A case of glycogen storage disease type Ⅰa with gout as the first manifestation / 浙江大学学报·医学版

A 24-year-old male was admitted due to recurrent redness, swelling, fever and pain in the ankle, frequently accompanied by hungry feeling. Dual energy CT scans showed multiple small gouty stones in the posterior edge of the bilateral calcaneus and in the space between the bilateral metatarsophalangeal joints. The laboratory examination results indicated hyperlipidemia, high lactate lipids, and low fasting blood glucose. Histopathology of liver biopsy showed significant glycogen accumulation. The results of gene sequencing revealed the compound heterozygous mutations of the G6PC gene c.248G>A (p.Arg83His) and c.238T>A (p.Phe80Ile) in the proband. The c.248G>A mutation was from mother and the c.238T>A mutation was from father. The diagnosis of glycogen storage disease type Ⅰa was confirmed. After giving a high starch diet and limiting monosaccharide intake, as well as receiving uric acid and blood lipids lowering therapy, the condition of the patient was gradually stabilized. After a one-year follow-up, there were no acute episodes of gout and a significant improvement in hungry feeling in the patient.

Short-term efficacy of empagliflozin in children with glycogen storage disease type Ⅰb / 中华儿科杂志

Objective: To analyze the short-time efficacy of empagliflozin in the treatment of glycogen storage disease type Ⅰb (GSD Ⅰb). Methods: In this prospective open-label single-arm study, the data of 4 patients were collected from the pediatric department in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from December 2020 to December 2022. All of them were diagnosed by gene sequencing and had neutropenia. These patients received empagliflozin treatment. Their clinical symptoms such as height and weight increase, abdominal pain, diarrhea, oral ulcer, infection times, and drug applications were recorded at 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months, and 15 months after treatment to assess the therapeutic effect. The liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was used to monitor the changes in 1, 5-anhydroglucitol (1, 5AG) concentration in plasma. At the same time, adverse reactions such as hypoglycemia and urinary tract infection were closely followed up and monitored. Results: The 4 patients with GSD Ⅰb were 15, 14, 4 and 14 years old, respectively at the beginning of empagliflozin treatment, and were followed up for 15, 15, 12 and 6 months, respectively. Maintenance dose range of empagliflozin was 0.24-0.39 mg/(kg·d). The frequency of diarrhea and abdominal pain decreased in cases 2, 3, and 4 at 1, 2 and 3 months of treatment, respectively. Their height and weight increased at different degrees.The absolute count of neutrophils increased from 0.84×109, 0.50×109, 0.48×109, 0.48×109/L to 1.48×109, 3.04×109, 1.10×109, 0.73×109/L, respectively. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor was gradually reduced in 1 patients and stopped in 3 patient. Plasma 1, 5 AG levels in 2 children were significantly decreased after administration of empagliflozin (from 46.3 mg/L to 9.6 mg/L in case 2, and from 56.1 mg/L to 15.0 mg/L in case 3). All 4 patients had no adverse reactions such as hypoglycemia, abnormal liver or kidney function, or urinary system infection. Conclusion: In short-term observation, empagliflozin can improve the symptoms of GSD Ⅰb oral ulcers, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and recurrent infection, also can alleviate neutropenia and decrease 1, 5AG concentration in plasma, with favorable safety.

Manejo em longo prazo de glicogenose tipo 1b: experiência de um centro terciário brasileiro / Long term management of glycogen storage disease type 1b: a brazilian tertiary center experience

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Glycogen storage disease (GSD) type 1b is a multisystemic disease in which immune and infectious complications are present, in addition to the well-known metabolic manifestations of GSD. Treatment with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is often indicated in the management of neutropenia and inflammatory bowel disease. OBJECTIVE To report on the demographics, genotype, clinical presentation, management, and complications of pediatric patients with glycogen storage disease type 1b (GSD 1b), with special attention to immune-related complications. METHODS Retrospective case series of seven patients with GSD 1b diagnosed and followed at a tertiary university hospital in Brazil, from July/2000 until July/2016. RESULTS Mean age at referral was fourteen months. Diagnosis of GSD 1b was based on clinical and laboratory findings and supported by genetic studies in five cases. All patients presented suffered from neutropenia, managed with G-CSF - specifically Filgrastim. Hospitalizations for infections were frequent. Two patients developed inflammatory bowel disease. Six patients remained alive, one died at age 14 years and 9 months. The mean age at the end of the follow-up was 11.5 years. Compliance to treatment was suboptimal: poor compliance to medications, starch and dietetic management of GSD were documented, and outpatient appointments were frequently missed. CONCLUSION Managing GSD 1b is challenging not only for the chronic and multisystemic nature of this disease, but also for the additional demands related dietary restrictions, use of multiple medications and the need for frequent follow-up visits; furthermore in Brazil, the difficulties are increased in a scenario where we frequently care for patients with unfavorable socioeconomic status and with irregular supply of medications in the public health system.

RESUMO CONTEXTO Glicogenose (GSD) tipo 1b é uma doença multissistêmica em que complicações imunológicas e infecciosas estão presentes, além das manifestações metabólicas bem conhecidas da GSD. O tratamento com fator estimulador de colônias de granulócitos (G-CSF) é frequentemente indicado no tratamento da neutropenia e doença inflamatória intestinal. OBJETIVO Relatar sobre a dados demográficos, genótipo, apresentação clínica, manejo e complicações de pacientes pediátricos com GSD tipo 1b (GSD 1b), com atenção especial às complicações relacionadas ao sistema imunológico. MÉTODOS Série de casos retrospectiva de sete pacientes com GSD 1b diagnosticados e acompanhados em um hospital universitário terciário no Brasil, de julho/2000 a julho/2016. RESULTADOS A idade média no encaminhamento foi de 14 meses. O diagnóstico de GSD 1b foi baseado em achados clínicos e laboratoriais e apoiado por estudos genéticos em cinco casos. Todos os pacientes apresentaram neutropenia, tratada com G-CSF - especificamente Filgrastim. As hospitalizações por infecções foram frequentes. Dois pacientes desenvolveram doença inflamatória intestinal. Seis pacientes permanecem vivos, um morreu aos 14 anos e 9 meses de idade. A média de idade ao final do acompanhamento foi de 11,5 anos. A adesão ao tratamento foi sub-ótima: má adesão aos medicamentos, amido e manejo dietético de GSD foram documentados, e consultas ambulatoriais foram frequentemente perdidas. CONCLUSÃO O manejo da GSD 1b é um desafio, não apenas pela natureza crônica e multissistêmica desta doença, mas também pelas demandas adicionais relacionadas a restrições dietéticas, uso de múltiplos medicamentos e a necessidade de consultas de acompanhamento frequentes; no Brasil, isso ainda é dificultado em um cenário em que frequentemente atendemos pacientes com situação socioeconômica desfavorável e com oferta irregular de medicamentos no sistema público de saúde.

Anthropometric and dietary assessment of patients with glycogenosis type i / Avaliação antropométrica e dietética de pacientes com glicogenose tipo i

ABSTRACT Objective: To perform anthropometric and dietary evaluation of patients with glycogenosis type Ia and Ib. Methods: This cross-sectional study is composed of a sample of 11 patients with glycogenosis divided into two subgroups according to the classification of glycogenosis (type Ia=5 and type Ib=6), aged between 4 and 20 years. The analyzed anthropometric variables were weight, height, body mass index, and measures of lean and fat body mass, which were compared with reference values. For dietary assessment, a food frequency questionnaire was used to calculate energy and macronutrients intake as well as the amount of raw cornstarch consumed. Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher's exact test were performed, considering a significance level of 5%. Results: Patients ingested raw cornstarch in the amount of 0.49 to 1.34 g/kg/dose at a frequency of six times a day, which is lower than recommended (1.75-2.50 g/kg/dose, four times a day). The amount of energy intake was, on average, 50% higher than energy requirements; however, carbohydrate intake was below the adequacy percentage in 5/11 patients. Short stature was found in 4/10 patients; obesity, in 3/11; and muscle mass deficit, in 7/11. There were no statistical differences between the subgroups. Conclusions: In patients with glycogenosis type I, there was deficit in growth and muscle mass, but no differences were found between the subgroups (Ia and Ib). Although the diet did not exceed the adequacy of carbohydrates, about 1/3 of the patients presented obesity, probably due to higher energy intake.

RESUMO Objetivo: Realizar avaliação antropométrica e dietética de pacientes com glicogenose tipos Ia e Ib. Métodos: Estudo transversal composto de uma amostra de 11 pacientes com glicogenose divididos em dois subgrupos de acordo com a classificação da glicogenose (tipo Ia=5; tipo Ib=6), com idades entre 4 e 20 anos. As variáveis antropométricas analisadas foram peso, estatura, índice de massa corporal e medidas de massa magra e gorda, que foram comparadas com valores de referência. Para avaliação dietética, foi utilizado um questionário de frequência alimentar para cálculo de ingestão de energia e macronutrientes, além da quantidade de amido cru ingerida. Realizaram-se testes U de Mann-Whitney e exato de Fisher, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Os pacientes ingeriram amido cru na quantidade de 0,49 a 1,34 g/kg/dose na frequência de seis vezes ao dia, inferior à dosagem preconizada (1,75-2,50 g/kg/dose quatro vezes ao dia). A quantidade de energia consumida foi, em média, 50% a mais que as necessidades, contudo o consumo de carboidratos foi abaixo da porcentagem de adequação em 5/11 pacientes. Baixa estatura ocorreu em 4/10 pacientes, obesidade em 3/11 e déficit de massa muscular em 7/11. Não houve diferença estatística entre os subgrupos. Conclusões: Em pacientes com glicogenose tipo I, houve déficit de crescimento e de massa muscular, mas não diferença significante entre os subgrupos (Ia e Ib). Embora a dieta não tenha ultrapassado a adequação de carboidratos, 1/3 dos pacientes apresentou obesidade, provavelmente pela maior ingestão de energia.

How could hypoglycemia-inducing glycogen storage disease lead to hyperglycemia-induced mucormycosis?

Mucormycosis is an increasingly frequent, difficult to diagnose, difficult to treat, often fatal infection, especially in patients with hyperglycemia from uncontrolled diabetes. Type I (von Gierke) glycogen storage disease is due to inherited deficiency of enzymes in glycogen metabolism, which causes hypoglycemia. This report is the case of a patient with von Gierke disease and a missed diagnosis of pulmonary mucormycosis. This report illustrates the importance of having a high index of suspicion for mucormycosis in the appropriate clinical context.

Pre and post-operative otorhinolaryngology surgery care in patients with glycogen storage disease type 1 / Cuidados pré e pós-operatórios em cirurgia otorrinolaringológica em pacientes com glicogenose tipo 1b

ABSTRACT Objective: To discuss aspects of pre and post-operative otorhinolaryngology surgery in patients with glycogen storage disease type 1b. Case description: Description of three clinical cases with probable glycogen storage disease type 1b who underwent otorhinolaryngology surgery, showing the importance of multidisciplinary interaction to avoid episodes of hypoglycemia. Comments: Patients with glycogen storage disease type 1b present recurrent infections, including the otorhinolaryngology affections. When there is an indication for surgical treatment, the caloric intake should be carefully followed in order to prevent hypoglycemia. The way to ensure this is to perform the pre and postoperative period in the hospital ward. In the postoperative period, it is important to make a slow transition between the intravenous and oral routes and not suspend the infusion of glucose during the surgical procedure. The cases illustrate the need for the interaction of the otorhinolaryngologic surgeon with the anesthesiologist, the pediatrician and the gastro-pediatrician in the management of these patients, avoiding hypoglycemic episodes.

RESUMO Objetivo: Discutir aspectos de pré e pós-operatório de cirurgia otorrinolaringológica em pacientes com glicogenose tipo 1b. Descrição do caso: Descrição de três casos clínicos com provável glicogenose tipo 1b, que se submeteram à cirurgia otorrinolaringológica, mostrando a importância da interação multidisciplinar para evitar os episódios de hipoglicemia. Comentários: Pacientes com glicogenose tipo 1b apresentam infecções de repetição, incluindo as otorrinolaringológicas. Quando há indicação de tratamento cirúrgico, deve-se observar a garantia de aporte calórico para evitar hipoglicemia. A maneira de fazer isso é efetuar o pré e pós-operatório em enfermaria, tomando-se o cuidado, no pós-operatório, de realizar uma transição lenta entre a via endovenosa e a via oral e de não suspender a infusão de glicose durante o procedimento cirúrgico. Os casos ilustram a necessidade da interação do otorrinolaringologista com o anestesista, o pediatra e o gastropediatra na condução desses pacientes para que não desenvolvam hipoglicemia.

Glycogen storage disease type I: clinical and laboratory profile / Doença de depósito de glicogênio tipo I: perfil clínico e laboratorial

OBJECTIVES: To characterize the clinical, laboratory, and anthropometric profile of a sample of Brazilian patients with glycogen storage disease type I managed at an outpatient referral clinic for inborn errors of metabolism. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional outpatient study based on a convenience sampling strategy. Data on diagnosis, management, anthropometric parameters, and follow-up were assessed. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients were included (median age 10 years, range 1-25 years), all using uncooked cornstarch therapy. Median age at diagnosis was 7 months (range, 1-132 months), and 19 patients underwent liver biopsy for diagnostic confirmation. Overweight, short stature, hepatomegaly, and liver nodules were present in 16 of 21, four of 21, nine of 14, and three of 14 patients, respectively. A correlation was found between height-for-age and BMI-for-age Z-scores (r = 0.561; p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Diagnosis of glycogen storage disease type I is delayed in Brazil. Most patients undergo liver biopsy for diagnostic confirmation, even though the combination of a characteristic clinical presentation and molecular methods can provide a definitive diagnosis in a less invasive manner. Obesity is a side effect of cornstarch therapy, and appears to be associated with growth in these patients. .

OBJETIVOS: Caracterizar o perfil clínico, laboratorial e antropométrico de uma amostra de pacientes brasileiros com doença de depósito de glicogênio tipo I tratados em um ambulatório de referência para erros inatos do metabolismo. MÉTODOS: Este foi um estudo ambulatorial transversal com base em uma estratégia de amostragem de conveniência. Foram avaliados os dados com relação ao diagnóstico, tratamento, parâmetros antropométricos e acompanhamento. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 21 pacientes (idade média de 10 anos, faixa 1-25 anos de idade), e todos se encontravam em terapia de amido de milho cru. A idade média na época do diagnóstico foi de sete meses (faixa, 1-32 meses), e 19 pacientes foram submetidos a biópsia hepática para confirmação do diagnóstico. Sobrepeso, baixa estatura, hepatomegalia e nódulos hepáticos foram fatores presentes em 16 de 21, quatro de 21, nove de 14 e três de 14 pacientes, respectivamente. Foi encontrada uma correlação entre os escores z para peso para idade e IMC para idade (r = 0,561; p = 0,008). CONCLUSÕES: O diagnóstico da doença de depósito de glicogênio tipo I tem sido tardio no Brasil. A maioria dos pacientes foi submetida a confirmação do diagnóstico, apesar de o quadro clínico característico e os métodos moleculares poderem fornecer um diagnóstico definitivo de forma menos invasiva. Obesidade é um efeito colateral da terapia com amido de milho e parece estar associada a crescimento nesses pacientes. .

Glicogenoses: uma revisão geral / Glycogenoses: an overeview

Compreender o metabolismo dos diferentes tipos de glicogênio no organismo humano torna-se de suma importância, pois além da sua relevância no fornecimento energético e no controle da glicemia, o glicogênio pode estar relacionado com diversos tipos de doenças que comprometem a saúde do ser humano, especialmente pela deficiência em enzimas de vias anabólicas e catabólicas. Em um contexto de avanços no desenvolvimento de pesquisas relacionadas às áreas da saúde, uma série de estudos busca entender fisiologicamente os caminhos do glicogênio em situações de exercício, repouso, jejum, dentre outras, além de analisar os mais variados transtornos decorrentes da deficiência no metabolismo desse polissacarídeo. Um exemplo são as glicogenoses, doenças hereditárias, em sua maioria de caráter recessivo, relacionadas com o armazenamento de glicogênio. Dentre alguns dos treze tipos de glicogenoses podemos citar a glicogenose tipo 0, uma doença rara que se desenvolve na infância e implica na produção defeituosa da enzima glicogênio sintase; e a glicogenose tipo I, também conhecida como Doença de Von Gierke, que se caracteriza pela deficiência no complexo enzimático glicose-6-fosfatase, responsável pela catalisação da hidrólise de glicose-6-fosfato na metabolização do glicogênio. Apesar de todas essas doenças serem caracterizadas por glicogenoses, elas possuem diferenças quanto ao órgão afetado, à gravidade de suas manifestações, o perfil etário que cada uma atinge e no efeito enzimático. Por isso, a necessidade de estudos que correlacionam as principais causas e sintomas, e visam proporcionar uma visão global dessas desordens de hereditariedade.

The comprehension of the metabolism of different types of glycogen in the human organism becomes extremely important since, other than its relevance in providing energy and controlling glycemia, glycogen can be related to many types of diseases that compromise the human health, especially when it comes to the deficiency in enzyme anabolic and catabolic pathways. In the context of advances in the development of researches related of health area, many studies inquire a physiological understanding of the glycogen pathways exercising, resting, fasting and other conditions, as well as analyzing the most varied disorders arising from hereditary deficiencies in the carbohydrate metabolism, in polysaccharide specially. The glycogenoses are hereditary disorders, which present mainly recessive feature, related with the glycogen storage. Among the thirteen types of glycogenoses, type 0 is a rare disease that develops in early stages of life and implies in the production of defective glycogen synthase enzyme; and type I is characterized by the deficiency of the glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme complex, responsible for catalyzing the hydrolysis of glucose-6- phosphate in glycogen metabolism. Although all these diseases are characterized as being glycogenoses, they possess differences as to the organ affected, the gravity of their manifestations, the age it begins to manifest, and in which way it affects enzymatic properties. Therefore, there is a necessity of studies that correlates the main causes and symptoms, and aim to provide a global vision of these hereditary disorders.

Gene mutations and clinical manifestations in children with glycogen storage disease type Ib / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Glycogen storage disease type Ib (GSDIb) is caused by a deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate translocase (G6PT) activity due to SLC37A4 gene mutations. Most GSDIb patients have recurrent infections and inflammatory bowel disease, with poor prognosis. Detection of SLC37A4 gene mutations is of great significance for the diagnosis, subtyping and outcome prediction of GSD patients. This study aims to analyze SLC37A4 gene mutations in Chinese GSDIb patients and to investigate the relationship between its genotypes and clinical manifestations.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>All exons and their flanking introns of SLC37A4 gene in 28 Chinese children with a primary diagnosis of GSDIb were screened by PCR combined with direct DNA sequencing to detect SLC37A4 gene mutations.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Five SLC37A4 gene mutations were detected in 7 (25%) of the 28 children, i.e., p.Gly149Glu (9/13, 69%), p.Gly115Arg (1/13, 8%), p.Pro191Leu (1/13, 8%), c.959-960 insT (1/13, 8%) and c.870+5G>A (1/13, 8%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>In this study, c.959-960 insT is a novel mutation and p.Gly149Glu is the most common mutation. p.Gly149Glu may be associated with severe infections in children with GSDIb.</p>

Enfermedad de vnn gierke: nuevas tendencias en el manejo / Von gieke diseasse: new trends in management / Doença de vn gieerke: novas tendências no tratamento

La enfermedad de von Gierke, también conocida como enfermedad de deposito de glucógeno tipo Ia, es una enfermedad producida por la deficiencia de la unidad catalítica de la G6Pasa-a, encargada de hidrolizar la glucosa 6 fosfato en el citoplasma celular durante la gluconeogénesis y la glucogenolisis. Las complicaciones a largo plazo son hipoglicemia severa y alteraciones en el crecimiento. En los niños más pequeños la enfermedad típicamente se presenta con crisis convulsivas y hepatomegalia que se manifiestan a los 6 y 8 meses. Otras complicaciones son osteoporosis, gota, enfermedad renal, hipertensión pulmonar y adenomas hepáticos que pueden malignizarse. No se ha encontrado una cura y de no recibir un manejo adecuado es letal en las primeras dos décadas de la vida. El tratamiento consiste en terapia nutricional, asociada a varios medicamentos convencionales. Algunos pacientes pueden requerir transplante renal o transplante hepático. Una nueva esperanza se ha abierto con el advenimiento de la terapia génica con vectores virales, esta estrategia hasta ahora esta siendo desarrollada, pero los estudios realizados han mostrado una luz de esperanza para investigadores, médicos y pacientes. Faltan estudios para que estos tratamientos permitan un beneficio a largo plazo y su aplicación en humanos, ya que las pruebas como es de esperarse solo han sido desarrolladas en modelos animales.

Von Gierke disease, also known as glycogen storage disease type Ia, is a disease caused by deficiency of the G6Pase-a catalytic unit, which hydrolyzes glucose-6- phosphate in the cell cytoplasm during gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Long term complications include severe hypoglycemia and growth disturbances. In small children, the disease typically presents with seizure crisis and hepatomegaly which become manifest at the age of 6 and 8 months. Other complications include osteoporosis, gout, renal disease, pulmonary hypertension and hepatic adenomas which can become malignant. No cure has been found for this disease and it can turn out to be lethal if no appropriate management is given during the first two decades of life. The treatment consists of nutritional therapy associated with a number of conventional drugs. Some patients may require renal or liver transplant. A new hope has emerged with the arrival of gene therapy with viral vectors, strategy that is being developed hitherto, yet performed studies have shown a glimmer of hope for investigators, doctors and patients. There is a need for studies so these treatments allow for a longer term benefit and their application in humans since, as expected, the tests have been developed only in animal models.

A doença de Von Gierke, também conhecida como Glicogenose tipo I, é uma doença produzida pela deficiência da unidade catalítica da G6Pasa-a, encarregada de hidrolisar a glicose 6 fosfato no citoplasma celular durante a gliconeogênese e a glicogenólise. As complicações a longo prazo são hipoglicemia severa e alterações no crescimento. Nas crianças menores a doença se apresenta tipicamente com crises convulsivas e hepatomegalia que se manifestam aos 6 e 8 meses. Outras complicações são osteoporose, gota, doença renal, hipertensão pulmonar e adenomas hepáticos que podem malignizar-se. Não foi encontrada uma cura e se não recebe tratamento adequado é letal nas primeiras duas décadas de vida. O tratamento consiste em terapia nutricional, associada a vários medicamentos convencionais. Alguns pacientes podem requerer transplante renal ou transplante hepático. Uma nova esperança apareceu com a terapia gênica com vetores virais, esta estratégia até agora esta sendo desenvolvida, mas os estudos realizados mostram uma luz de esperança para pesquisadores, médicos e pacientes. Faltam estudos para que estes tratamentos permitam um beneficio a longo prazo e a sua aplicação em humanos, já que os testes como é de se esperar só foram desenvolvidos em modelos animais.

Glycogen storage disease type I.

Glycogen storage diseases (GSD) are inherited autosomal recessive disorder.Type-IGSD(Von Gierkes disease) is due to glucose- 6-phosphatase defect, which mainly affects liver and is life threatening if not treated. The main features are fasting hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, hyperuricemia and hyperlipidemia. Here we present a case of six month female baby who presented with fever, abdominal distension and on investigation biochemical parameters were suggestive of type-I GSD.

Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma Associated with Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in a Liver Transplanted Child / 임상소아혈액종양

We report a case of 13 years old male patient. He was diagnosed as glycogen storage disease Ib at 6 month age, and received cadaver donor liver transplantation at 2 years and 4 months. He underwent immunosuppression for 9 years with several immunosuppressants including tacrolimus. Then he visited hospital for gum swelling and showed multiple malignancy suspicious lesions at nasal cavity, maxilla, mandibula, frontal bone, temporal bone, C1 and C2 spines, and several submandibular lymph nodes at radiologic study. Biopsy was done at oral cavity lesion, and histologically diagnosed as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The tissue specimen showed positivity in Epstein-Barr virus polymerase chain reaction (PCR). After diagnosis, the patient stopped all immunosuppressive agents and received 9 cycles of CHOP (cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine and prenisolone) chemotherapy for 8 months, then the patient achieved radiologic remission state, and being well without any signs of recurrence for two years of follow up.

Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma Associated with Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in a Liver Transplanted Child / 임상소아혈액종양

We report a case of 13 years old male patient. He was diagnosed as glycogen storage disease Ib at 6 month age, and received cadaver donor liver transplantation at 2 years and 4 months. He underwent immunosuppression for 9 years with several immunosuppressants including tacrolimus. Then he visited hospital for gum swelling and showed multiple malignancy suspicious lesions at nasal cavity, maxilla, mandibula, frontal bone, temporal bone, C1 and C2 spines, and several submandibular lymph nodes at radiologic study. Biopsy was done at oral cavity lesion, and histologically diagnosed as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The tissue specimen showed positivity in Epstein-Barr virus polymerase chain reaction (PCR). After diagnosis, the patient stopped all immunosuppressive agents and received 9 cycles of CHOP (cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine and prenisolone) chemotherapy for 8 months, then the patient achieved radiologic remission state, and being well without any signs of recurrence for two years of follow up.

Clinical and molecular genetic analysis for a patient with glycogen storage disease Ⅰa / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the mutation of glucose-6-phosphatase gene (G6PC gene) in a patient with glycogen storage disease Ⅰa.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>PCR was used to amplify all five exons of G6PC gene. The PCR products were directly sequenced to detect the mutations.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A heterozygous 743G>A mutation was found in the patient and his mother, resulting in the substitution of glycine (G) by arginine (R) in codon 222(G222R) in the putative membrane-spanning domain in human G6Pase, but not in his father and his sister.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>G222R mutation in G6PC gene was first identified in a patient with glycogen storage disease Ⅰa in mainland China.</p>

Cardiovascular risk profile of patients with glycogen storage disease type I / 中华心血管病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the cardiovascular risk profile in patients with glycogen storage disease (GSD) type I.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The clinical information of 62 patients with GSD type I who admitted to Peking Union Medical Hospital were reviewed and the cardiovascular risk profile was analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The age of the patient cohort was (8.4 ± 6.9) years and the ratio of male vs. female was 36:26. The median disease duration was (6.7 ± 6.2) years and treatment duration was (38.3 ± 35.2) months. The rate of abnormal change in electrocardiogram and echocardiography was 17.7% and 24.2%, respectively. The serum concentration of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and uric acid in patient before and after treatment were (6.18 ± 2.47) mmol/L vs. (5.61 ± 1.84) mmol/L (P = 0.020), (11.17 ± 9.85) mmol/L vs. (6.81 ± 5.97) mmol/L (P = 0.010), (2.55 ± 1.27) mmol/L vs. (2.78 ± 1.07) mmol/L (P = 0.617), (0.98 ± 0.37) mmol/L vs. (0.96 ± 0.23) mmol/L (P = 0.005), (526.53 ± 127.09) µmol/L vs. (490.78 ± 129.79) µmol/L (P = 0.977), respectively. The high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels tended to be higher after therapy compared before treatment (2.33 ± 3.30) mg/L vs. (3.35 ± 3.39) mg/L, P = 0.431.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Patients with GSD I are associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease.</p>

Mutation in the SLC37A4 gene of glycogen storage disease type Ib in 15 families of the mainland of China / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Glycogen storage disease type Ib (GSDIb, MIM: 232220) is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism caused by deficiency of the glucose-6-phosphate translocase. The clinical manifestations include symptoms and signs of both the typical GSDIa, including hepatomegaly, fasting hypoglycemia, lactic acidemia and hyperlipidemia, and the dysfunction of neutrophils of recurrent infection and neutropenia. More than 84 mutations have been identified since the discovery of the SLC37A4 gene as the disease causing gene. Up to date, 5 mutations in 4 Chinese patients were reported from Hong Kang and Taiwan. In order to see the spectrum of the SLC37A4 gene mutations and the correlation between genotype and phenotype in patients with GSDIb of the mainland of China, the authors investigated 17 GSDIb patients from 15 families in this study.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Data of 17 patients from 12 provinces, 11 male and 6 female, aged 6 months to 35 years, were collected from the genetic clinics of Peking Union Medical College Hospital from Oct. 2006 to Mar. 2009. All of them were Han Chinese in ethnicity. Consanguineous status was confirmed in 2 unrelated patients. All patients were presented with hepatomegaly, fasting hypoglycemia, lactic acidemia, hyperlipidemia and neutropenia with variable frequency of infections. The full coding exons, their relevant exon-intron boundaries, and the 5'- and 3'-flanking regions of the SLC37A4 gene were amplified and directly sequenced. RT-PCR was performed to verify the effect of the 2 novel splicing mutations.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>A total of 11 mutations were identified in 15 families. Four mutations, p.Gly149Glu, p.Pro191Leu, p.Arg415X and c.1042_1043 del CT, were previously reported, and seven mutations, p. Leu23Arg, p.Gly115Arg, p.Gly281Val, p.Arg415Gly, c.784 + 1G > A, c.870 + 5G > A and c.1014_1120del107, were novel. The frequent mutations are p.Pro191Leu, p.Gly149Glu and c.870 + 5G > A, accounting for 37%, 15% and 11% of mutant alleles respectively. RT-PCR analysis of novel mutation c.784 + 1G > A confirmed the splicing of exon 5 of 159 bp, causing inframe deletion. While mutation c.870 + 5G > A was proved to cause exon 6, 86 bp, deletion causing frame-shift. Among 15 families, 12 genotypes were identified, including 3 with homozygous mutation and 9 with compound heterozygous mutations. Homozygous p.Pro191Leu mutation was the only genotype detected in more than 1 family and was found in 4 unrelated families, including 1 patient from consanguineous marriage.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>A total of 11 SLC37A4 gene mutations were identified in 15 families of the mainland of China. The frequent mutations are p.Pro191Leu, p.Gly149Glu and c.870 + 5G > A. The number of Chinese SLC37A4 gene mutations was extended from 5 to 14.</p>

Clinical aspects of hemolysis in patients with P. vivax malaria treated with primaquine, in the Brazilian Amazon

This report describes the development of hemolysis in eighteen glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient patients treated for Plasmodium vivax malaria with chloroquine and primaquine. The most frequent findings accompanying hemolysis were fever and leukocytosis, in addition to anemia requiring red blood cell transfusion, and development of acute renal failure. Hemolysis in patients using primaquine is not infrequent and contributes to the morbidity of infection caused by Plasmodium vivax.

Thalassemia, iron and G6PD deficiency in Lor migrating nomad children, Southern Iran

Ferropenia and consequent iron deficiency anemia [IDA], beta-thalassemia, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase [G6PD] deficiency are three main common hematologic problems in Iran. This study was conducted on the prevalence of these problems in Lor migrating nomads ethnic group in southern Iran. From June to October 2006, the blood samples of 79 Lor migrating nomadic children including 53 [67.1%] male and 26 [32.9%] female were checked for iron indices and G6PD deficiency. The family history of favism, thalassemiaand, signs and symptoms in relation to anemia of participants were evaluated. RBC count, different types of Hb, Hct, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW, SI, TIBC and SF were determined immediately after blood sampling. Fourteen [17.7%] children had SF<12 ng/mL while the prevalence of this low serum ferritin was higher in females than males [19.2% vs. 17%]. The low hemoglobin [Hb] level had statistical correlation with the low serum ferritin level. Among all participants, the prevalence of G6PD deficiency was 10.1%, and all of them were male children. The prevalence of beta-thalassemia was 2.5% and all were male. The prevalence of IDA was 17.7%. Although IDA figure is less than those reported in other developing countries [25-35%]; but it shows that Lor tribes in southern Iran are still behind the health status of developed countries [5-8%]. Even the prevalence of beta-thalassemia is not very high, but regarding the devastating potential risk of Cooley's anemia; a careful performance of Iranian thalassemia program is recommended. It seems that G6PD deficiency is prevalent in Lor nomads, so establishment of educational programs and investigation on their dietary habits seem to be a good way to prevent the favism occurrence

Comunicação interventricular, doença metabólica e nutrição: relato de caso / Ventricular septal defect, metabolic disease and nutrition: a case report

A comunicação interventricular é uma cardiopatia congênita que pode ser corrigida através de procedimento cirúrgico; porém doenças metabólicas associadas, como as glicogenoses, podem mudar o prognóstico do paciente, sendo a nutrição um importante fator no tratamento desses pacientes. Relata-se um caso envolvendo a comunicação interventricular, doença metabólica e tratamento nutricional.