Divertículo sigmoideo gigante complicado en un paciente diabético / Complicated sigmoid giant diverticulum seen in a diabetic patient

La divertículosis colónica es una entidad frecuente en los países occidentales y representa una de las primeras enfermedades gastrointestinales con mayor repercusión en cuanto a costos de salud. La prevalencia de esta dolencia aumenta con la edad, aproximadamente hasta un 50 porciento de los adultos mayores de 60 años la padecen. Se señala que una de las razones de este incremento es el bajo consumo de fibras en la dieta y una interacción compleja entre la fibra dietética, la estructura de la pared colónica y la motilidad intestinal. El divertículo gigante de colon (mayor de 4 cm) es una entidad rara, hemos encontrado 156 publicados en la literatura. El presente caso es un paciente masculino de 47 años de edad con múltiples comorbilidades que hicieron su forma de presentación inusual y difícil su diagnóstico(AU)

Colonic diverticulosis is a frequent pathology in Western countries and represents one of the major gastrointestinal diseases with higher impact on health costs. Its prevalence increases with the age and is present in almost 50 percent of adults over 60 years old living in these countries. It has been said that among the reasons for this rise is the low dietary fiber consumption, and the complex interaction among the dietary fiber, the colon wall structure and the intestinal motility. Giant colonic diverticulum (over 4 cm long) is a rare entity; we have found just 156 cases reported in literature. This is the case of a 47 years-old male patient, who presented with multiple comorbidities that cause the unusual presentation of the diverticulum and create difficulties in diagnosing it(AU)

Divertículo colónico invertido: presentación de un caso / Reverse colonic diverticulum: a case presentation

El divertículo colónico invertido es un hallazgo endoscópico inusual, algunos autores lo señalan dentro de las manifestaciones clínicas como sangramiento digestivo bajo, no se reportan otras complicaciones, a no ser que existan errores en el diagnóstico que conlleven a la toma de biopsia del mismo, así como la resección endoscópica.Caso clínico: paciente masculino, de 70 años de edad, que acudió a consulta por presentar cuadro doloroso abdominal en el lado izquierdo desde hace varios meses, con períodos de mejoría y recaídas. Como síntomas acompañantes presentó, fiebre de causa desconocida que mejoraba con antipiréticos, así como constipación de más de cinco años para lo cual tomaba laxantes con cierta frecuencia, presentó deposiciones con estrías de sangre en más de una ocasión. Al examen físico se constató dolor a la palpación profunda en el lado izquierdo y mucosas ligeramente hipocoloreadas

Reverse colonic diverticulum is an unusual endoscopic finding, some authors point it out within the clinical manifestations, lower gastrointestinal bleeding, other complications are not reported unless there are errors in diagnosis leading to a biopsy, as well as endoscopic resection.Case report: a 70 years old, male patient came to the consultation by presenting a picture of abdominal pain on the left side from several months ago, with periods of improvement and relapses. As accompanying symptoms developed fever of unknown cause which improved with antipyretics, as well as constipation for over five years, taking laxatives regularly. In addition, he presented stools with blood striae more than once. In the physical examination was found pain in left side to the deep palpation and slightly hypocolored mucus

GIST Yeyunal con Sangrado Digestivo de Origen Oscuro / Jejunal GIST with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding

Reportamos el caso de una mujer de 84 años con antecedentes de arritmia cardiaca y hemorroides. Tenía múltiples hospitalizaciones y transfusiones por anemia ferropénica sintomática; los estudios endoscópicos solo demostraron divertículos y pequeños pòlipos de colon. Posteriormente fue hospitalizada por presentar heces sanguinolentas de color rojo vinoso; la endoscopia alta indicó gastritis y la colonoscopia mostró pequeñas úlceras colónicas, un pólipo colónico y múltiples divertículos. Meses después, reingresó con hemorragia de origen oscuro; en esa ocasión se demostraron: gastritis, erosiones antrales, pequeños pólipos colónicos y úlceras colónicas en vías de cicatrización; la cápsula endoscópica mostró probable angiodisplasia en yeyuno medio, la enteroscopia anterógrada detectó en yeyuno proximal algunas lesiones eritematosas sin evidencia de sangrado activo. Volvió a ser hospitalizada por melena y dolor abdominal, la endoscopia alta mostró angiodisplasias gástricas y duodenales que fueron tratadas. El último ingreso indicó un tiempo de enfermedad de dos años, el episodio se caracterizó por presentar deposiciones rojo vinosas y anemia. La endoscopia mostró angiodisplasia gástrica, que fue tratada con termocoagulación con argón plasma. En el examen no presentó signos de descompensación hipovolémica. Enfocado como un problema de hemorragia digestiva de origen oscuro se repitieron varios exámenes endoscópicos sin resultados. Resangró estando hospitalizada, se realizó cápsula endoscópica que demostró sangrado agudo en yeyuno, se complementó con nueva enteroscopia anterógrada que mostró lesiones ulceradas de yeyuno, se marcó el área con tinta china y se indicó laparotomía exploratoria. En la intervención quirúrgica se encontró en borde antimesentérico de yeyuno, una tumoración redondeada (6x6x4.5 cm) de crecimiento extraluminal, que comprometía la pared sin adherirse a otras estructuras; se realizó resección del tumor y anastomosis yeyuno-yeyunal. El estudio histológico -con inmunohistoquímica- del espécimen mostró que se trataba de un Tumor Estromal Intestinal (GIST), de riesgo intermedio, patrón histológico fusiforme, con escasas mitosis, dependiente de la capa muscular propia del intestino delgado. En conclusión el presente caso se trata de una mujer con un GIST yeyunal cuya presentación clínica fue una hemorragia de origen oscuro que constituyó un problema diagnóstico y que gracias al advenimiento de los nuevos procedimientos endoscópicos (enteroscopia y cápsula endoscópica) fue localizada y posteriormente extirpada quirúrgicamente.

We report the case of a woman of 84 years with a history of cardiac arrhythmia and hemorrhoids. She had multiple hospitalizations and transfusions for symptomatic iron deficiency anemia, endoscopic studies showed only small diverticula and colon polyps. He was later hospitalized with bloody stools red wines, upper endoscopy and colonoscopy showed gastritis, small colonic ulcers, colonic polyp and multiple diverticula. Readmitted with bleeding of obscure origin, on that occasion showed gastritis, antral erosions, small ulcers, colon polyps and colon ulcers in the process of healing, capsule endoscopy showed angiodysplasia in jejunum, anterograde enteroscopy detected some erythematous lesions in proximal jejunum without evidence of bleeding. Again hospitalized for melena and abdominal pain, upper endoscopy revealed gastric and duodenal angiodysplasia were treated. The last entry indicated a time of two years disease, the current episode with wine-red colored stools, Hb: 8.4 g, for which he received two units of PG. Endoscopy showed gastric angiodysplasia, which was treated with thermocoagulation (argon plasma). In the entrance examination showed no signs of hypovolaemic decompensation. Approached as a problem of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding were repeated several endoscopic examinations without results. She re-bled being hospitalized, capsule endoscopy was performed showing acute bleeding in the jejunum, complemented by new anterograde enteroscopy that showed ulcerated lesions of the jejunum, the area was marked with indian ink. Exploratory laparotomy was indicated. In the surgical intervention it was in edge antimesentérico of yeyuno, a round tumor (6x6 cm) of extraluminal growth, which compromised the wall without sticking to other structure, Resection of the tumor and jejuno-jejunal anastomosis was realized. The histological study with immunohistochemistry showed an Intestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST), intermediate risk, histological pattern fusiform, with scarce mitosis; the lesion was dependent on the muscularis propria of the small intestine. In conclusion, this case involves a woman with a jejunal GIST whose clinical presentation was hemorrhage of unknown origin which was a diagnostic problem and thanks to the advent of new endoscopic procedures (enteroscopy and capsule endoscopy) could locate the place of injury and subsequent surgery.

Achados colonoscópicos em pessoas sem quadro clínico de doença colorretal / Colonoscopic findings in asymptomatic people

CONTEXTO: O câncer colorretal é causa de morte frequente e sua prevenção deve fazer parte dos programas de rastreamento em indivíduos assintomáticos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os achados colonoscópicos de pessoas assintomáticas submetidas a colonoscopia. MÉTODO: Foram estudados 153 pessoas assintomáticas submetidas a colonoscopia. Sexo, idade, história pregressa e familiar, tabagismo e etilismo foram avaliados. Indivíduos com hematoquesia macro ou microscópica e os com doença colorretal foram excluídos. Preparo intestinal, presença de pólipos, angioectasias, doença diverticular, processo inflamatório e neoplasia foram investigados. Os pólipos foram classificados de acordo com seu tamanho, número e localização. RESULTADOS: A idade média foi de 52,47 ± 11,64 anos. História familiar de câncer colorretal foi verificada em 20,2 por cento dos indivíduos. Alterações colonoscópicas foram verificadas em 99 indivíduos: pólipos em 64,28 por cento, doença diverticular em 27,92 por cento, alterações inflamatórias em 9,74 por cento, melanose colônica em 2,6 por cento e angioectasias em 7,8 por cento. Houve incidência maior de pólipos em indivíduos acima de 50 anos. A análise de regressão logística mostrou a idade e sexo como fatores preditores para a presença de pólipos (RR = 1,69; 1,23

CONTEXT: Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death. Prevention of colorectal cancer should be achievable by screening programs in asymptomatic patients. OBJECTIVE: To assess the colonoscopic findings in asymptomatic people submitted to screening. METHODS: A prospective study was undertaken on 153 consecutive asymptomatic people submitted to colonoscopy. Sex, age, previous diseases and familial cases of cancer, as well as tobacco and alcohol ingestion were assessed. Patients with rectal macro- or microscopic bleeding and colorectal diseases were excluded. Bowel preparation, polyps, angioectasias, diverticular disease, inflammation and neoplasm were also verified. Polyps were classified according to their size, number and location. RESULTS: Mean age was 52.5 ± 11.7 years. Family history for colorectal cancer occurred in 79.8 percent of individuals. Colonoscopic alterations were detected in 99 individuals: polyps in 64.3 percent, diverticular disease in 27.9 percent, inflammatory mucosal alterations in 9.7 percent, melanosi coli in 2.6 percent and angioectasias in 7.8 percent. There were an increasing incidence of polyps in patients older than 50 year. Multivariate logistic regression showed age and sex as predictive factors for polyps (OR = 1.43; 1.19

Colonic diverticular disease: current perspectives.

Diverticular disease is a common condition affecting large intestine in the western world, which, although remains asymptomatic in majority of people, can present with abdominal pain, acute diverticulitis, perforation, haemorrhage, intestinal obstruction and fistulation through neighbouring organs. Complicated colonic diverticular disease (CDD) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Increasing urbanisation globally with intake of diet deficient in fibres has led to CDD as a significant problem; hence awareness of CDD is paramount for its prevention and appropriate management. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentations, and current management of diverticular disease of the colon and its complications.

Diagnostic evaluation of patients presenting with bleeding per rectum by colonoscopy

Rectal bleeding is a manifestation of lower gastrointestinal bleed, which means bleeding from a site distal to ligament of Treitz. Annual incidence of this problem has been estimated to be 20% and mortality as 11%. Patients complaining of haematochezia are suspected of having lower GI bleeding and proctosigmoidoscopy followed by colonoscopy is the examination of choice for diagnosis and treatment. Previous evidence suggested that in our country, frequencies of different aetiologies of lower GI bleed are different from the West. This study validated the previous findings. The Objective of this study was to determine the causes of rectal bleeding in adult patients at Military Hospital, Rawalpindi. One hundred and five adult patients with visible rectal bleed, irrespective of their gender were selected by non-probability convenient sampling from general medical OPD and general medical wards. Patients with suspected upper GI source of bleeding; haemorrhoidal bleed and acute infectious diarrhoea were excluded from the study. All patients were subjected to fibre-optic colonoscopy after necessary preparation and findings were recorded. Biopsies taken from suspected lesions were clinically indicated. Diagnosis was based on colonoscopic and histopathologic findings. A total of 105 patients [77 male and 28 female] with mean age 41.04 yrs were part of the study. Colonoscopy showed abnormal findings in 85 [84%] patients. The commonest diagnosis was ulcerative colitis, which was found in 48 [46%] patients. It was followed by colorectal carcinoma, 11 [10%] patients, and non-specific colitis, 9 [8%] patients. Other less frequent findings were colonic diverticuli, 7 [6%] patients, solitary rectal ulcer, 5 [4%] patients, colonic polyps in 3 [2.5%] patients and one case each of telangiectasia and Crohn's disease. Colonoscopy has very high diagnostic yield and would be recommended in the workup of patients presenting with bleeding per rectum. Ulcerative colitis was the leading cause of bleeding per rectum in this study; while infrequent findings of Crohn's disease, polyps and diverticuli indicate that these are uncommon in this region

Tumor diverticular que imita una enfermedad neoplásica en un paciente VIH-positivo / Diverticular tumor imitating neoplastic disease in an HIV positive patient

Introducción: A pesar de que en la era de la terapia antirretroviral de alta eficacia (HAART) la incidencia de los tumores malignos en la población VIH/SIDA está en creciente aumento y es actualmente su mayor causa de muerte, estos pacientes también pueden presentar lesiones tumorales de origen inflamatorio, micótico, parasitario, o bacteriano, que en algunos casos puede resultar muy difícil diferenciar de una neoplasia antes de la exéresis quirúrgica completa de la lesión. Objetivo: Comunicar el caso de un paciente VIH-positivo con un tumor inflamatorio de origen diverticular y discutir los posibles diagnósticos diferenciales. Paciente y método: Paciente masculino de 42 años, drogadependiente y VIH positivo (estadio AI), en tratamiento con HAART, con constipación y mucorrea de 4 años de evolución y proctorragia postevacuatoria y dolor abdominal a predominio de FII intermitentes desde hace un año. Examen fisico, laboratorio de rutina, CEA y perfil inmunológico normales. La videocolonoscopía y el colon por enema mostraron una estenosis sigmoidea infranqueable con mucosa conservada. La tomografia computada abdominopelviana evidenció engrosamiento parietal del colon sigmoides y múltiples ganglios no adenomegálicos. Resultados: Se indicó el tratamiento quirúrgico con el diagnóstico de un probable tumor extramucoso benigno, o de bajo grado de malignidad. Se encontró un tumor sigmoideo duro-elástico de 9 x 7 cm, con la serosa congestiva y adherencias laxas a la cara posterior de la vejiga, acompañado por varias adenopatías mesentéricas. Se realizó una resección anterior con carácter oncológico. Abierta la pieza se constató un gran engrosamiento parietal con mucosa edematosa. No tuvo complicaciones postoperatorias. La anatomia patológica informó una enfermedad diverticular del colon con peridiverticulitis y marcada fibrosis parietal. (TRUNCADO) (AU)...

Introduction: Despite the fact that in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era the incidence of malignant tumors in HIV/AIDS population is increasing, and is currently the major cause of death, these patients can also present tumoral lesions of inflammatory, fungal, parasitic, or bacterial origin in some cases very difficult to differentiate from a neoplasia before complete surgical resection. Objective: Report on a HIV positive patient with an inflammatory diverticular tumor, and discuss the possible differential diagnosis. Patient and methods: Male, 42 years old, intravenous drug abuser, and HIV-positive (AI stage), on HAART, complaining of constipation and mucous discharge the last 4 years, and intermittent rectal bleeding and abdominal pain (predominantly in the right iliac fossae) the last year. Physical examination, blood tests, CEA, and immune status were normal. Colonoscopy and barium enema showed a not negotiable sigmoid stenosis with normal mucosa. The computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis showed parietal thickening of the sigmoid colon and multiple not enlarged lymphoid nodes. Results: Surgical treatment, with the diagnosis of probable extramucosal benign or low-grade malignant tumor, was indicated. A 9 x 7 cm, rubber consistency sigmoid tumor was found. It had congestive serosa and smooth adhesions to the posterior aspect of the bladder, associated with several mesenteric nodes. An oncologíc anterior resection was carried out. The opened specimen showed a 4 cm thickening of the intestinal wall, with edematous, non tumoral mucosa. The postoperative course was uneventful. The histopathology report was diverticular colonic disease with peridiverticulitis, and marked parietal fibrosis. Conclusion: Currently, in the HIV-positive population the incidence of malignant tumors related or not to AIDS has increased, due to better management of opportunistic infections, and the best life expectancy... (TRUNCADO)

La radiología del colon por enema en el siglo XXI / Radiology of barium enema in the XXI century

Antecedentes: En los últimos años se ha introducido nuevos métodos para el estudio del colon. Objetivo: Analizar las distintas alternativas actuales para el diagnóstico de la patología colónica y el rol que el colon por enema (CxE) tiene en la actualidad, comparado con la videocolonoscopía (VCC), la colonoscopía virtual (CV) y la tomografía computada (TC). Material y métodos: Análisis de distintas series de la literatura que evalúan el papel de los diferentes métodos de estudio del colon. Resultados: Como estudio de catastro, la VCC y la CV fueron superiores en el diagnóstico de adenomas comparados con el CxE, que demostró una sensibilidad de alrededor del 50 por ciento según el tamaño de las lesiones con respecto a la VCC. Para pacientes sintomáticos, los resultados fueron similares. En pacientes ancianos, la TC mostró una sensibilidad comparable al CxE, no mostró el 2 por ciento de las lesiones radiológicas, sin las limitaciones de la preparación y la posibilidad de diagnóstico extracolónico. El CxE tiene utilidad en la colonoscopía incompleta pero compitiendo con la CV que tiene superior sensibilidad (50 contra 89 por ciento). Tiene mejor sensibilidad que la VCC en enfermedad diverticular (42 contra 18 casos), pero en patología asociada en colon sigmoideo, la sensibilidad es del 32 al 49 por ciento según el tamaño de las lesiones. La radiología aventaja a la VCC y CV en costo, siendo un 75 por ciento más económica. En series consultadas la indicación de CxE se ha reducido un 30 por ciento en los últimos 5 años. Conclusiones: El CxE tiene limitadas sus indicaciones en la actualidad y su utilización ha disminuido, siendo su futuro de indicación más restringida por el desarrollo y difusión de la VCC, el mejoramiento de la TC y el desarrollo de nuevos procedimientos como la CV.

Background: New methods to study the colon have been introduced in recent years. Objective: To assess current different alternatives to study colonic diseases, and the barium enema (BE) role compared to videocolonoscopy (VCO), virtual colonoscopy (VC), and computed tomography (CT). Material and methods: Analysis of different series of the bibliography that evaluate the various methods of colon study. Results: In the screening studies, the VCO and the VC were superior for the diagnosis of adenomas compared with BE which demostrated a sensitivity of around 50 per cent, according to polyp size, with respect to the VCO. For symptomatic patients, the results were similar. In elderly patients, the CT showed a comparable sensitivity with BE, did not show 2 per cent of the radiological injuries, but without the limitations of the preparation and the possibility of extracolonic diagnosis. BE is useful in incomplete colonoscopy, however, compete with VC, which has superior sensitivity (50 vs. 89 per cent). BE has better sensitivity than VCO in diverticular disease (42 vs. 18 cases), but in associated in sigmoid colon pathology, sensitivity is 32 to 49 per cent according to the size of the polyps. Radiology surpasses VCO and VC in cost, being 75 per cent less expensive. According to reviewed series, the indication of BE has been reduced by 30 per cent in the last 5 years. Conclusions: currently, BE has limited indications, which will be more restricted in the future due to the development and diffusion of VCO, the improvement of the CT and the development of new procedures, such as the VC.

Doença diverticular do cólon / Disease of the diverticulosis colonic

Os autores fazem uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a doença diverticular colônica, objetivando abordar informações quanto a sua prevalência, patogenia, manifestações clínicas e estratégia diagnóstica e terapêutica

Diverticulo do reto: relato de caso / Rectal diverticulum: case story

A doença diverticular dos cólons apresenta alta prevalência na civilização ocidental e, não obstante atingir todo intestino grosso, acomete o cólon sigmóide com maior freqüência, sendo o envolvimento do reto extremamente raro. O objetivo do presente artigo é descrever um caso de divertículo retal, diagnosticado durante exame proctológico e estudado por meio de enema opaco, ultrassonografia tridimensional, ressonância magnética e manometria anorretal, bem como realizar revisão da literatura. Homem, 56 anos de idade com queixa de sangramento retal às evacuações há oito meses. Os exames revelaram divertículo retal único, em parede lateral esquerda, de aproximadamente quatro centímetros de diâmetro, a seis centímetros da margem anal, associado a doença hemorroidária de segundo grau e a doença diverticular em cólon sigmóide. Realizou-se biópsia de mucosa retal no interior do divertículo que não demonstrou áreas de metaplasia ou displasia. O exame proctológico mostrou que o sangramento era oriundo da doença hemorroidária que foi tratada, com sucesso, por meio de duas sessões de ligadura elástica. No momento o enfermo encontra-se assintomático, em acompanhamento periódico, sem recidiva do sangramento um ano após o diagnóstico.

O papel da colonoscopia na hemorragia digestiva baixa aguda / The role of colonoscopy in acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage

Objetivo: O propósito deste trabalho é avaliar o papel da colonoscopia em pacientes com hemorragia digestiva baixa (HDB) ativa que necessitam de internaçäo hospitalar. Pacientes e métodos: Um estudo propectivo de todos os pacientes que apresentam sangramento retal agudo e importante o suficiente para requerer internaçäo hospitalar, foi realizado de dezembro de 1995 a dezembro de 1996 no Pronto-Socorro Cirúrgico do Hospital das Clínicas. Todos foram submetidos a toque retal e anuscopia. Foram tomadas medidas dos níveis séricos de hemoglobina, transfusöes sanguíneas (quando necessárias) e normalizados os parâmetros hemodinâmicos em todos os pacientes. A endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA) foi também realizada em todos os casos e, por fim, os pacientes foram submetidos a preparo de cólon "expresso" com manitol, e encaminhados à colonoscopia. Resultados: Foram estudados 35 pacientes com idade média de 59,4 anos. A colonoscopia efetivou o diagnóstico em 31 casos (88,57 porcento). Em dois casos (5,71 porcento), a fonte do sangramento era proveniente do trato gastrointestinal (TGI) superior e a EDA inicial näo fez o diagnóstico, tendo sido necessário um segundo exame; e, nos outros dois casos (5,71 porcento), o local do sangramento näo foi encontrado...