Outcomes of Non-Operative Treatment for Duodenal Stump Leakage after Gastrectomy in Patients with Gastric Cancer

PURPOSE: We evaluated the clinical outcomes of the non-operative management of post-gastrectomy duodenal stump leakage in patients with gastric cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1,230 patients underwent gastrectomy at our institution between 2010 and 2014. Duodenal stump leakage was diagnosed in 19 patients (1.5%), and these patients were included in this study. The management options varied with patient condition; patients were managed conservatively, with a pigtail catheter drain, or by tube duodenostomy via a Foley catheter. The patients' clinical outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: Duodenal stump leakage was diagnosed in all 19 patients within a median of 10 days (range, 1~20 days). The conservative group comprised of 5 patients (26.3%), the pigtail catheter group of 11 patients (57.9%), and the Foley catheter group of 3 patients (15.8%). All 3 management modalities were successful; none of the patients needed further operative intervention. The median hospital stay was 18, 33, and 42 days, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Non-operative management of duodenal stump leakage for selected groups of patients with gastric cancer was effective for control of intra-abdominal sepsis. This management modality can help obviate the need for surgical intervention.

Feasibility of Cap-Assisted Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in Patients with Altered Gastrointestinal Anatomy

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is technically challenging in patients with altered gastrointestinal (GI) anatomy. We evaluated the feasibility of cap-assisted ERCP in patients with altered GI anatomy. METHODS: The outcome of ERCP procedures (n=136) was analyzed in 78 patients with Billroth II (B-II) gastrectomy (n=72), Roux-en-Y total gastrectomy (n=4), and hepaticoduodenostomy (n=2). The intubation rate for reaching the papilla of Vater (POV), deep biliary cannulation rate, therapeutic interventions and procedure-related complications were analyzed. All of the procedures were conducted using a cap-fitted forward-viewing endoscope. RESULTS: The rate of access to the POV was 97.1% (132/136). In cases with successful access, selective biliary cannulation was achieved in 98.5% (130/132) of the patients. The successful biliary cannulation rates were 100% (125/125) for B-II gastrectomy, 50% (2/4) for Roux-en-Y gastrectomy and 100% (3/3) for hepaticoduodenostomy. After selective biliary cannulation, therapeutic interventions, including stone extraction (n=57), sphincterotomy (n=54), stent placement (n=37), nasobiliary drainage (n=20), endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation (n=7) and mechanical lithotripsy (n=15), were performed successfully. The procedure-related complication rate was 8.8% (12/136), including immediate bleeding (5.9%, 8/136), pancreatitis (2.2%, 3/136), and perforation (0.7%, 1/136). There were no procedure-related deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Cap-assisted ERCP is efficient and safe in patients with altered GI anatomy.

Organoaxial partial rotation of duodenum with midgut malrotation in an adult

Midgut malrotation includes a range of developmental abnormalities that occur during fetal intestinal rotation. Manifestations of intestinal malrotation are generally seen in the paediatric population and are uncommon in adults. Symptomatic patients may present with either acute abdominal pain due to midgut volvulus, or chronic abdominal pain due to proximal midgut partial obstruction in the presence of congenital bands. A limited number of paediatric cases of duodenal occlusion due to duodenal malrotation has been previously reported in the medical literature. We herein report the case of a 57-year-old woman who presented with duodenal obstruction due to organoaxial partial rotation of the distal duodenum associated with midgut malrotation. This is probably the first of such a case diagnosed in adulthood reported in the medical literature. Our patient underwent Roux-en-Y duodenojejunostomy and had symptomatic relief following the successful surgery.

Endoscopy ultrasonography guided biliary drainage in the surgical endoscopy era: [revisión]

ANTECEDENTES: La Ecoendoscopia guiada para hepático - gastrostomía, colédoco duodenostomía y colédoco antrostomía, son procedimientos avanzados de la endoscopia biliar y pancreático, y juntos forman el drenaje biliar eco-guiada. La Hepático - gastrostomía está indicada en casos de obstrucción hiliar, mientras que en las lesiones distales el procedimiento de elección es la colédoco - duodenostomía. Ambos procedimientos se deben hacer solamente después de la CPRE sin éxito. OBJETIVOS: Para aclarar a los lectores sobre la indicación de estos procedimientos, que deben ser realizados conforme a un punto de vista multidisciplinaria, con un intercambio de información con el paciente ó su representante legal. MÉTODOS: Todos los informes y estudios de series de casos seleccionados de cohortes fueron seleccionados de acuerdo al sistema de DDTS distributed defect tracking system en el que las palabras clave fueron el drenaje biliar EUS, colédoco-duodenostomía, hepático gastrostomía, la USE, la paliación y el páncreas avanzado, cáncer biliar. RESULTADOS: Por separado se indicó en la definición de los procedimientos de drenaje biliar EUS e incluye los detalles de las técnicas y análisis crítico. CONCLUSIÓN: La hepático- gastrostomía y colédoco duodenostomía-son factibles cuando es realizada por endoscopistas con experiencia en endoscopia pancreática biliar y de eco-endoscopia y se debe realizar en la actualidad bajo un protocolo riguroso en las instituciones educativas.

BACKGROUND: US-guided hepatico - gastrostomy, choledocho-duodenostomy and choledocho-antrostomy are advanced procedures on biliary and pancreatic endoscopy and together make up the echo-guided biliary drainage. Hepatico - gastrostomy is indicated incases of hiliar obstruction, while the procedure of choice is choledocho - duodenostomy indistal lesions. Both procedures must be done only after unsuccessful ERCP. AIMS: To clarify to the readers about indication of these procedures, they must be made under a multidisciplinary view while sharing information with the patient or legal guardian. METHODS: All series cases report and selected cohort studies were selected according to the DDTS system in which key words were EUS biliary drainage, choledocho-duodenostomy, hepatico-gastrostomy, EUS, palliation and pancreatic biliary advanced cancer. RESULTS: Separately it was stated definition on the EUS biliary drainage procedures and it includes the techniques details and critical analysis. CONCLUSION: Hepatico- gastrostomy and Choledocho- duodenostomy are feasible when performed by endoscopists with expertise in bilio pancreatic endoscopy and advanced echo-endoscopy and should be performed currently under rigorous protocol in educational institutions.

Fístula duodenal traumática tratada por duodenostomia endoscópica percutânea ecoguiada / Traumatic duodenal distula treated by percutaneous endoscopic duodenostomy ecoguiada

A conduta frente a uma fístula duodenal recidivada de alto débito é de difícil manejo. Uma nova cirurgia poderia aumentar as já elevadas taxas de morbimortalidade inerentes a esta situação. Para evitar isto, procedimentos alternativos, minimamente invasivos, têm sido relatados com sucesso para o tratamento das fístulas enterocutâneas. Apresentaremos um caso de fístula duodenal traumática recidivada após diverticulização duodenal em Y de Roux, que permaneceu com débito inalterado após 40 dias de tratamento conservador. A realização de uma duodenostomia endoscópica percutânea ecoguiada propiciou o fechamento da fístula. Nenhum relato de fístula duodenal tratada por esta técnica foi encontrado. Apesar deste procedimento ter se mostrado factível e seguro, mais fístulas deverão ser fechadas usando esta técnica para demonstrar que este será um instrumento seguro para se lidar com este problema.

Management of high output duodenal fistula is a difficult problem; another surgery would be associated with higher rates of morbidity and mortality. To avoid this, several minimal invasive alternative methods have been reported for the treatment of enterocutaneous fistulae. A case of a duodenal fistula following a blunt abdominal trauma, treated unsuccessful duodenal suture, followed by another surgery - duodenal exclusion using Roux - en - Y is reported. The fistula persisted for 40 days of conservative management. Echo guided percutaneous endoscopic duodenostomy was successfully performed leading to the obliteration of the fistula. No previous report of the closure of a duodenal fistula by this technique was found. This procedure showed simple and safe. Further experience may be necessary to demonstrate that it is an effective tool in dealing with this complex problem.

An 18-year experience of tracheoesophageal fistula and esophageal atresia / 소아과

PURPOSE: To determine the clinical manifestations and outcomes of patients with tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) and esophageal atresia (EA) born at a single neonatal intensive care unit. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted for 97 patients with confirmed TEF and EA who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit between 1990 and 2007. RESULTS: The rate of prenatal diagnosis was 12%. The average gestational age and birth weight were 37(+2) weeks and 2.5+/-0.7 kg, respectively. Thirty-one infants were born prematurely (32%). Type C was the most common. The mean gap between the proximal and distal esophagus was 2 cm. Esophago-esophagostomy was performed in 72 patients at a mean age of 4 days after birth; gastrostomy or duodenostomy were performed in 8 patients. Forty patients exhibited vertebral, anorectal, cardiac, tracheoesophageal, renal, limb (VACTERL) association with at least 2 combined anomalies, and cardiac anomaly was the most common. The most common post-operative complications were esophageal stricture followed by gastroesophageal reflux. Balloon dilatation was performed for 1.3 times in 26 patients at a mean age of 3 months. The mortality and morbidity rates were 24% and 67%, respectively, and the most common cause of death was sepsis. The weight of approximately 40% patients was below the 10th percentile at 2 years of age. CONCLUSION: Mortality and morbidity rates of patients with TEF and EA are high as compared to those of infants with other neonatal surgical diseases. Further efforts must be taken to reduce mortality and morbidity and improve growth retardation.

Multilevel Duodenal Injury after Blunt Trauma

Duodenal trauma is an uncommon injury associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Upper gastrointestinal radiological studies and computed tomography may lead to the diagnosis of blunt duodenal trauma. Exploratory laparotomy remains as the ultimate diagnostic test if a high suspicion of duodenal injury continues even in the face of absent or equivocal radiographic signs. The majority of duodenal injuries may be managed by simple repair of the injured site. More complicated injuries require more sophisticated techniques. Here, we report a case of multilevel blunt duodenal injury successfully managed with duodenal diverticulization, Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy and catheter duodenostomy.

Fístula duodenal traumática tratada por duodenostomia endoscópica percutânea ecoguiada: relato de caso / Traumatic duodenal fistula treated by echo-guided percutaneous endoscopic duodenostomy

A conduta frente a uma fístula duodenal recidivada de alto débito é de difícil manejo; uma nova cirurgia poderia aumentar as já elevadas taxas de morbimortalidade inerentes a essa situação. Para evitar isto, procedimentos alternativos, minimamente invasivos, têm sido relatados com sucesso para o tratamento das fístulas enterocutâneas. Os autores apresentam caso de fístula duodenal traumática recidivada após diverticulização duodenal em Y de Roux que permaneceu com débito inalterado após 40 dias de tratamento conservador. A realização de uma duodenostomia endoscópica percutânea ecoguiada propiciou o fechamento da fístula. Nenhum relato de fístula duodenal tratada por esta técnica foi encontrado. Apesar de este procedimento ter-se mostrado factível e seguro, mais fístulas deverão ser fechadas usando esta técnica para demonstrar que este será um instrumento seguro para se lidar com este problema.

Pyloric atresia associated with epidermolysis bullosa.

We present 5 cases of pyloric atresia associated with junctional epidermolysis bullosa, from 2003 to 2005. Patients underwent laparatomy after stabilization. Four neonates had gastroduodenostomy, and the other had excision of membrane and pyloroplasty. Four survived and one died from fulminant septicemia. Although the association of pyloric atresia with epidermolysis bullosa has been reported to be fatal, our study showed good survival rate.

Páncreas anular: presentación de tres casos y revisión de la literatura / Annular pancreas: presentation of three cases and literature review

El páncreas anular es una malformación congénita, infrecuente, de importancia médica porque puede ocasionar obstrucción del duodeno, ya sea completa (atresia) o parcial (estenosis), de tal manera que las manifestaciones clínicas dependen del grado de obstrucción del duodeno. Se informa tres casos de pacientes con páncreas anular, con antecedente de Síndrome de Down, operados en el Hospital de Especialidades del Instituto Hondureño de Seguridad Social de Tegucigalpa. El diagnóstico se confirmó a través de estudios radiológicos. Se les realizó duodenoduodenoanastomosis, en forma exitosa. No existen reportes previos publicados en la literatura médica hondureña...

A Clinical Study of Traumatic Duodenal Injury

PURPOSE: Traumatic duodenal injury is rare. There is no consensus on what type of repair should be performed for duodenal perforations with respect to their varying severity. As a result, surgeons are confronted with the dilemma of choosing between several diagnostic tests and many surgical procedures. In this study, we report our experience with treating traumatic duodenal injury and also offer a review of the literature. METHODS: Seventeen patients with duodenal injury following abdominal trauma were treated by several methods between January 1992 and October 2006. Based on review of the medical records, we classified the patients as having grade I through V duodenal injury using the scale constructed by the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST). We also noted clinical features, operative management, and outcome. RESULTS: Among 17 patients, one patient who had a duodenal intramural hematoma was treated by conservative management. Seven patients were treated by duodenojejunostomy, with only one complication. The remaining 9 patients underwent various operations, including primary closure alone (n=3), primary closure with jejunal patch (n=1), primary closure with duodenostomy (n=3), and pancreaticoduodenectomy (n=2). The complication rate among patients who underwent surgery within 24 hours after injury was 1 case among 13. However, complications occurred in all 4 surgical cases undertaken more than 24 hours after injury. CONCLUSION: Early diagnosis (within 24 hours) and thorough inspection during exploration provide the best means toward reducing complications associated with traumatic duodenal injury.

A Clinical Study of Traumatic Duodenal Injury

PURPOSE: Traumatic duodenal injury is rare. There is no consensus on what type of repair should be performed for duodenal perforations with respect to their varying severity. As a result, surgeons are confronted with the dilemma of choosing between several diagnostic tests and many surgical procedures. In this study, we report our experience with treating traumatic duodenal injury and also offer a review of the literature. METHODS: Seventeen patients with duodenal injury following abdominal trauma were treated by several methods between January 1992 and October 2006. Based on review of the medical records, we classified the patients as having grade I through V duodenal injury using the scale constructed by the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST). We also noted clinical features, operative management, and outcome. RESULTS: Among 17 patients, one patient who had a duodenal intramural hematoma was treated by conservative management. Seven patients were treated by duodenojejunostomy, with only one complication. The remaining 9 patients underwent various operations, including primary closure alone (n=3), primary closure with jejunal patch (n=1), primary closure with duodenostomy (n=3), and pancreaticoduodenectomy (n=2). The complication rate among patients who underwent surgery within 24 hours after injury was 1 case among 13. However, complications occurred in all 4 surgical cases undertaken more than 24 hours after injury. CONCLUSION: Early diagnosis (within 24 hours) and thorough inspection during exploration provide the best means toward reducing complications associated with traumatic duodenal injury.

Pancreatic pseudocysts in Nigerian children

Pancreatic pseudocyst is uncommon in childhood and there is a paucity of literature on its occurrence in Nigeria. This was a retrospective study to highlight the clinical presentation and outcome of management of pancreatic pseudocyst in childhood. Twelve patients were managed in 6 years in 3 hospitals in north-central; Nigeria. There were seven girls and five boys. The median age at presentation was 5.8 years. The patients presented usually with abdominal pain; abdominal mass and fever. There was definite history of trauma in only two patients. Abdominal utrasonography suggested the diagnosis in 10 of the 11 patients examined. Non operative management with ultrasound monitoring was successful in one patient. The others had surgical internal drainage. The procedures performed were cystgastrostomy (7 patients); cystjejunostomy (3 patients) and cyst duodenostomy in one patient. The post-operative period was uneventful in all patients. There was no mortality recorded. The median duration of hospital stay was 8 days. There was no recurrence in three patients available for long term follow up. Pancreatic pseudocyst should be included in the differential diagnosis of abdominal masses in childhood. As is evidenced in this series the prognosis in childhood following prompt surgical intervention is good

Clinical experience of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, jejunostomy, duodenostomy in 120 patients / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To report clinical experience of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, duodenostomy, jejunostomy in 120 patients, focusing on its technique and indications.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and twenty patients received percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, duodenostomy, jejunostomy from May 2001 to April 2004, including 75 percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG), 42 percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy (PEJ), 2 percutaneous endoscopic duodenostomy (PED), 1 direct percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy (DPEJ). All tubes established by traditional pull technique.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The average duration of PEG was (9 +/- 4) min, PEJ (17 +/- 6) min, DPEJ 20 min, and PED was 10 and 12 min for 2 patients, respectively. Success rate of the technique was 98.4% (120/122). Major complication rate was 0.8% (1/120), and minor complication rate was 7.5% (9/120). Clinical indications: PEG, PED and PEJ were applied for long-term enteral nutritional support in 88 patients, gastrointestinal decompression in 25 patients, and transfusing external drainage bile to gastrointestinal tract in 5 patients. Two radiation enteritis patients used PEG for gastrointestinal decompression preoperatively and long-term enteral nutritional support postoperatively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>PEG, PED PEJ and DPEJ are easily handled, effective and safe, and may be widely used in clinical practice.</p>

Treatment of 54 cases of primary malignant duodenal tumor / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the treatment of primary malignant duodenal tumor.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The data of 54 cases of primary malignant duodenal tumor during 1993 approximately 2003 were analyzed retrospectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Clinical manifestations were jaundice, abdominalgia, obstruction of digest tract and bleeding. Correct diagnosis rates of image examination were endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography 92.8%, air barium double radiography 70.8%, gastroscopy 50.0%, CT 21.9%, MRI 21.4%. Tumor location was 1 in duodenal bulb, 45 in descending portion, 3 in horizontal part and none in ascending portion. 48 malignant tumors were operated, 31 pancreaticoduodenectomy, 1 pancreaticoduodenectomy and partial resection of superior mesenteric vein, 6 radical segmental duodenal resection, 1 palliative segmental duodenal resection, 3 duodenal wedge resection, 5 bypass operation (gastrojejunostomy and/or cholangiojejunostomy), 1 jejunostomy. Adjuvant chemotherapy was given in 13 cases. The survival rates were 5-year 45.4%, 3-year 45.4%, 1-year 63.2%. Median survival months were 24, 10, 38 and 16 respectively for radical operation group, palliative operation group, with postoperative adjuvant therapy group and without postoperative adjuvant therapy group. No significant survival time was found between radical operation group and palliative operation group, adjuvant therapy group and without postoperative adjuvant therapy group, pancreaticoduodenectomy group and radical segmental duodenal resection group in statistics. Among lymphyaden metastasis, tumor size, tumor depth, tumor thrombi, pathologic type and operative methods, only tumor thrombi had prognostic significance in multivariate analysis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Pancreaticoduodenectomy and radical segmental duodenal resection should be selected for primary malignant duodenal tumor. Bypass operation can prolong survival and improve life-quality. Postoperative adjuvant treatment is advocated.</p>

Pancreatografía distal vrs. pancreatografía proximal en el diagnóstico de lesiones del conducto pancreático: estudio experimental / Distal vrs. proximal pancreatography in the diagnosis of pancreatic ductal injuries: an experimental study

Introducción: En el trauma abdominal severo, las lesiones al páncreas son poco comunes, menos del 3 por ciento de las veces. Las complicaciones son debidas al paso inadvertido de las lesiones del conducto principal; las más frecuentes son las fístulas, pseudoquistes y abcesos pancreáticos. Para su diagnóstico existe el auxilio de la Colangiopancreatografía endoscópica retrógrada, que requiere de gran destreza de parte del endoscopista, para realizarlo en el menor tiempo posible; de la pancreatografía proximal transduodenal,la que requiere duodenotomía si este no está lesionado previamente y de la pancreatografía distal. El objetivo del presente estudio es demostrar la sensibilidad y especificidad de la pancreatografía distal en comparación con la pancreatografía proximal en el diagnóstico de lesión del conducto principal del páncreas. Material y Métodos: De enero a octubre de 1996, se extrajeron 30 piezas anatomopatológicas, en la morgue del Hospital General San Juan de Dios, consistentes en duodeno y páncreas; se infringió heridas iatrogénicas en diferentes partes del páncreas, a la mayoría de las piezas y posteriormente fueron distribuídas aleatoriamente para efectuar pancreatografía proximal en 15 y el resto pancreatografía distal, utilizando para ello catéteres epidurales, medio de contraste, fluoroscopía y placas de rayos x de 8 x 10. Para efectuar la pancreatografía proximal se realizó duodenotomía longitudinal, ferulizando aproximadamente un centímetro el conducto con el cateter epidural, inyectando el medio de contraste, siguiéndolo con fluoroscopía y posteriormente tomando la radiografía. Para la pancreatografía distal se disecó el ligamento pancreato esplénico, seccionando 2 centímetros de la cola y ferulizando un centímetro el conducto de Wirsung con el cateter epidural. Resultados: El 100 por ciento (n=30) de las pancreatografías fueron satisfactorias, de éstas la mitad (n=15) fueron proximales y el resto distales. Respecto a las pancreatografías proximales la lesión infringida fue evidenciada como extravasación del medio de contraste en once (73 por ciento), cinco en la cola y seis en el cuerpo; encontrando llenado normal del conducto en las cuatro (23 por ciento) piezas intactas restantes. De las quince pancreatografías distales, la lesión infringida fue evidenciada como extravasación del medio de contraste en diez (67 por ciento), cinco en la cabeza y cinco en el cuerpo y llenado normal del conducto en la cinco (33 por ciento) piezas

Laparoscopic Duodenojejunostomy for Management of Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome: Two Cases Report and a Review of the Literature

Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome is rare disorder, which is caused by a reduction in the aortomesenteric angle causing a duodenal obstruction. It is usually occurs after a period of weight loss, nausea, and vomiting by a partial obstruction of the third portion of the duodenum. If conservative management fails then a laparotomy with a duodenojejunostomy is indicated. Recently, a minimally invasive or laparoscopic approach to the retroperitoneum or duodenal detachment was introduced. Although the role of a laparoscopy in managing SMA syndrome is not clearly defined, a laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy may be an alternative approach to the surgical treatment of SMA syndrome cases. Two cases of superior mesenteric artery syndrome that were treated laparoscopically after medical therapy failure are described. The 4-port procedure was performed. A dilated bowel on the third portion of the duodenum was observed below the transverse mesocolon and to right of the superior mesenteric artery. A proximal loop of the jejunum was anastomosed to the duodenum using an endoscopic GIA stapler. The surgery time and hospital length of stay were acceptable. No complications were encountered in this study. A laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy is a feasible alternative option for treating SMA syndrome. It provides the benefits of being a definitive and minimally invasive surgical technique in a duodenal obstruction.

Operative Management of the Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Injury / 한국간담췌외과학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Diagnostic or thepapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the mainstream for the pancreaticobiliary disease. However, the ERCP related complications are serious and sometimes fatal to the patients. We have reviewed our experiences of the operative management for the ERCP injury. METHODS: Medical records of 13 patients who underwent laparotomic surgical intervention for various ERCP injuries from March 1996 to August 2002 at Department of Surgery, the Catholic University of Korea were reviewed. RESULTS: The age range of the patients was from 28 to 85 years. There were 5 females and 8 males. 6 patients showed the duodenal perforations and 4 patients suffered from bleedings around the ampulla of Vater. One of the 4 bleeding patients had huge expanding submucosal hematomas throughout the entire duodenum. We found massive retroperitoneal extraluminal air density in one patient but we could not find any leakage of the contrast media during the upper gastrointestinal series, however, this patient complained aggravated peritoneal irritation sign, so we explored the abdomen. Most of the patients had free abdominal or retroperitoneal air shadows (n=7) on plain chest or abdominal X-ray. We diagnosed the uncontrolled bleeding from the sphincterotomy site using the gastroduodenal fiberscopes in 3 patients. On the computed tomogaphic images, one patient showed a huge duodenal hematoma, another one had a retroperitoneal fluid collection and another one revealed a retroperitoneal air shadow. One patient showed aggravated pancreatitis on the serial CT scan and finally the patient developed a hemorrhagic necrotizing pancreatitis, then we explored the abdomen and tried peripancreatic drainage but we lost the patient in 19 postoperative day due to sepsis. The other 12 patients survived by the various surgical procedures. For the 6 patients, we performed duodenotomic sphincteroplasty, tube duodenostomy and biliary drainage with T-tube. One patient survived with Whipple's procedure, one patient improved by the pyloric exclusion and one patient cured with the duodenal diverticulization. Other procedures were primary repair of the duodenum, transduodenal sphincteroplasty and just cholecystectomy and T-tube choledochostomy. CONCLUSION: There was tendency to uneventful improvement of patients by the early detection and urgent laparotomic surgical intervention of the ERCP complication.

Ejemplos clínicos de iatrogenia biliar / Some clinical examples of biliary iatrogenic diseases

Usaremos ejemplos de esta patología pues son los más variados y complejos. En Argentina y Uruguay existe gran experiencia en ella. Los cirujanos de ambos países tuvimos muchos años de contacto e intercambio científico en afecciones biliares. El tratamiento de las lesiones iatrogénicas de la vía biliar principal se hacía mediante la reconstrucción anatómica de los conductos utilizando tutores de goma, primero el "hepaticus drainage" y luego el tubo en T inventado por Hans Kehr en 1914. Promediando el siglo pasado, los cirujanos de la Clínica Lahey, en Boston, perfeccionaron esta técnica utilizando un tubo más largo, transpapilar, para realizar sistemáticamente la reconstrucción del colédoco. Poco después el Prof. Jacques Hepp y sus discípulos de París mejoraron la técnica de la hepatoyeyunostomía de Roux que había sido utilizada por Monprofit a principios de siglo también en Francia, obteniendo excelentes resultados. Señalamos en nuestra conferencia que fue aplicada rápidamente en el continente europeo y en nuestros países pero tardó más de 20 años en ser empleada en las Islas Británicas y Estados Unidos. La aplicación del drenaje transhepático en el tratamiento de las estenosis biliares, primero con cirugía y luego con radiología, permitió resolver los casos más difíciles. Luego relataremos sumariamente diferentes situaciones que debimos resolver, todas ellas por sección inadvertida del hepático, sumadas, a veces, a otros errores técnicos al pretender tratarlas. Así referimos casos de estenosis, de anastomosis biliodigestivas, errores de montaje de asas yeyunales diverticulares, oblitos, graves fallas tácticas y coincidencias con otras patologías, a veces neoplásicas.