Control de síntomas al final de la vida con Dexmedetomidina: Estudio observacional de centro único / End-of-life symptom control with dexmedetomidine: A single-center observational study

Introducción: El manejo de los síntomas refractarios con dexmetomidina (DXM) es una alternativa en pacientes oncológicos en la atención al final de la vida (AFV) lo que puede convertirse en un gran desafío, ante la necesidad de iniciar sedación paliativa. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar el efecto de la DXM comparado con el midazolam (MDZ) en el control de síntomas refractarios en pacientes con cáncer avanzado AFV, como parte de una estrategia asistencial de sedación paliativa. Metodología: Estudio observacional, longitudinal, se revisaron los informes médicos en las historias clínicas de pacientes hospitalizados con diagnóstico de cáncer avanzado terminal y síntomas refractarios (dolor, disnea y delirio), que recibieron sedación paliativa con DXM o MDZ. Se utilizaron los registros de Escala de Evaluación de Síntomas de Edmonton - revisada (ESAS-r) para intensidad de síntomas y la Escala de Sedación/Agitación de Richmond (RASS) para respuesta a la sedación. Resultados: Un total de 35 pacientes recibieron DXM y 18 MDZ. El dolor (32 %) y delirio (30 %) fueron los síntomas refractarios más identificados. Dolor intenso en 89.3 % antes del inicio de DXM. A las 72 horas, el grupo DXM presentó disminución de la intensidad del delirio a leve y moderado, mientras que la mayoría de los pacientes del grupo MDZ fallecieron antes de las 72 horas. Conclusiones: El uso clínico de la DXM permite un enfoque multimodal, ampliando su utilidad en la atención al final de la vida para el manejo del dolor y delirio, ya que permite un estado de respuesta para la interacción con los miembros de la familia, función relevante en cuidados paliativos.

Introduction: Managing refractory symptoms with dexmedetomidine (DXM) is an alternative for cancer patients in end-of-life care (EOLC), which can become a great challenge, given the need to start palliative sedation. This study aims to determine the effect of DXM compared to midazolam (MDZ) in controlling refractory symptoms in patients with advanced EOLC cancer as part of a palliative sedation care strategy. Methodology: In this observational, longitudinal study, the medical reports in the medical records of hospitalized patients diagnosed with terminal advanced cancer and refractory symptoms (pain, dyspnea, and delirium) who received palliative sedation with DXM or MDZ were reviewed. The Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale-revised (ESAS-r) scores for symptom intensity and the Richmond Sedation/Agitation Scale (RASS) for response to sedation were used. Results: A total of 35 patients received DXM, and 18 received MDZ. Pain (32%) and delirium (30%) were the most identified refractory symptoms. Intense pain in 89.3% before DXM started; at 72 hours in 64.3%, the pain was reported as mild. Delirium was severe in 77.7%, DXM was used in 59.3%, and MDZ was used in 40.7%. At 72 hours, the DXM group presented a decrease in delirium intensity to mild and moderate, while most of the patients in the MDZ group died before 72 hours. Conclusions: The clinical use of DXM allows a multimodal approach, expanding its usefulness in end-of-life care for managing pain and delirium since it provides a state of response for interaction with family members, a function relevant in palliative care.

Síndrome de Anton-Babinsky / Anton-Babinski Syndrome

Introducción: El síndrome de Anton-Babinsky es un trastorno neuropsiquiátrico poco frecuente, que se manifiesta por anosognosia y ceguera cortical, debido a lesiones en las áreas visuales asociativas de la corteza occipital sin presentar afectación en la vía visual. En adultos mayores sus manifestaciones clínicas suelen ser atípicas y la valoración geriátrica integral permite orientar el diagnóstico, que se puede asociar con síndromes geriátricos. Objetivo: Describir las manifestaciones clínicas, síndromes geriátricos, paraclínicos y tratamiento de un paciente con Síndrome de Anton-Babinsky. Caso clínico: Paciente de 85 años, quien durante un postoperatorio inmediato de cirugía ocular (pterigión) presentó alteración fluctuante del estado de conciencia, alucinaciones visuales, disminución de la agudeza visual bilateral y anosognosia. La analítica sanguínea no reportó alteraciones y la tomografía computarizada de cráneo documentó isquemia occipital bilateral, se le diagnosticó síndrome de Anton-Babinsky. Conclusiones: El síndrome de Anton-Babinsky puede tener presentación atípica a través de síndromes geriátricos. La valoración geriátrica integral permite realizar un diagnóstico y manejo multicomponente oportuno con el objetivo de influir en el pronóstico tanto a corto como a largo plazo(AU)

Introduction: Anton-Babinski syndrome is a rare neuropsychiatric disorder, with a manifestation of anosognosia and cortical blindness, due to lesions in the associative visual areas of the occipital cortex without presenting visual pathway impairment. In elderly adults, its clinical manifestations are usually atypical and a comprehensive geriatric assessment allows to guide the diagnosis, which can be associated with geriatric syndromes. Objective: To describe the clinical manifestations, geriatric syndromes, paraclinical findings and treatment of a patient with Anton-Babinski syndrome. Clinical case: This is the case of an 85-year-old patient who, during the immediate postoperative period after ocular surgery (pterygium), presented a fluctuating alteration of consciousness, visual hallucinations, decreased bilateral visual acuity and anosognosia. Blood analysis reported no alterations and cranial computed tomography documented bilateral occipital ischemia; the patient was diagnosed with Anton-Babinski syndrome. Conclusions: Anton-Babinski syndrome may have an atypical presentation through geriatric syndromes. Comprehensive geriatric assessment allows for timely multicomponent diagnosis and management with the aim of influencing both short- and long-term prognosis(AU)

Cuidados intensivos de enfermagem ao idoso com delirium: um protocolo de revisão de escopo / Intensive nursing care to older adults with delirium: a protocol of scoping review

OBJETIVO: explorar sistematicamente a literatura quanto aos cuidados de enfermagem prestados aos idosos internados com delirium, em unidades de terapia intensiva, sejam eles para prevenção, sejam eles para manejo do delirium. MÉTODO: protocolo de revisão de escopo, estruturado pelas recomendações do Manual do Instituto Joanna Briggs, utilizando as seguintes bases de dados: PubMed via MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science e Google Scholar. A bibliografia encontrada será organizada através do gerenciador EndNote. Após a exclusão dos estudos duplicados, as citações serão transferidas para o software Rayyan. Em seguida, será iniciada a triagem das referências por dois pesquisadores independentes. O processo da seleção de estudos será exibido no fluxograma adaptado do Checklist PRISMA-ScR. Os dados serão extraídos dos estudos através de uma planilha desenvolvida no programa Microsoft Excel pelos próprios autores, avaliando e interpretando as informações de acordo com o objetivo proposto. Os dados serão organizados em tabelas, quadros e fluxogramas, com discussão narrativa.

OBJECTIVE: to systematically explore the literature regarding the nursing care provided to the older adult hospitalized with delirium in intensive care units for the prevention or management of delirium. METHOD: scoping review protocol, structured by the recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute manual, utilizing the following database: MEDLINE via PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. We will organize the citations found through the EndNote manager. After the exclusion of duplicated studies, we will transfer the citations to the Rayyan software. Afterward, two independent researchers will begin the screening of titles / abstracts. We will present the selection process of studies in the Checklist PRISMA-ScR adopted flowchart. The authors will extract the data of the studies through a spreadsheet developed in the Microsoft Excel, evaluating and interpreting the information according to the objective of the study. We will organize the data in charts, tables, and flowcharts with a narrative discussion.

Effect of seasons on delirium in postoperative critically ill patients: a retrospective analysis

Abstract Background and objectives Postoperative delirium is common in critically ill patients and is known to have several predisposing and precipitating factors. Seasonality affects cognitive function which has a more dysfunctional pattern during winter. We, therefore, aimed to test whether seasonal variation is associated with the occurrence of delirium and hospital Length Of Stay (LOS) in critically ill non-cardiac surgical populations. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of adult patients recovering from non-cardiac surgery at the Cleveland Clinic between March 2013 and March 2018 who stayed in Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU) for at least 48 hours and had daily Confusion Assessment Method Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) assessments for delirium. The incidence of delirium and LOS were summarized by season and compared using chi-square test and non-parametric tests, respectively. A logistic regression model was used to assess the association between delirium and LOS with seasons, adjusted for potential confounding variables. Results Among 2300 patients admitted to SICU after non-cardiac surgeries, 1267 (55%) had postoperative delirium. The incidence of delirium was 55% in spring, 54% in summer, 55% in fall and 57% in winter, which was not significantly different over the four seasons (p= 0.69). The median LOS was 12 days (IQR = [8, 19]) overall. There was a significant difference in LOS across the four seasons (p= 0.018). LOS during summer was 12% longer (95% CI: 1.04, 1.21; p= 0.002) than in winter. Conclusions In adult non-cardiac critically ill surgical patients, the incidence of postoperative delirium is not associated with season. Noticeably, LOS was longer in summer than in winter.

Risk factors of post-anaesthesia care unit delirium in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery in Singapore

INTRODUCTION@#Post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU) delirium affects 5%-45% of patients after surgery and is associated with postoperative delirium and increased mortality. Up to 40% of PACU delirium is preventable, but it remains under-recognised due to a lack of awareness of its diagnosis. The nursing delirium screening scale (Nu-DESC) has been validated for diagnosing PACU delirium, but is not routinely used locally. This study aimed to use Nu-DESC to establish the incidence and risk factors of PACU delirium in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery in the surgical population.@*METHODS@#We conducted an audit of eligible patients undergoing major surgery in three public hospitals in Singapore over 1 week. Patients were assessed for delirium 30-60 min following their arrival in PACU using Nu-DESC, with a total score of ≥2 indicative of delirium.@*RESULTS@#A total of 478 patients were assessed. The overall incidence rate of PACU delirium was 18/478 (3.8%), and the incidence was 9/146 (6.2%) in patients aged > 65 years. Post-anaesthesia care unit delirium was more common in females, patients with malignancy and those who underwent longer operations. Logistic regression analysis showed that the use of bispectral index (P < 0.001) and the presence of malignancy (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with a higher incidence of PACU delirium.@*CONCLUSION@#In this first local study, the incidence of PACU delirium was 3.8%, increasing to 6.2% in those aged > 65 years. Understanding these risk factors will form the basis for which protocols can be established to optimise resource management and prevent long-term morbidities and mortality in PACU delirium.

Correlation between malnutrition and delirium in elderly patients with severe pneumonia undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation / 中华危重病急救医学

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the relationship between malnutrition and delirium and its effect on prognosis in elderly patients with severe pneumonia undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation.@*METHODS@#A prospective observational study was conducted. Patients with severe pneumonia aged ≥ 60 years old who underwent invasive mechanical ventilation admitted to department of critical care medicine of the Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang from January 2021 to December 2022 were enrolled. The confusion assessment method (CAM) was used to evaluate the delirium of the patients in intensive care unit (ICU). The score of CAM ≥ 1 was defined as delirium. Mini nutritional assessment short-form (MNA-SF) was used to assess the nutritional status of patients, and MNA-SF score ≤ 7 was defined as malnutrition. Patients were divided into delirium group and non-delirium group according to whether delirium occurred. The differences in clinical indicators, length of ICU stay, duration of mechanical ventilation and wake-up time after drug withdrawal were compared between the two groups. After 28 days of short-term follow-up, the patients were divided into death group and survival group, and the differences in the incidence of delirium and malnutrition between the two groups were compared. Binary multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to screen the risk factors for delirium in elderly patients with severe pneumonia undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation. Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to analyze the effect of delirium on prognosis.@*RESULTS@#A total of 132 elderly patients with severe pneumonia undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation were enrolled, of whom 98 survived and 34 died within 28 days, with a mortality of 25.76%. The incidence of malnutrition and delirium in the death group was significantly higher than that in the survival group (61.76% vs. 37.76%, 64.71% vs. 26.53%, both P < 0.05), and the MNA-SF score was significantly lower than that in the survival group (6.32±1.80 vs. 8.72±2.23, P < 0.01). Procalcitonin (PCT), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and blood lactic acid (Lac) in the death group were significantly higher than those in the survival group [PCT (μg/L): 4.47 (2.69, 10.39) vs. 2.77 (1.28, 5.94), IL-6 (ng/L): 204.08 (126.12, 509.85) vs. 120.46 (60.67, 290.99), Lac (mmol/L): 5.14 (2.75, 8.60) vs. 3.13 (2.16, 4.30), all P < 0.05], and the wake-up time after drug withdrawal was significantly longer than that in the survival group (minutes: 33.94±8.51 vs. 28.92±7.03, P < 0.01). Among 132 elderly patients with severe pneumonia undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation, 48 patients had delirium during ICU stay, and 84 patients did not have delirium. The incidence of delirium was 36.36%. The 28-day mortality in the delirium group was significantly higher than that in the non-delirium group (45.83% vs. 14.29%, P < 0.01), and the MNA-SF score was significantly lower than that in the non-delirium group (6.46±1.77 vs. 9.05±2.15, P < 0.01), the length of ICU stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, and wake-up time after drug withdrawal were also significantly longer than those in the non-delirium group [length of ICU stay (days): 13.40±9.59 vs. 10.06±7.81, duration of mechanical ventilation (hours): 197.06±89.80 vs. 138.81±82.30, wake-up time after drug withdrawal (minutes): 35.85±7.01 vs. 26.99±6.12, all P < 0.05]. Binary multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that malnutrition [odds ratio (OR) = 7.527, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was 2.585-21.917], Lac (OR = 5.345, 95%CI was 1.733-16.483), wake-up time after drug withdrawal (OR = 6.653, 95%CI was 2.021-21.904) were independent risk factors for delirium during ICU stay in elderly patients with severe pneumonia undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation (all P < 0.01). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the 28-day cumulative survival rate of patients in the delirium group was significantly lower than that in the non-delirium group (54.17% vs. 85.71%), and the difference was statistically significant (Log-Rank test: χ2 = 16.780, P < 0.001).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The risk factors for delirium in elderly patients with severe pneumonia undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation during ICU stay include malnutrition, Lac, and wake-up time after drug withdrawal. The occurrence of delirium is closely related to poor prognosis.

Hospital admission and the occurrence of delirium in older adults with physical frailty: cross-sectional study / Ingreso hospitalario y aparición de delirio en adultos mayores con fragilidad física: estudio transversal / Internação hospitalar e a ocorrência de delirium em idosos na condição de fragilidade física: estudo transversal

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the relationship between hospitalization and the occurrence of delirium in older adults with physical frailty. Method Cross-sectional study carried out in a public hospital in southern Brazil. Hospitalized older adults aged ≥ 60 years participated. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected, physical frailty phenotype tests were performed and the Confusion Assessment Method was used. Descriptive analyzes were carried out and odds ratio values were estimated for the frailty and delirium variables. Results Of the 320 older adults evaluated, 21.14% presented delirium, 49% were identified as pre-frail and 36.2% as frail. Of those affected by delirium, 71.6% were classified as frail and 28.3% as pre-frail (p < 0.001). An association was observed between the occurrence of delirium and frailty (OR 1.22; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.38), age ≥ 80 years (OR 1.14; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.32), epilepsy (OR 1.38; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.76), dementia (OR 1.58; 95% CI 1.37 to 1.82), and history of stroke (OR 1.14; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.26). Conclusion There was a high frequency of pre-frail and frail older adults, and the occurrence of delirium in frail was significantly higher. Special attention should be paid to frail older adults to prevent the occurrence of delirium during hospitalization.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar la relación entre la hospitalización y la aparición de delirio en adultos mayores con fragilidad física. Método Estudio transversal realizado en un hospital público del sur de Brasil. Participaron adultos mayores hospitalizados con edad ≥ 60 años. Se recogieron datos sociodemográficos y clínicos, se realizaron pruebas de fenotipo de fragilidad física y se utilizó el Confusion Assessment Method. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y se estimaron los odds ratio para las variables fragilidad y delirio. Resultados De los 320 adultos mayores evaluados, el 21,14% presentó delirio, el 49% fueron identificados como prefrágiles y el 36,2% como frágiles. De los adultos mayores afectados por delirio, el 71,6% fueron clasificados como frágiles y el 28,3% como prefrágiles (p < 0,001). Se observó asociación entre la aparición de delirio y fragilidad (OR 1,22; IC 95% 1,07 a 1,38), edad ≥ 80 años (OR 1,14; IC 95% 1,01 a 1,32), epilepsia (OR 1,38; IC 95% 1,09 a 1,76), demencia (OR 1,58; IC del 95%: 1,37 a 1,82) y antecedentes de accidente cerebrovascular (OR 1,14; IC del 95%: 1,03 a 1,26). Conclusión Hubo una alta frecuencia de adultos mayores prefrágiles y frágiles y la aparición de delirio en los frágiles fue significativamente mayor. Se debe prestar especial atención a los adultos mayores frágiles para prevenir la aparición de delirio durante la hospitalización.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a relação entre hospitalização e ocorrência de delirium em idosos na condição de fragilidade física. Método Estudo transversal desenvolvido em hospital público no Sul do Brasil. Participaram idosos hospitalizados, idade ≥ 60 anos. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos e clínicos, e feitos testes do fenótipo da fragilidade física, bem como o Confusion Assessment Method. Realizaram-se análises descritivas e estimaram-se as odds ratio para as variáveis fragilidade e delirium. Resultados Dos 320 idosos avaliados, 21,14% apresentaram delirium, 49% foram identificados como pré-frágeis e 36,2% frágeis. Dos idosos acometidos por delirium, 71,6% foram classificados como frágeis e 28,3% pré-frágeis (p< 0,001). Observou-se associação entre ocorrência de delirium e fragilidade (OR 1,22; IC 95% 1,07 a 1,38), idade ≥ 80 anos (OR 1,14; IC 95% 1,01 a 1,32), epilepsia (OR 1,38; IC 95% 1,09 a 1,76), demência (OR 1,58; IC 95% 1,37 a 1,82), e história de acidente vascular encefálico (OR 1,14; IC 95% 1,03 a 1,26). Conclusão Observou-se alta frequência de idosos pré-frágeis e frágeis e ocorrência de delirium expressivamente maior nos frágeis. Atenção especial deve ser empregada a idosos frágeis para prevenir a ocorrência de delirium durante a hospitalização.

Definición, diagnóstico del delirium en Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo: una revisión paraguas / Definition, diagnosis of delirium in Intensive Care Units: an umbrella review

INTRODUCCIÓN: El delirium es un desorden cognitivo propio de la enfermedad crítica, está vinculado al aumento de la mortalidad, mayor estadía hospitalaria, mayores requerimientos de UCI, mayor deterioro funcional y necesidad de unidades de rehabilitación y cuidados crónicos. OBJETIVO: Identificar y evaluar la evidencia de los últimos 5 años respecto a definición y diagnóstico del delirium en adultos hospitalizados en UCI por medio de una revisión de revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Una revisión Umbrella guiada según guías del JBI. Los datos fueron obtenidos Science direct, Web of Science, Scielo, CINAHL, PubMed, Biblioteca Virtual de Salud (BVS) y Biblioteca Cochrane. La última búsqueda fue realizada el 28 de marzo de 2022. RESULTADOS: Catorce revisiones cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, la definición de delirium desde la perspectiva de pacientes y familia, prevalencia factores de riesgo y precisión de las diferentes escalas como CAM-ICU, ICDSC, PREDELIRIC y E-PREDILIRC tienen buenos valores predictivos. CONCLUSIONES: El delirium hipoactivo posee mayor prevalencia e incidencia en las UCI. Es necesario que el personal de salud adopte ciertas actitudes con el paciente con delirium.

INTRODUCTION: Delirium is a cognitive disorder typical of critical illness, it is linked to increased mortality, longer hospital stay, higher ICU requirements, greater functional impairment and the need for rehabilitation and chronic care units. OBJECTIVE: To identify and evaluate the evidence of the last 5 years regarding the definition and diagnosis of delirium in adults hospitalized in the ICU through a review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An Umbrella review guided by JBI guidelines. Data were obtained from Science direct, Web of science, Scielo, CINAHL, PubMed, Virtual Health Library (VHL) and Cochrane Library. The last search was carried out on March 28, 2022. RESULTS: Fourteen reviews met the inclusion criteria, the definition of delirium from the perspective of patients and families, prevalence of risk factors and accuracy of the different scales such as CAM-ICU, ICDSC, PREDELIRIC and E-PREDILIRC have good predictive values. CONCLUSIONS: Hypoactive delirium has a higher prevalence and incidence in ICUs. It is necessary that the health personnel adopt certain attitudes with the patient with delirium.

Impacto do delirium ocorrido na uti no tratamento oncológico a curto e longo prazo / Impact of delirium in intensive care unit on short and long term oncological treatment

Introdução: Delirium é uma síndrome neurocognitiva de início agudo e curso flutuante. A incidência de delirium em pacientes oncológicos varia de 25% a 40%. Em pacientes internados em terapia intensiva, o desenvolvimento do delirium está associado ao aumento do tempo em ventilação mecânica, do tempo de internação na UTI e no hospital e da mortalidade. Em sobreviventes, o delirium está associado à piora funcional e cognitiva, que podem levar a mudanças na proposta de tratamento em pacientes com câncer. Objetivo: Avaliar se ocorrência de delirium durante a internação na UTI associou-se a mudança na proposta do tratamento oncológico em pacientes que sobreviveram à internação hospitalar, em comparação com aqueles que não tiveram delirium. Métodos: Estudo de coorte, retrospectivo, com pacientes com funcionalidade preservada e proposta de tratamento oncológico internados na UTI no período de janeiro de 2015 a dezembro de 2018. Foi considerado que o delirium estava presente se o Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) fosse positivo. Foi avaliada a associação entre o delirium e a modificação do tratamento após a alta e realizada análise de mediação para avaliar a influência direta e indireta (ou seja, mediada pela piora da funcionalidade) do delirium na mudança do tratamento oncológico. Por fim, foi avaliada a associação entre mudança de tratamento e mortalidade em 1 ano. Resultados: Foram incluídos 1134 pacientes, dos quais 189 (16,7%) apresentaram delirium. O delirium foi associado à mudança de tratamento oncológico (OR = 3,80; IC 95%, 2,72 a 5,35), após ajuste para idade, sexo, funcionalidade, comorbidades e gravidade à admissão. A associação entre delirium na UTI e mudança de tratamento foi direta e mediada pela piora do status de desempenho. A proporção do efeito total do delirium na mudança de tratamento mediada pela piora do status de desempenho foi de 33,0% (IC 95%, 21,7 a 46,0). A mudança de tratamento associou-se a maior mortalidade em 1 ano (OR = 2,68; IC 95%, 2,01 a 3,60), após ajuste para idade, sexo, comorbidades, gravidade à admissão, delirium, uso de ventilação mecânica, terapia de substituição renal durante a internação e funcionalidade após a alta. Conclusão: Os pacientes que apresentaram delirium durante a internação na UTI tiveram uma taxa mais elevada de mudança do tratamento oncológico após a alta. O efeito do delirium na mudança de tratamento oncológico foi apenas parcialmente mediado pela piora da funcionalidade. A mudança de tratamento associou-se a maior mortalidade em 1 ano

Introduction: Delirium is a neurocognitive syndrome with acute course and fluctuating duration. The incidence of delirium in oncology patients ranges from 25% to 40%. In intensive care patients, the development of delirium is associated with increased time on mechanical ventilation, ICU and hospital length of stay, and mortality. In survivors, delirium is associated with functional and cognitive decline, which may lead to changes in treatment proposal in cancer patients. Objective: To evaluate whether there was immediate and delayed change in oncology treatment proposal in patients who had delirium during ICU admission but survived hospital admission, compared with those who did not have delirium. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of patients with preserved functionality and proposed oncology treatment admitted to the ICU from January 2015 to December 2018. We considered delirium present if Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) was positive We assessed the association between delirium and modification of the treatment after discharge. We also performed a mediation analysis to assess both the direct and indirect (ie, mediated by worsening of performance status) of delirium on discontinuation of cancer treatment. Finally, we assessed whether change in cancer treatment was associated with one-year mortality. Results: We included 1134 patients, of which 189 (16.7%) had delirium. Delirium was associated with changing cancer treatment (OR = 3.80; 95% CI, 2.72 to 5.35), after adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities and severity at admission. The association between ICU delirium and treatment change was direct and mediated by worsening performance status. The proportion of the total effect of delirium on treatment change mediated by worsening performance status was 33.0% (95% CI, 21.7 to 46.0). Change in treatment wa associated with one-year mortality (OR = 2.68; IC 95%, 2.01 to 3,60) after adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities, severity at admission, delirium, mechanical ventilation and renal replacement therapy during ICU stay. Conclusion: Patients who experienced delirium during their ICU stay had a higher rate of oncologic treatment change after discharge. The effect of delirium on changing cancer treatment was only partially mediated by worsening functionality.Change in treatment was associated with one-year mortality

Expert consensus on late stage of critical care management / 中华内科杂志

We wished to establish an expert consensus on late stage of critical care (CC) management. The panel comprised 13 experts in CC medicine. Each statement was assessed based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) principle. Then, the Delphi method was adopted by 17 experts to reassess the following 28 statements. (1) ESCAPE has evolved from a strategy of delirium management to a strategy of late stage of CC management. (2) The new version of ESCAPE is a strategy for optimizing treatment and comprehensive care of critically ill patients (CIPs) after the rescue period, including early mobilization, early rehabilitation, nutritional support, sleep management, mental assessment, cognitive-function training, emotional support, and optimizing sedation and analgesia. (3) Disease assessment to determine the starting point of early mobilization, early rehabilitation, and early enteral nutrition. (4) Early mobilization has synergistic effects upon the recovery of organ function. (5) Early functional exercise and rehabilitation are important means to promote CIP recovery, and gives them a sense of future prospects. (6) Timely start of enteral nutrition is conducive to early mobilization and early rehabilitation. (7) The spontaneous breathing test should be started as soon as possible, and a weaning plan should be selected step-by-step. (8) The waking process of CIPs should be realized in a planned and purposeful way. (9) Establishment of a sleep-wake rhythm is the key to sleep management in post-CC management. (10) The spontaneous awakening trial, spontaneous breathing trial, and sleep management should be carried out together. (11) The depth of sedation should be adjusted dynamically in the late stage of CC period. (12) Standardized sedation assessment is the premise of rational sedation. (13) Appropriate sedative drugs should be selected according to the objectives of sedation and drug characteristics. (14) A goal-directed minimization strategy for sedation should be implemented. (15) The principle of analgesia must be mastered first. (16) Subjective assessment is preferred for analgesia assessment. (17) Opioid-based analgesic strategies should be selected step-by-step according to the characteristics of different drugs. (18) There must be rational use of non-opioid analgesics and non-drug-based analgesic measures. (19) Pay attention to evaluation of the psychological status of CIPs. (20) Cognitive function in CIPs cannot be ignored. (21) Delirium management should be based on non-drug-based measures and rational use of drugs. (22) Reset treatment can be considered for severe delirium. (23) Psychological assessment should be conducted as early as possible to screen-out high-risk groups with post-traumatic stress disorder. (24) Emotional support, flexible visiting, and environment management are important components of humanistic management in the intensive care unit (ICU). (25) Emotional support from medical teams and families should be promoted through"ICU diaries"and other forms. (26) Environmental management should be carried out by enriching environmental content, limiting environmental interference, and optimizing the environmental atmosphere. (27) Reasonable promotion of flexible visitation should be done on the basis of prevention of nosocomial infection. (28) ESCAPE is an excellent project for late stage of CC management.

Internação hospitalar e a ocorrência de delirium em idosos na condição de fragilidade física: estudo transversal / Hospitalization and the occurrence of delirium in physically frail older adults: a cross-sectional study

Resumo: Trata-se de estudo quantitativo de corte transversal, que objetivou analisar a relação entre internação hospitalar e ocorrência de delirium em idosos na condição de fragilidade. Este estudo integra o projeto de pesquisa intitulado "Fragilidade física e os desfechos clínicos, funcionais, nutricionais e a demanda de cuidados em idosos hospitalizados", aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa em Seres Humanos do Setor de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Federal do Paraná, parecer no 4.985.540 e pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa em Seres Humanos da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Curitiba, parecer no 5.055.260. O estudo foi desenvolvido no Hospital Municipal do Idoso Zilda Arns, Curitiba, Paraná. Os participantes foram idosos, com idade = 60 anos, hospitalizados para tratamento clínico e/ou cirúrgico nas unidades de internação. Calculou-se o tamanho mínimo da amostra (n=300 idosos) utilizando-se o período pré-pandêmico, ano de 2019, como recorte temporal, no qual ocorreram 7.254 internações, sendo 4.146 = 60 anos. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionários sociodemográfico e clínico e testes que compreendem o fenótipo da fragilidade física e o Confusion Assessement Method no período de março a julho de 2022. Realizaram-se análises descritivas para as variáveis sociodemográficas, internação, laboratoriais, histórico médico e estimaram-se as odds ratio ajustadas para as variáveis fragilidade e delirium. Dos 320 idosos avaliados, o delirium foi evidenciado em 67 (21,14%) no momento da admissão. Houve predomínio de idosos pré-frágeis (n=157; 49%), seguidos dos frágeis (n=116; 36,25%) e não frágeis (n=44; 13,75%). A proporção de idosos frágeis que apresentaram delirium foi de 71,64% e entre os pré frágeis 28,36% (p<0,0001). O modelo preditivo indicou associação entre a ocorrência de delirium e fragilidade (OR 1,22; IC95% 1,07 a 1,38), idade > 80 anos (OR 1,14; IC95% 1,01 a 1,32), diagnóstico de epilepsia (OR 1,38; IC95% 1,09 a 1,76) e diagnóstico de demência (OR 1,58; IC95% 1,37 a 1,82). Outrossim, encontrou-se associação entre a ocorrência de delirium e valores de Proteína C-Reativa acima dos valores de referência (OR 3,13; IC95% 1,10 a 11,36) e história prévia de acidente vascular encefálico (OR 1,14; IC95% 1,03 a 1,26). Durante a internação hospitalar, idosos frágeis mostraram maior probabilidade de desenvolverem delirium. Pré-fragilidade e fragilidade foram condições prevalentes no ambiente hospitalar, tornando-se importante seu rastreio e gerenciamento durante o internamento. Houve maior propensão ao desenvolvimento de delirium em idosos acima de 80 anos. Medidas de prevenção ao delirium devem ser implementadas nessa faixa etária minimizando-se as consequências deletérias. Destaca-se a importância da realização de anamnese que busque a identificação do diagnóstico de demência, epilepsia e acidente vascular encefálico prévio para ampliar as medidas de prevenção do delirium pela equipe multiprofissional.

Abstract: This is quantitative and cross-sectional study whose objective was to analyze the relationship between hospitalization and occurrence of delirium in frail older adults. This study is part of the research project entitled "Physical frailty, clinical, functional and nutritional outcomes and care demand in hospitalized older adults", approved by the Committee of Ethics in Research with Human Beings from the Health Sciences Sector of the Federal University of Paraná with opinion No. 4,985,540, and by its counterpart belonging to the Curitiba Municipal Health Department with opinion No.5,055,260. The study was developed in the Zilda Arns Municipal Hospital for Older Adults, Curitiba, Paraná. The participants were older adults aged = 60 years old and admitted for clinical and/or surgical treatment in the hospitalization units. Sample size (n=300 older adults) was calculated considering the pre-pandemic period (2019) as time frame, in which there were 7,254 hospitalizations, with 4,146 patients aged = 60 years old. The data were collected by means of sociodemographic and clinical questionnaires and of tests that include the physical frailty phenotype and the Confusion Assessment Method from march to July 2022. Descriptive analyses were performed for the sociodemographic, hospitalization, laboratory and medical history variables, and the adjusted odds ratios were estimated for the frailty and delirium variables. Among the 320 older adults evaluated, delirium was evidenced in 67 (21.14%) at admission. There was predominance of pre-frail aged individuals (n=157; 49%), followed by frail (n=116; 36.25%) and non-frail (n=44; 13.75%). The percentage of frail older adults that presented delirium was 71.64% and, for the prefrail, it was 28.36% (p<0.0001). The predictive model indicated an association between occurrence of delirium and frailty (OR: 1.22; 95%CI: 1.07-1.38), age > 80 years old (OR: 1.14; 95%CI: 1.01-1.32), epilepsy diagnosis (OR: 1.38; 95%CI: 1.09-1.76) and dementia diagnosis (OR: 1.58; 95%CI: 1.37-1.82). Furthermore, an association was also found between occurrence of delirium and Reactive C Protein above the reference values (OR: 3.13; 95%CI: 1.10-11.36) and previous stroke history (OR: 1.14; 95%CI: 1.03-1.26). During hospitalization, frail older adults were more likely to develop delirium. Pre-frailty and frailty were prevalent conditions in the hospital environment, with their screening and management becoming important during hospitalization. Propensity to develop delirium was higher in older adults aged over 80 years old. Measures to prevent delirium should be implemented in this age group, minimizing the deleterious consequences. The importance of performing anamnesis seeking to identify previous dementia, epilepsy and stroke diagnoses is emphasized, in order to expand the measures to prevent delirium by the multiprofessional team.

The plague: a case of delusional infestation with folie à deux / A praga: um caso de delírio de infestação com folie à deux

Folie à deux or Shared psychotic disorder (SPD) is a rare condition characterized by shared psychotic symptoms between two or more individuals. Delusional parasitosis (DP) is an uncommon psychiatric illness in that patients believe they are infested by insects, without evidence to support this belief. DP occurs in 5­15% of SPD. We report a case of cutaneous DP with SPD between an elderly mother and a daughter that lived together and withdrew from other social contacts for the last three years. We aim to highlight the relationship between SPD and DP, its prognosis, and clinical implications.

Folie à deux ou Perturbação Psicótica Compartilhada (PPC) é uma condição rara caracterizada por sintomas psicóticos compartilhados entre dois ou mais indivíduos. O delírio parasitário (DP) é uma doença psiquiátrica incomum em que os pacientes acreditam estar infestados por insetos, sem evidências que sustentem essa crença. O DP ocorre em 5 a 15% das PPC. Relatamos um caso de um DP cutâneo com PPC entre uma mãe idosa e uma filha que viviam juntas e afastadas de outros contatos sociais nos últimos três anos. O nosso objetivo é destacar a relação entre PPC e o DP, o seu prognóstico e implicações clínicas

Enfermeiros e as práticas recomendadas no manejo de delirium: estudo transversal / Enfermeras y mejores prácticas en el manejo del delirio: estudio transversal / Nurses and the best practices in the management of delirium: cross-sectional study

Objetivos:descrever a concordância dos enfermeiros quanto à avaliação, diagnóstico e prevenção de delirium em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva e verificar a associação da concordância ao perfil sociodemográfico dos profissionais. Método:estudo transversal realizado nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva geral e cardiológica de um hospital de alta complexidade, entre janeiro e fevereiro de 2018. Participaram 61 enfermeiros por meio de surveyeletrônica com dezessete questões, sendo excluídos os que estavam em férias ou licença médica durante a coleta de dados. Resultados:A mediana de afirmativas com alta concordância foi de 11 por profissional, com 64% da amostra obtendo baixa concordância. As afirmativas com melhor concordância incluíram fatores de risco, algoritmo de avaliação, atuação do enfermeiro e conhecimento sobre sinais da síndrome. Conclusão:Os enfermeiros apresentaram baixa concordância às diretrizes de melhores práticas no manejo do delirium e não foi encontrada associação entre a alta concordância e ascaracterísticas sociodemográficas

Objectives:to describe nurses' agreement to regarding the assessment, diagnosis and preventionof delirium in the Intensive Care Unit and to verify the association of agreement with the sociodemographic profile of professionals. Method:cross-sectional study carried out in the general and cardiac Intensive Care Units of a high-complexity hospital, between January and February 2018. Sixty one nurses participated in an electronic survey with seventeen questions, excluding those who were on vacation or sick leave during the data collection. Results:The median of statements with high agreement was 11 per professional, with 64% of the sample obtaining low agreement. The statements with the best agreement included risk factors, assessment algorithm, nurse's role and knowledge about signs of the syndrome. Conclusion:Nurses showed low agreement with the guidelines for best practices in the management of delirium and no association was found between high agreement and sociodemographic characteristics.

Objetivos:describir la concordancia de enfermeras sobre la evaluación, diagnóstico y prevencióndel delirio en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos y verificar la asociación de concordancia con el perfil sociodemográfico de los profesionales. Método:estudio transversal realizado en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Generales y Cardíacos de un hospital de alta complejidad, entre enero y febrero de 2018. Participaron 61 enfermeras en una encuesta electrónica con diecisiete preguntas, excluyendo a las que se encontraban de vacaciones o baja laboral durante la recopilación de datos. Resultados:La mediana de enunciados con alta concordancia fue de 11 por profesional, con un 64% de la muestra obteniendo baja concordancia. Los enunciados con mejor concordancia incluyeron factores de riesgo, algoritmo de evaluación, rol de la enfermera y conocimiento sobre los signos del síndrome. Conclusión:las enfermeras mostraron bajo acuerdo con las guías de buenas prácticas en el manejo del delirio y no se encontró asociación entre alto acuerdo y características sociodemográficas

Sospecha de delirium y posibles factores relacionados en el adulto mayor hospitalizado / Suspeita de delírio e possíveis fatores relacionados em idosos internados / Suspected delirium and possible related factors in hospitalized older adults

Objetivo: describir la sospecha de delirium en adultos mayores hospitalizados en medicina interna y sus posibles factores relacionados. Materiales y método: estudio correlacional de corte transversal y muestreo por conveniencia, con 49 adultos mayores de 70 años hospitalizados en medicina interna que aceptaron participar de forma voluntaria. Se aplicó la Escala de Detección de Delirium por Enfermería, la cual mide la sospecha de delirium, y se empleó análisis descriptivo y bivariado. Resultados: la prevalencia de sospecha de delirium en los pacientes del estudio fue de 20,4 %. La edad fue significativamente menor en los pacientes que no presentaron delirium en comparación con aquellos que mostraron sospecha (73 vs. 82 años, respectivamente, p = 0,05). Otras variables que evidenciaron un comportamiento similar son el número de comorbilidades (1 sin delirium vs. 2 sospecha, p = 0,037), haber padecido delirium al menos una vez antes de la actual hospitalización (1 sin delirium vs. 6 sospecha, p = 0,000) y no reportar antecedentes psicoactivos (17 sin delirium vs. 3 sospecha p = 0,009). El análisis bivariado evidenció una posible asociación significativa entre el delirium y los antecedentes de diabetes (or 6,8; ic 95 % 1,43-32,19 [p = 0,020]), el consumo de alcohol (or 5,2; ic 95 % 1,15-23,85 [p = 0,029]) y antecedentes de delirium en hospitalización previa (or 6,3; ic 95 % 1,02-38,9 [p = 0,000]). Conclusiones: el delirium es un problema que continúa impactando a los adultos, particularmente a los adultos mayores, quienes por los factores fisiológicos propios de la edad son más vulnerables a padecer este evento.

Objective: To describe the suspicion of delirium in older adults hospitalized in internal medicine and the possible risk factors associated to this event. Materials and method: Cross-sectional and correlational study through convenience sampling. Forty-nine adults over 70 years hospitalized in internal medicine agreed to participate by signing an informed consent form. We adopted the Nursing Delirium Screening Scale, which measures suspicion of delirium. Descriptive and bivariate analysis was also used.Results: The prevalence of suspected delirium among participants was 20.4%. Age was significantly lower in patients who did not present delirium compared to those who showed suspicion (73 vs. 82 years, respectively, p = 0.05). Other variables that showed a similar behavior were the number of comorbidities (1 no delirium vs. 2 suspected, p = 0.037), having suffered from delirium at least once before current hospitalization (1 no delirium vs. 6 suspected, p = 0.000), and no psychoactive history (17 no delirium vs. 3 suspected, p = 0.009). Bivariate analysis reported a possible significant association between delirium and history of diabetes (or 6.8; ci 95% 1.43-32.19 [p = 0.020]), alcohol consumption (or 5.2; ci 95% 1.15-23.85 [p = 0.029]), and history of delirium during previous hospitalization (or 6.3; ci 95% 1.02 - 38.9 [p = 0.000]). Conclusions: Delirium is an issue that continues to affect adults, particularly the elderly, who are more vulnerable to suffering this event due to age-related physi-ological factors.

Objetivo: descrever suspeitas de delírio em idosos internados em medicina interna e os seus possíveis fatores de risco. Materiais e método: estudo correlacional de corte transversal com amostragem por conveniência. Participaram 49 pessoas com mais de 70 anos de idade internadas em medicina interna que concordaram em participar de forma voluntária. Foi utilizada a Escala de Detecção do Delírio para Enfermagem, que mede as suspeitas de delírio. Foi utilizada uma análise descritiva e bivariada. Resultados: a prevalência de suspeita de delírio no estudo foi de 20,4%. A idade era significativamente mais baixa naqueles que não apresentavam delírio em comparação com aqueles que apresentavam suspeitas (73 vs 82 anos, respectivamente, p = 0,05). Outras variáveis mostraram comportamento semelhante, tais como número de comorbilidades (1 sem delírio vs 2 suspeitas, p = 0,037), tendo sofrido de delírio pelo menos uma vez antes da internação atual (1 sem delírio vs 6 suspeitas, p = 0,000) e nenhum histórico psicoativo (17 sem delírio vs 3 suspeitas, p = 0,009). A análise bivariada evidenciou uma possível associação significativa entre delírio e histórico de diabetes (or 6,8 ci 95% 1,43-32,19 [p = 0,020]), consumo de álcool (or 5,2 ci 95% 1,15-23,85 [p = 0,029]) e histórico de delírio em internação anterior (or 6,3 ci 95% 1,02-38,9 [p = 0,000]). Conclusões: o delírio é um problema que continua a ter impacto nos adultos, mais ainda na população idosa, que, devido a fatores fisiológicos relacionados com a idade, são mais vulneráveis a sofrer com esse evento.

O papel do enfermeiro na prevenção do delirium no paciente adulto/idoso crítico / The nurse's role in preventing delirium in critically ill adult/elderly patients

Introdução: Delirium é uma disfunção cerebral aguda, associado ao aumento da mortalidade e morbilidade, que atinge frequentemente o paciente adulto/idoso crítico. O enfermeiro tem um papel determinante na prevenção/controlo do delirium, através da implementação de intervenções não farmacológicas. Objetivo: Conhecer as intervenções de enfermagem na identificação, prevenção e controlo do delirium no paciente adulto/idoso crítico. Materiais e métodos: Realizada uma Revisão Integrativa da Literatura de artigos publicados entre 2014 e 2018, que identificaram intervenções de enfermagem dirigidas à prevenção e controlo do delirium no paciente adulto/idoso crítico. Foram realizadas quatro pesquisas, nas bases de dados electrónicas da EBSCOhost e na B-on. Resultados: Identificaram-se 13 estudos, que apresentam intervenções de enfermagem, maioritariamente não farmacológicas, para prevenção e controlo do delirium no paciente adulto/idoso crítico. Destas, evidenciam-se intervenções relacionadas com o ambiente, promoção do sono, intervenção terapêutica precoce, avaliação cognitiva e orientação dos pacientes, intervenções sistematizadas em protocolos, bem como intervenções direcionadas à participação dos familiares, à formação dos enfermeiros e ao ensino dos pacientes. Foram também identificados fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento do delirium e instrumentos de avaliação. Discussão: A prevenção do delirium é importante e imperativa, já que nos pacientes críticos a sua ocorrência está associada ao aumento da mortalidade, morbilidade, do tempo de internamento e a um elevado custo hospitalar. A identificação dos fatores de risco para a ocorrência do delirium devem estar incluídos nos protocolos de abordagem do delirium. Conclusão: As evidências demonstraram que o enfermeiro é fundamental na identificação precoce, prevenção e controlo do delirium, evitando a progressão da doença, contribuindo para a diminuição da morbilidade e mortalidade. A intervenção de enfermagem deve incluir a identificação de fatores predisponentes e/ou precipitantes de modo a contribuir para a diminuição da ocorrência e/ou resolução do quadro de delirium.

Introduction: Delirium is an acute brain dysfunction, associated with increased mortality and morbidity, which often affects critically ill adult/elderly patients. Nurses have a crucial role in the prevention/control of delirium, through the implementation of non-pharmacological interventions. Objective: To know the nursing interventions in the identification, prevention and control of delirium in adult/critical elderly patients. Materials and Methods: An Integrative Literature Review of articles published between 2014 and 2018 was carried out, which identified nursing interventions aimed at the prevention and control of delirium in adult/critical elderly patients. Four searches were carried out, in the electronic databases of EBSCOhost and B-on. Results: 13 studies were identified, which present nursing interventions, mostly non-pharmacological, for the prevention and control of delirium in adult/critical elderly patients. Of these, interventions related to the environment, sleep promotion, early therapeutic intervention, cognitive assessment and patient orientation, interventions systematized in protocols, as well as interventions aimed at the participation of family members, the training of nurses and the teaching of patients are evident. Risk factors for the development of delirium and assessment tools were also identified. Discussion: The prevention of delirium is important and imperative, since its occurrence in critically ill patients is associated with increased mortality, morbidity, length of stay and a high hospital cost. The identification of risk factors for the occurrence of delirium should be included in delirium management protocols. Conclusions: Evidence has shown that nurses are essential in the early identification, prevention and control of delirium, preventing the progression of the disease, contributing to the reduction of morbidity and mortality. The nursing intervention must include the identification of predisposing and/or precipitating factors to contribute to the reduction of the occurrence and/or resolution of delirium.

Introducción: El delirio es una disfunción cerebral aguda, asociada con un aumento de la mortalidad y la morbilidad, que afecta con frecuencia a pacientes adultos/ancianos críticamente enfermos. Las enfermeras tienen un papel crucial en la prevención/control del delirio, a través de la implementación de intervenciones no farmacológicas. Objetivo: Conocer las intervenciones de enfermería en la identificación, prevención y control del delirio en pacientes adultos/ancianos críticos. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una Revisión Integrativa de la Literatura de artículos publicados entre 2014 y 2018, que identificaron intervenciones de enfermería dirigidas a la prevención y control del delirio en pacientes adultos/ancianos críticos. Se realizaron cuatro búsquedas, en las bases de datos electrónicas de EBSCOhost y B-on. Resultados: Se identificaron 13 estudios que presentan intervenciones de enfermería, en su mayoría no farmacológicas, para la prevención y control del delirio en pacientes adultos/ancianos críticos. De estas, se evidencian intervenciones relacionadas con el medio ambiente, la promoción del sueño, la intervención terapéutica temprana, la evaluación cognitiva y la orientación del paciente, intervenciones sistematizadas en protocolos, así como intervenciones dirigidas a la participación de los familiares, la formación de enfermeras y la enseñanza de los pacientes. También se identificaron factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de delirio y herramientas de evaluación. Discusión: La prevención del delirio es importante e imperativa, ya que su ocurrencia en pacientes críticos se asocia con aumento de la mortalidad, morbilidad, estancia hospitalaria y alto costo hospitalario. La identificación de factores de riesgo para la aparición de delirio debe incluirse en los protocolos de manejo del delirio. Conclusión: La evidencia ha demostrado que los enfermeros son esenciales en la identificación temprana, prevención y control del delirio, previniendo la progresión de la enfermedad, contribuyendo para la reducción de la morbimortalidad. La intervención de enfermería debe incluir la identificación de factores predisponentes y/o precipitantes para contribuir a la reducción de la ocurrencia y/o resolución del delirio.

Effect of sequential sedation and analgesia in preventing delirium and withdrawal symptoms in children after ventilator weaning / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the effect of sequential sedative and analgesic drugs in preventing delirium and withdrawal symptoms in children after ventilator weaning.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed on 61 children who were admitted and received mechanical ventilation support for ≥5 days in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of Dongguan Children's Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University from December 2019 to September 2021. The children were divided into a control group (30 children with no maintenance of analgesic and sedative drugs after ventilator weaning) and an observation group (31 children with sequential sedative and analgesic drugs maintained for 48 hours after ventilator weaning). The two groups were compared in terms of the Sophia Observation Withdrawal Symptoms Scale (SOS) score, the Pediatric Delirium Scale (PD) score, the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) score, and the incidence rates of delirium or withdrawal symptoms at 24 and 72 hours after ventilator weaning.@*RESULTS@#There was no significant difference in the incidence rate of delirium at 24 hours and 72 hours after ventilator weaning between the two groups (P>0.05). Compared with the control group, the observation group had significantly lower incidence rate of withdrawal symptoms and scores of SOS, PD, and RASS scales at 24 hours and 72 hours after ventilator weaning (P<0.01).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Sequential sedation and analgesia after ventilator weaning can reduce the incidence of withdrawal symptoms within 72 hours after ventilator weaning, but it cannot reduce the incidence rate of delirium.

Risk factors for postoperative delirium in children with congenital heart disease: a prospective nested case-control study / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the risk factors for postoperative delirium (POD) in children with congenital heart disease.@*METHODS@#A prospective nested case-control study was performed on children with congenital heart disease who underwent surgery in Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, from December 2020 to June 2021. The clinical data were compared between the POD group (n=114) and non-POD group (n=102). A multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors for POD in children with congenital heart disease.@*RESULTS@#The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age (OR=0.951, P<0.001), gender (OR=2.127, P=0.049), number of invasive catheters per day (OR=1.490, P=0.017), degree of postoperative pain (OR=5.856, P<0.001), and preoperative parental anxiety level (OR=1.025, P=0.010) were independent risk factors for POD in children with congenital heart disease.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The risk of POD increases in children with congenital heart disease who are younger, male, have higher number of invasive catheters per day, higher degree of postoperative pain, or higher preoperative parental anxiety level.

Analysis of risk factors for readmission in elderly patients with hip fractures undergoing hip hemiarthroplasty / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the incidence and risk factors of readmission of elderly patients with hip fracture after hip hemiarthroplasty.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis of 237 elderly hip fracture patients who underwent hip hemiarthroplasty from February 2015 to October 2020 were performed. According to the readmission status of the patients at 3 months postoperatively, the patients were divided into readmission group (39 cases)and non-readmission group(198 cases). In readmission group, there were 7 males and 32 females with an average age of(84.59±4.34) years old, respectively, there were 34 males and 164 females with average age of (84.65±4.17) years old in non-readmission group. The general information, surgical status, hip Harris score and complications of patients in two groups were included in univariate analysis, and multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze independent risk factors of patients' readmission.@*RESULTS@#The proportion of complications(cerebral infarction and coronary heart disease) in readmission group was significantly higher than that of non-readmission group (P<0.05), and intraoperative blood loss in readmission group was significantly higher than that of non-readmission group(P<0.05). Harris score of hip joint was significantly lower than that of non-readmission group(P<0.05). The proportion of infection, delirium, joint dislocation, anemia and venous thrombosis in readmission group were significantly higher than that of non-readmission group (all P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors for readmission of elderly patients with hip fracture after hip hemiarthroplasty included cerebral infarction, infection, delirium, dislocation, anemia and venous thrombosis (all P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The complications of the elderly patients who were readmission after hip hemiarthroplasty for hip fractures were significantly higher than those who were non-readmission. Cerebral infarction, infection, delirium, dislocation, anemia and venous thrombosis are risk factors that lead to patient readmission. Corresponding intervention measures can be taken clinically based on these risk factors to reduce the incidence of patient readmissions.

Incidence and risk factors of delirium in post-anaesthesia care unit

INTRODUCTION@#Post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU) delirium is a potentially preventable condition that results in a significant long-term effect. In a multicentre prospective cohort study, we investigate the incidence and risk factors of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgery.@*METHODS@#Patients were consented and recruited from 4 major hospitals in Singapore. Research ethics approval was obtained. Patients older than 65 years undergoing non-cardiac surgery >2 hours were recruited. Baseline perioperative data were collected. Preoperative baseline cognition was obtained. Patients were assessed in the post-anaesthesia care unit for delirium 30-60 minutes after arrival using the Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (Nu-DESC).@*RESULTS@#Ninety-eight patients completed the study. Eleven patients (11.2%) had postoperative delirium. Patients who had PACU delirium were older (74.6±3.2 versus 70.6±4.4 years, P=0.005). Univariate analysis showed those who had PACU delirium are more likely to be ASA 3 (63.6% vs 31.0%, P=0.019), had estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of >60mL/min/1.73m2 (36.4% vs 10.6%, P=0.013), higher HbA1C value (7.8±1.2 vs 6.6±0.9, P=0.011), raised random blood glucose (10.0±5.0mmol/L vs 6.5±2.4mmol/L, P=0.0066), and moderate-severe depression (18.2% vs 1.1%, P=0.033). They are more likely to stay longer in hospital (median 8 days [range 4-18] vs 4 days [range 2-8], P=0.049). Raised random blood glucose is independently associated with increased PACU delirium on multivariate analysis.

Prevention of dexmedetomidine on postoperative delirium and early postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients undergoing hepatic lobectomy / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#Postoperative delirium (POD) and postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) are common operative neurocognitive disorders, which places a heavy burden on patients, families and society. Therefore, it is very important to search for preventive drugs. Previous studies have demonstrated that perioperative use of dexmedetomidine resulted in a decrease the incidence of POD and POCD. But the specific effect of dexmedetomidine on elderly patients undergoing hepatic lobectomy and its potential mechanism are not clear. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of intraoperative use of dexmedetomidine on preventing POD and POCD in elderly patients undergoing hepatic lobectomy and the influence on the balance between proinflammation and anti-inflammation.@*METHODS@#This trial was designed as a single-center, prospective, randomized, controlled study. One hundred and twenty hospitalized patients from January 2019 to December 2020, aged 60-80 years old with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) II-III and scheduled for hepatic lobectomy, were randomly allocated into 3 groups (n=40) using a random number table: A C group, a Dex1 group, and a Dex2 group. After anesthesia induction, saline in the C group, dexmedetomidine [0.3 μg/(kg·h)] in the Dex1 group, and dexmedetomidine [0.6 μg/(kg·h)] in the Dex2 group were infused until the end of operation. The incidences of hypotension and bradycardia were compared among the 3 groups. Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) for assessing POD and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) for evaluating POCD were recorded and venous blood samples were obtained for the determination of neuron specific enolase (NSE), TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10 at the different time below: the time before anesthesia (T0), and the first day (T1), the third day (T2), the fifth day (T3), and the seventh day (T4) after operation.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the C group, the incidences of bradycardia in the Dex1 group or the Dex2 group increased (both P<0.05) and there was no difference in hypotension in the Dex1 group or the Dex2 group (both P>0.05). The incidences of POD in the C group, the Dex1 group, and the Dex2 group were 22.5%, 5.0%, and 7.5%, respectively. The incidences of POD in the Dex1 group or the Dex2 group declined significantly as compared to the C group (both P<0.05). However, there is no difference in the incidence of POD between the Dex1 group and the Dex2 group (P>0.05). The incidences of POCD in the C group, the Dex1 group, and the Dex2 group were 30.0%, 12.5%, and 10.0%, respectively. The incidences of POCD in the Dex1 group and the Dex2 group declined significantly as compared to the C group (both P<0.05). And no obvious difference was seen in the incidence of POCD in the Dex1 group and the Dex2 group (P>0.05). Compared with the C group, the level of TNF-α and IL-1β decreased and the level of IL-10 increased at each time points (from T1 to T4) in the Dex1 group and the Dex2 group (all P<0.05). Compared with the Dex1 group, the level of IL-1β at T2 and IL-10 from T1 to T3 elevated in the Dex2 group (all P<0.05). Compared with the T0, the concentrations of NSE in C group at each time points (from T1 to T4) and in the Dex1 group and the Dex2 group from T1 to T3 increased (all P<0.05). Compared with the C group, the level of NSE decreased from T1 to T4 in the Dex1 group and the Dex2 group (all P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Intraoperative dexmedetomidine infusion can reduce the incidence of POCD and POD in elderly patients undergoing hepatic lobectomy, and the protective mechanism appears to involve the down-regulation of TNF-α and IL-1β and upregulation of IL-10 expression, which lead to rebalance between proinflammation and anti-inflammation.