thirty six patients consumed two, three or more drug types, with similar figures for both sexes. The most common initial and maintenance drug was marijuana, followed by alcohol. The EMTAJOVEN survey revealed a large number of smokers. CONCLUSIONS: late adolescence was found to be the period when drug dependence starts in most cases. Most users consume more than one drug, with marijuana as the most common initial and maintenance drug. It is suggested that treatment include smoking cessation as one more step in the rehabilitation process.

Cord Blood Soluble fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 1 and Placental Growth Factor in Preterm Infants with Maternal Preeclampsia / 이화의대지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of cord blood levels of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1), placental growth factor (PlGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in preterm infants with maternal preeclampsia. METHODS: Thirty six preterm infants born at Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital from January 2006 to August 2006 were studied after prior parental consent at mid-pregnancy. sFlt-1, PlGF, and VEGF levels in the cord blood of preterm neonate, with or without maternal preeclampsia, were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: There was no difference in sFlt-1 between infants with and without maternal preeclampsia. Infants with maternal preeclampsia had significantly lower PlGF levels (P=0.035) and higher sFlt-1/PlGF ratio (P=0.080) with borderline significance. Cord blood VEGF levels were not related to maternal preeclampsia. Infants with maternal preeclampsia had lower birth weight (P=0.030), lower neonatal platelet count without statistical significance (P=0.064) and more likely to be small for gestational age (P=0.057). Neonatal platelet count was significantly correlated with cord blood PlGF levels (r=0.674, P=0.032). CONCLUSION: Increased sFlt-1/PlGF ratio and decreased PlGF may not only be related to the pathophysiology of maternal preeclampsia but also affect the neonatal platelet count and birth weight.

Consentimento dos pais em pesquisas com escolares e a legislação brasileira / Parental consent in school research and the Brazilian law

Uma dificuldade em pesquisas com escolares é conseguir a autorização dos pais. Esse artigo analisamaneiras de se conseguir o consentimento dos responsáveis, revisando argumentos jurídicos sobre oemprego dessas. O Termo de Consentimento Ativo (TCA) é quando um dos responsáveis assina umdocumento autorizando a participação dos filhos, o que pode reduzir a quantidade de participantes, aaleatoriedade da amostra e aumentar os gastos. No Termo de Consentimento Passivo, os pais caso nãoconcordem com a participação dos filhos, comunicam a recusa, evitando as dificuldades do TCA. Pelalegislação brasileira, é obrigatório utilizar o último, pois aos pais compete decidir o que é melhor aosfilhos. Estudos futuros deveriam discutir as implicações éticas do uso dos termos

One difficulty about research involving students is to obtain their parental consent. This paperanalyzes types of parental consent used in research with students and reviews legal arguments onthese issues. The Active Consent Term (ACT) means that one caretaker signs a document authorizingthe child´s participation. The use of this Consent Form may reduce the number of researchparticipants, diminishing sample randomization and, thus, raising the study´s cost. In contrast, in thePassive Consent Term if parents do not accept their children`s participation, they send researcherstheir signature expressing non-authorization. Brazilian law only authorizes ACT, because parents havethe responsibility to decide what is best for their children. Future studies should discuss ethicalimplications of both terms´usage

Physician's perspectives about consent in medical practice a questionnaire based study.

It is a principle recognised not only by our own but by other legal systems that ignorance of the law is no excuse for violating it. Obtaining informed consent is act like a shield to protect a medical practitioner from litigation suits and claims and also help in maintaining autonomy of the patient. With this background, the study was aimed to assess knowledge and various other perspectives of medical fraternity regarding some aspects of consent. A cross sectional survey was conducted at Pramukhswami Medial College, Karamsad during the year 2009. Total 150 physicians in the institute were given questionnaire, asking for information about their knowledge & level of satisfaction. Out of which 117 physicians have responded. 68.42% physicians felt satisfied about their knowledge of consent in medical practice but 76.31% physicians responded that their knowledge about various aspects applicable to them is limited or nil. 54.39% physicians expressed that they knew validity of consent. 50% physicians were not clear what to do if relatives deny for giving consent in emergency situation. Medical practitioner should upgrade their knowledge regarding medical jurisprudence and legal medicine to avoid any litigation, by regular medicolegal training programmes.

Sensitization rates of airborne pollen and mold in children / 소아과

PURPOSE: Aeroallergens are important causative factors of allergic diseases. Previous studies on aeroallergen sensitization rates investigated patients groups that had visited pediatric allergy clinics. In contrast, we investigated sensitization rates in a general population group of elementary school to teenage students in Incheon, Jeju, and Ulsan. METHODS: After obtaining parental consent, skin-prick tests were performed on 5,094 students between March and June 2010. Elementary school students were tested for 18 common aeroallergens, whereas middle and high school students were tested for 25 allergens. The 25 allergens included Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, pollen (birch, alder, oak, Japanese cedar, pine, willow, elm, maple, Bermuda grass, timothy grass, rye grass, orchard grass, meadow grass, vernal grass, mugwort, Japanese hop, fat hen, ragweed, and plantain), and mold (Penicillatum, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and Alternaria). RESULTS: The sensitization rates in descending order were 25.79% (D. pteronyssinus), 18.66% (D. farinae), 6.20% (mugwort), and 4.07% (willow) in Incheon; 33.35% (D. pteronyssinus), 24.78% (D. farinae), 15.36% (Japanese cedar), and 7.33% (Alternaria) in Jeju; and 32.79% (D. pteronyssinus), 30.27% (D. farinae), 10.13% (alder), and 8.68% (birch) in Ulsan. The dust mite allergen showed the highest sensitization rate among the 3 regions. The sensitization rate of tree pollen was the highest in Ulsan, whereas that of Alternaria was the highest in Jeju. The ragweed sensitization rates were 0.99% in Incheon, 1.07% in Jeju, and 0.81% in Ulsan. CONCLUSION: The differences in sensitization rates were because of different regional environmental conditions and distinct surrounding biological species. Hence, subsequent nationwide studies are required.

Existen límites en la decisión de los padres sobre el tratamiento de sus hijos / Are there limits on parental decision- making over children's treatment

In medical practice, there are situations where medical opinion differs from the patient's perception of their own benefit. This situation becomes more complex when the parents of a minor child are who deny their children life- saving treatment. It is necessary to determine how far professionals will fight over the management of a child's care if parents refuse treatment. To help in the development of criteria, three recently publicized cases are reviewed, including an analysis of the possible limits of parents to decide the treatment of their children. It is concluded that while it is vital to understand and respect the parents' beliefs, the fundamental duty is to the patient and their right to live. Therefore, it is justified to access the Courts when persuasion fails.

En la práctica de la medicina nos encontramos ocasionalmente con situaciones en las que la opinión médica discrepa con la del paciente acerca de su mayor beneficio. Esta situación se torna aún más compleja cuando son los padres del paciente menor de edad quienes se niegan a que sus hijos reciban un tratamiento que le puede salvar la vida. Se hace necesario precisar hasta dónde luchar por la salud de un niño si sus padres rechazan los tratamientos. Con el propósito de contribuir a establecer criterios en este tema, se presentan tres casos públicos recientes y se analizan los posibles límites de la autoridad de los padres para decidir los tratamientos de sus hijos. Se concluye que es de vital importancia comprender y respetar las creencias de los padres del menor, pero que en último término nuestro compromiso fundamental es con el paciente y su derecho a la vida, razón por la cual se justifica, ante el fracaso de la persuasión, recurrir a los tribunales como última instancia.

Problemas de la ética médica: sus manifestaciones en el manejo de pacientes pediátricos inmunodeprimidos / Problems of the medical ethics: its manifestations in the management of immunodepression in pediatric patients

La Bioética nació a partir de 1970, y desde su surgimiento, comenzó a tener enorme impacto en la prática de la medicina y en la investigación. Más que un influjo de la ciencia sobre la ética se debe hablar de un desfasaje entre ambas, pues la ciencia progresó con tanta rapidez que la ética no podía dar respuesta a los problemas que planteaba. Por esto, algunos autores señalaron que si no se le añadía ciencia a la ética, esta sería algo vano, inconsistente. Entonces se realizó una nueva revisión de la fundamentación y sistematización de la ética, que cobijó particularmente a la ética científica y, desde luego, a la ética médica. En este trabajo se exponen algunos de los problemas de la ética médica que pueden surgir en el manejo de pacientes pediátricos inmunodeprimidos y de qué forma pueden cumplirse en ellos los principios de autonomía, beneficencia y justicia, que constituyen la trinidad de la Bioética Médica, con la finalidad de lograr un mejor tratamiento y seguimiento de los enfermos y la rápida incorporación de ellos y de sus familiares a la vida social

The Bioethics appeared from 1970 and from then it has a great impact in the medical practice and in research. More than a influence science on the ethics it is necessary to speak of a gapamong them since the science has progressed so fast that the ethics could not to give an answer to related problems. Thus, some authors have indicated that if the science is not added to ethics, this will be something in vain and inconsistent. Then a new review of the foundation and systematization of the ethics was carried out covering particularly the scientific ethics and of course, the medical ethics. In present paper are exposed some of the problems of medical ethics that may to appear in the management of immunodepression pediatric patients and way to fulfill in them the autonomy, charity and justice principles that are the Trinity of the Medical Bioethics to achieve a better treatment and follow-up of patients and a their fast incorporation and of the family to social life