Do Improved Trunk Mobility and Isometric Strength Correlate with Improved Pain and Disability after Multimodal Rehabilitation for Low Back Pain? / A melhora da mobilidade e da força isométrica do tronco se correlacionam com a melhora da dor e da incapacidade após a reabilitação multimodal para dor lombar?

Abstract Objective To determine the correlation between posttreatment trunk range of motion (ROM) and isometric strength (TIS) and pain and disability in patients who underwent multimodal rehabilitation for low back pain (LBP). Methods In this prospective cohort study, 122 patients undergoing multimodal rehabilitation for LBP were analyzed. The pre- and posttreatment numerical pain rating scale (NPRS) and the Oswestry disability index (ODI) scores, as well as trunk ROM and TIS were compared. The Pearson correlation was used to determine correlation between posttreatment clinical outcomes and ROM and TIS. Results At the end of treatment, the mean NPRS (p< 0.0001) and ODI (p< 0.0001) scores, mean trunk extension (p< 0.0001), and flexion (p< 0.0001) ROMs improved significantly. Similarly, posttreatment, the mean extension (p< 0.0001) and flexion (p< 0.0001) TISs improved significantly. There was a weak correlation between the NPRS score and ROM extension (r = -0.24, p= 0.006) and flexion strength (r = -0.28, p= 0.001), as well as between the ODI score and TIS extension (r = -0.30, p= 0.0007) and flexion (r = -0.28, p= 0.001). Conclusion Despite significant improvement in pain, disability, trunk ROM, and TIS with multimodal treatment, there was a weak correlation between posttreatment pain and function and trunk ROM and TIS. Improvement in pain and function with physical rehabilitation treatment for LBP is a complex phenomenon and needs further investigation.

Resumo Objetivo Determinar a correlação entre a amplitude de movimento (ADM) do tronco pós-tratamento e a força isométrica do tronco (FIT) e a dor e a incapacidade em pacientes submetidos à reabilitação multimodal para dor lombar (DL). Métodos Neste estudo de coorte prospectiva, 122 pacientes submetidos à reabilitação multimodal para DL foram analisados. Foram comparados os escores de escala numérica de dor pré- e pós-tratamento (END) e do índice de incapacidade Oswestry (Oswestry disability index - ODI), a ADM do tronco e a FIT. A correlação de Pearson foi utilizada para determinar a correlação entre desfechos clínicos e a ADM e a FIT pós-tratamento. Resultados Ao final do tratamento, as médias de ADM (p< 0,0001) e ODI (p< 0,0001), as ADMs médias de extensão (p< 0,0001) e a flexão (p< 0,0001) do tronco melhoraram significativamente. Da mesma forma, a FIT pós-tratamento, as FITs médias de extensão (p< 0,0001) e flexão (p< 0,0001) melhoraram significativamente. Houve uma correlação fraca entre o escore do END e a ADM de extensão (r = -0,24, p= 0,006) e força de flexão (r = -0,28, p= 0,001) pós-tratamento, assim como entre o escore de ODI e FIT de extensão (r = -0,30, p= 0,0007) e flexão (r = -0,28, p= 0,001) pós-tratamento. Conclusão Apesar da melhora significativa da dor, capacidade, ADM do tronco e FIT com tratamento multimodal, houve uma fraca correlação entre dor pós-tratamento e função e ADM e FIT de tronco. A melhora da dor e da função com o tratamento de reabilitação física para DL é um fenômeno complexo e precisa de uma investigação mais aprofundada.

Granuloma eosinofílico cervical en el adolescente: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Cervical eosinophilic granuloma in adolescents: case report and literature review

INTRODUCCIÓN El granuloma eosinofílico (GE) es una patología infrecuente, sobre todo en adultos, que puede afectar la columna cervical. A pesar de la vasta literatura, esta enfermedad afecta principalmente a la población infantil, y no hay un consenso sobre el manejo en adultos. Con el objetivo de aportar conocimiento respecto a esta patología poco frecuente, se presenta un caso clínico de GE cervical en un paciente de 16 años, a quien se trató de manera conservadora, con buenos resultados y retorno completo a sus actividades. CASO CLÍNICO Un hombre de 16 años, seleccionado de rugby, consultó por dolor cervical axial persistente y nocturno de 6 semanas de evolución, sin trauma evidente. Al examen, destacó dolor a la compresión axial sin compromiso neurológico asociado. Los exámenes de tomografía computarizada (TC) y resonancia magnética (RM) revelaron lesión lítica en el cuerpo de C3 de características agresivas, de presentación monostótica en tomografía por emisión de positrones-tomografía computada (TEP-TC) compatible con tumor primario vertebral. Se decidió realizar biopsia percutánea bajo TC, para definir el diagnóstico y manejo adecuado, la cual fue compatible con células de Langerhans. Al no presentar clínica ni imagenología de inestabilidad ósea evidente o compromiso neurológico, se manejó con tratamiento conservador, inmovilización cervical, analgesia oral, y seguimiento estrecho. A los cuatro meses de evolución, se presentó con una TC con cambios reparativos del cuerpo vertebral y sin dolor, y logró retomar sus actividad habituales. CONCLUSIONES El diagnóstico de GE es infrecuente a esta edad, y se debe plantear entre diagnósticos diferenciales de lesiones líticas agresivas primarias vertebrales. Es necesario el uso de imágenes, y la biopsia vertebral es fundamental para confirmar el diagnóstico. Su manejo va a depender de la sintomatología, del compromiso de estructuras vecinas, y de la estabilidad de la vértebra afectada. El manejo conservador con seguimiento clínico e imagenológico es una opción viable.

INTRODUCTION Eosinophilic granuloma (EG) is a rare, tumor-like lesion, infrequently affecting the cervical spine, particularly in adults. Although vastly described in literature, this pathology mainly affects children, and there is still no consensus on its treatment in older patients. With the goal of contributing to increase the knowledge regarding this infrequent pathology, we present a case of a C3 eosinophilic granuloma in a 16-year-old patient, who was treated conservatively, with good results, including complete return to his previous activities. CLINICAL CASE a 16-year-old male, elite rugby player, presented with a history of persistent neck pain, mainly at night, with no previous trauma. Upon physical examination, he reported neck pain with axial compression of the head, without neurological impairment. Both computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan revealed an aggressive lytic lesion in the C3 vertebral body, a with monostotic presentation on positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) compatible with a primary spine tumor. A CT-guided percutaneous biopsy was obtained to establish the diagnosis and provide the proper management. The results were compatible with Langerhans cells. As he presented no symptoms or imaging findings of evident bone instability, as well as no neurological impairment, the patient was treated conservatively, with a cervical brace, oral pain medication and close followup. A CT obtained after four months of treatment showed reparative changes of the C3 vertebral body; at this point, the patient reported no neck pain, so he was able to return to his previous activities. CONCLUSIONS Although an EG is rare at this age, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of primary vertebral aggressive lytic lesions. Imaging and a vertebral biopsy are paramount to confirm the diagnosis. The treatment modality depends on the symptoms, the involvement of adjacent structures, and the stability of the affected vertebra. Conservative management including clinical and imaging followup is a viable option.

Clinical profile of patients with inter vertebral disc disorders / clínica de pacientes con trastornos de los discos intervertebrales

Introduction: Intervertebral disc disorders (IDDs) are being commonly observed nowadays among the young and middle aged population. Objectives: This hospital record based study was done to study the risk factors, clinical presentation, imaging findings and management practices among patients with all types of IDDs. Methods: A validated proforma was used to obtain information of patients confirmed with IDDs over the past three years. Results: Mean age at onset of disc disorders among the 219 patients was 44.7±14.2 years. History of poor exercising habits were present among 72(32.9 percent) patients. The most common site of disc involvement was L4-L5 [151(68.9 percent)]. 143(65.3 percent) patients had single site disc involvement. The most common clinical symptom was lower back pain [180(82.2 percent)]. Nerve root compression was present among 154(70.3 percent) patients. Disc bulge, protrusion, extrusion and sequestration were present among 116(53 percent), 90(41.1 percent), 52(23.7 percent) and 4(1.8 percent) patients respectively. Age at onset >65 years (p=0.035), age at onset ≤55 years (p=0.004) and history of direct impact to the neck region (p=0.017) were associated with disc prolapse at L2-L3 level, L4-L5 level and C5-C6 level respectively, among patients with single site disc involvement. Risk of multiple level disc involvement was found to increase after 35 years (p<0.001). It was seen more involving cervical vertebrae (p=0.0068). Lumbar (p<0.0001) and lumbosacral vertebrae (p<0.0001) involvement were seenmore among patients with single site disc involvement. NSAIDs [155(70.8 percent)] were the most the commonly used medication. Microdiscectomy was done among 35(76.1 percent) out of the 46 patients who underwent surgical management. Conclusions: Exercising habits need to be encouraged among people for the prevention of IDDs. The various high risk groups identified in this study need to be periodically screened for IDDs(AU)

Introducción: Actualmente, los trastornos de los discos intervertebrales (TDI) son frecuentes en la población joven y de mediana edad. Objetivos: Este estudio hospitalario de las historias clínicas se realizó para examinar los factores de riesgo, la presentación clínica, los hallazgos imagenológicos y las prácticas de tratamiento entre los pacientes con todos los tipos de trastornos de los discos intervertebrales. Métodos: Se utilizó una proforma validada para obtener información de los pacientes confirmados con trastornos de los discos intervertebrales en los últimos tres años. Resultados: La edad media de aparición de los trastornos discales entre los 219 pacientes fue de 44,7 ± 14,2 años. El historial de malos hábitos de ejercicio estuvo presente en 72 (32,9 por ciento) pacientes. El sitio más común de afectación del disco fue L4-L5 [151 (68,9 por ciento)]. 143 (65,3 por ciento) pacientes tenían compromiso de disco en un solo sitio. El síntoma clínico más frecuente fue el dolor lumbar [180(82,2 por ciento)]. La compresión de la raíz nerviosa estuvo presente en 154 (70,3 por ciento) pacientes. Se mostró presencia de protuberancia, protrusión, extrusión y secuestro discal en 116 (53 por ciento), 90 (41,1 por ciento), 52 (23,7 por ciento) y 4 (1,8 por ciento) pacientes, respectivamente. La edad de inicio >65 años (p=0,035), la edad de inicio ≤55 años (p=0,004) y el antecedente de impacto directo en la región del cuello (p=0,017) se asociaron con prolapso discal a nivel L2-L3, L4- Nivel L5 y nivel C5-C6 respectivamente, entre pacientes con compromiso discal en un solo sitio. Se encontró que el riesgo de afectación del disco en múltiples niveles aumenta después de 35 años (p<0,001). Se vio más involucradas las vértebras cervicales (p=0,0068). La afectación de las vértebras lumbares (p<0,0001) y lumbosacras (p<0,0001) se observó más entre los pacientes con afectación del disco en un solo sitio. Los fármacos anti-inflamatorios no esteroideos (AINE) [155 (70,8 por ciento)] fueron los medicamentos más utilizados. La microdiscectomía se realizó en 35 (76,1 por ciento) de los 46 pacientes que se sometieron a manejo quirúrgico. Conclusiones: Es necesario fomentar hábitos de ejercicio entre las personas para la prevención de los TDI. Los diversos grupos de alto riesgo identificados en este estudio deben someterse a pruebas periódicas de IDD(AU)

Infecciones piógenas de la columna vertebral / Pyogenic spinal infections

Las infecciones espinales son cuadros clínicos poco frecuentes, que exigen un alto índice de sospecha. La prevalencia de infecciones piógenas de la columna ha ido en aumento, en parte debido al envejecimiento de la población y a un mayor número de pacientes inmunocomprometidos. El estudio imagenológico se puede iniciar con radiografías simples, pero la resonancia magnética es el examen imagenológico de elección, ya que puede dar resultados positivos de forma precoz, entregando información más detallada del compromiso vertebral y tejidos blandos adyacentes. Aunque la clínica y los hallazgos imagenológicos nos pueden orientar, es importante intentar un diagnóstico microbiológico tomando cultivos y muestras para identificar al agente causal antes de iniciar los antibióticos; aunque es óptimo un tratamiento agente-específico, hasta un 25% de los casos queda sin diagnóstico del agente. El tratamiento es inicialmente médico, con antibióticos e inmovilización, pero se debe considerar la cirugía en casos de compromiso neurológico, deformidad progresiva, inestabilidad, sepsis no controlada o dolor intratable. El manejo quirúrgico actual consiste en el aseo y estabilización precoz de los segmentos vertebrales comprometidos. Descartar una endocarditis concomitante y el examen neurológico seriado son parte del manejo de estos pacientes.

Spinal infections are unusual conditions requiring a high index of suspicion for clinical diagnosis. There has been a global increase in the number of pyogenic spinal infections due to an aging population and a higher proportion of immunocompromised patients. The imaging study should start with plain radiographs, but magnetic resonance imaging (mri) is the gold standard for diagnosis. Mri can detect bone and disc changes earlier than other methods, and it provides detailed information on bone and adjacent soft tissues. Blood cultures and local samples for culture and pathology should be obtained, trying to identify the pathogen. According to the result, the most appropriate drug must be selected depending on susceptibility and penetration into spinal tissues. Treatment should start with antibiotics and immobilization; surgery should be considered in cases with neurological impairment, progressive deformity, spine instability, sepsis, or non-controlled pain. Current surgical treatment includes debridement and early stabilization. Practitioners should rule out endocarditis and perform a serial neurological examination managing these patients.

Clinical management of dogs with presumptive diagnosis of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease: 164 cases (2006-2017) / Tratamento clínico de cães com diagnóstico presuntivo de doença do disco intervertebral toracolombar: 164 casos (2006-2017)

This study aimed to identify dogs with presumptive diagnosis of cervical intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) submitted to clinical management and to evaluate the outcomes. Data were obtained from the medical records of patients with neurological dysfunction assisted at a University Veterinary Hospital from 2006 to 2017. In addition to the patients' records, dog owners responded to a questionnaire on the success of therapy. Four hundred and thirteen neurological records were evaluated, and 164 met the inclusion criteria of the study. The most common breed was Dachshund, followed by mongrels. Classification of neurological dysfunction in the study sample was as follows: 15.9% with grade I, 25.6% with grade II, 26.8% with grade III, 8.5% with grade IV, and 23.2% with grade V. Outcome was satisfactory in 71.6% of the dogs and unsatisfactory in 28.4% of them. Recurrence was observed in 27.7% of those with satisfactory outcomes. The clinical treatment of dogs with thoracolumbar IVDD is satisfactory, particularly for animals with milder disease grades (I, II, and III). There is possibility of recurrence with conservative therapy and clinical signs may be more severe.(AU)

O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar cães com diagnóstico presuntivo de DDIV toracolombar submetidos ao tratamento clínico, a fim de avaliar a resposta à terapia instituída. Foram revisados os registros neurológicos de cães atendidos pelo Serviço de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia Veterinária no período de 2006 a 2017 de um Hospital Veterinário Universitário. Foi realizada coleta de dados a partir dos registros e por meio de um questionário respondido pelos tutores. Foram avaliadas 413 fichas neurológicas de cães e obtidas informações para inclusão no estudo em 164 delas. As raças mais frequentes foram dachshunds, seguido de cães sem raça definida. Quanto ao grau de disfunção neurológica foi definido como grau I para 15,9% dos cães, grau II para 25,6%, grau III para 26,8%, grau IV para 8,5% e grau V para 23,2%. A recuperação foi satisfatória em 71,6% dos cães e insatisfatória em 28,4%. Dos que se recuperaram satisfatoriamente, 27,7% tiveram recidivas. Com base nos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que o tratamento clínico em repouso absoluto e administração de anti-inflamatórios e analgésicos opióides para cães com DDIV toracolombar é efetivo, principalmente para cães em graus mais leves da doença (grau I, II e III). Há possibilidade de recidiva com esse tipo de terapia cujos sinais clínicos poderão ser mais graves.(AU)

Problema crônico de coluna e fatores associados: um estudo baseado na pesquisa nacional de saúde 2013 / Chronic spine problem and associated factors: a study based on the national health survey 2013

Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar os possíveis fatores de risco para os Problemas Crônicos de Co-luna (PCC), como também os fatores que podem se comportar como protetores para o desenvolvimento desse problema, em adultos com 18 anos ou mais de idade. Material e Métodos: A base de dados utilizada foi da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013, disponibilizada pelo IBGE em parceria com o Ministério da Saúde. Resultados: Aproximadamente 27 mil indivíduos se enquadraram neste estudo, dos quais aproximadamente 16% relataram ter PCC. Destes, 46% não realizavam tratamento algum e 62% relataram que esses problemas geravam algum tipo de limitação. Os resultados encontrados foram relevantes, em virtude da confirmação de evidências importantes contidas na literatura, ou seja, identificaram-se fatores de risco e de proteção no desenvolvimento do PCC, como o de que mulheres apresentam maiores chances de desenvolverem PCC. Quando analisado a realização de exercício físico, este demonstrou ser um fator de proteção, diminuindo em 9% a chance de desenvol-ver problema na coluna. Conclusão: Em geral, o Logit dessa in-vestigação classificou 84,4% das observações, contudo, é certo que existem muitos fatores envolvidos no desenvolvimento dos PCC e o conhecimento desses é de extrema importância, visto que medidas preventivas podem ser aplicadas. (AU)

Objective:The present study aimed to identify the possible risk factors for Chronic Spinal Problems (CSP), as well as factors that may behave as protectors for the development of this problem, in adults aged 18 years and over. Material and methods: The database that was used was from the National Health Survey of 2013, made available by IBGE in partner-ship with the Health Ministry. Results: Approximately 27,000 individuals were included in this study, of which approximately 16% reported having CSP. Of these, 46% did not undergo any treatment and 62% reported that these problems generated some type of limitation. The results were relevant because of the confirmation of important evidence in the literature, that is, risk and protective factors were identified in the development of CSP, such as the fact that women are more likely to develop CSP. When the physical exercise was analyzed, it was shown to be a protective factor, decreasing in 9% the chance of de-veloping a problem in the spine. Conclusion:In general, the Logit of this investigation classified 84.45% of the observations, however, it is certain that there are many factors involved in the development of CSPs and the knowledge of these is extremely important since preventive measures can be applied. (AU)

Una controversia en el tiempo: ejercicios de Williams y Charriere / A dispute over time: Williams and Charriere exercises / Une controverse depuis longtemps: exercices de Williams et Charrière

El dolor lumbar es una enfermedad frecuente, es la principal causa de limitación física en personas menores de 45 años y constituye el séptimo motivo de consulta médica en la atención primaria, y a pesar de su carácter benigno, es una de las primeras causas de invalidez en los países desarrollados. El propósito de este estudio fue revalidar la vigencia del empleo de los ejercicios en el tratamiento rehabilitador del síndrome doloroso lumbar. La realización de ejercicios, han demostrado ser efectivos para mejorar el dolor y la limitación física que ocasiona en los pacientes el dolor de espalda con dolor, tradicionalmente, para el tratamiento rehabilitador de las enfermedades de la columna vertebral, se indican los ejercicios de Williams y la técnica vertebral de Charriere, que a pesar de su uso cotidiano, persisten confusión en diversos aspectos en cuanto a su técnica de aplicación, e incluso en muchos libros y artículos tienden a mezclarlos indistintamente. Se delinean de cada técnica sus objetivos generales, tipos de ejercicios, posiciones básicas, regiones de la columna vertebral donde se pueden aplicar, y fase de la enfermedad donde se recomienda su uso. Se describe la posición de Williams y sus seis ejercicios básicos, según su propósito. Estas técnicas mantienen reconocida eficacia en el tratamiento rehabilitador de las dolencias de la columna vertebral.

Back pain is a common disease. It is the leading cause of physical limitation in people younger than 45 years and it is the seventh reason for consultation in primary care. Despite its benign nature, it is one of the leading causes of disability in developed countries. The purpose of this study was to validate the effectiveness of the use of rehabilitation exercises in the treatment of lumbar pain syndrome. The practice of exercises has proven to be effective for improving pain and physical limitations that brings in back pain patients. Traditionally, Williams exercises and Charriere spinal technique are indicated for the rehabilitation treatment of the spine diseases. Despite daily use, confusion persists in various aspects regarding application technique, and many books and articles tend to mix them interchangeably. Each technique is outlined concerning their overall objectives, types of exercises, basic positions, regions of the spine which can be applied, and stage of disease where their use is recommended. Position of Williams and its six basic exercises by purpose are here described. These techniques remain known efficacy in rehabilitation treatment for ailments of the spine.

La douleur lombaire est une affection fréquente. Elle provoque des limitations physiques chez les personnes de moins de 45 ans, et constitue la septième cause de consultation médicale aux soins primaires de santé. Malgré son caractère bénin, elle est l’une des premières causes d’invalidité dans les pays développés. Le but de ce travail est de revalider l’emploi des exercices dans le traitement de rééducation du syndrome douloureux lombaire. Les exercices ont montré être effectifs contre la douleur et la limitation physique provoquées par les maux de dos chez les patients. Dans le traitement de rééducation des maladies du rachis, on indique les exercices de Williams et la technique de manipulation vertébrale de Charrière qui, malgré leur usage quotidien, entraînent une confusion dans différents aspects tels que leur technique d’application, et même dans plusieurs livres et articles il y a une tendance à les mêler indistinctement. On décrit les objectifs généraux de chaque technique, les types d’exercices, les positions fondamentales, quelles régions de la colonne vertébrale ils peuvent être appliqués, dans quelle étape de la maladie ils sont conseillés d’être utilisés. On décrit la position de Williams et ses six exercices fondamentaux, selon leur fin. Ces techniques maintiennent une renommée efficacité dans le traitement de rééducation des affections du rachis.

Gota axial / Gout in the spine

A gota axial pode afetar todos os segmentos da coluna vertebral. Ela se manifesta como dor nas costas, dor associada com sintomas neurológicos, e como comprometimento neurológico sem dor em 17,9%, 75,8% e 4,2% dos casos, respectivamente. Essas manifestações foram a primeira apresentação da gota em muitos pacientes. Embora radiografias, bem como tomografia computadorizada e especialmente ressonância magnética, possam ser muito sugestivos, análises histopatológicas, citológicas e pesquisa de cristais são o padrão ouro de diagnóstico. Na maioria dos casos que envolveram manifestações neurológicas, o paciente foi submetido à cirurgia, levando a resultados satisfatórios. Há, no entanto, alguns relatos de recuperação total após o tratamento clínico habitual para gota, o que sugere que esse tratamento pode ser a opção inicial para os indivíduos com histórico de gota e sinais radiológicos de envolvimento axial.

Axial gout can affect all segments of the spine. It is manifested as back pain, as pain associated with neurological symptoms, and as neurological impairment without pain in 17.9%, 75.8% and 4.2% of cases, respectively. These manifestations were the first presentation of gout in many patients. Although x-rays as well as computed tomography and especially magnetic resonance scans can be very suggestive, histopathological, cytological and crystal analyses are the diagnostic gold standard. In most cases involving neurological manifestations, the patient underwent surgery, leading to satisfactory results. There are, however, some reports of full recovery following the usual clinical treatment for gout, suggesting that such treatment may be the initial option for those subjects with a history of gout and radiological findings of axial involvement.

Proteína morfogénica humana y cirugía espinal / Morphogenic human protein and spinal surgery

La búsqueda de mejores técnica de fusión espinal se ha convertido en uno de los retos de las ciencias básicas para aplicación en neurocirugía de columna. Como resultado aparece el descubrimiento de una familia de proteínas llamadas proteínas morfogénicas humanas que presentan una capacidad potencial para aumentar las tasas de fusión espinal. Las investigaciones basadas en ensayos clínicos prospectivos, randomizados han demostrado la eficacia de estas proteínas para el tratamiento de ciertas patologías quirúrgicas de la columna vertebral.

Osteomielitis vertebral piógena / Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis

La osteomielitis vertebral piógena (OVP) es una localización poco frecuente (2-7%) Se confirma con el aislamiento de un microorganismo de una vértebra, disco intervertebral, absceso epidural o paravertebral. Se describe una serie de casos por la infrecuente presentación de esta enfermedad, que puede ser consulta inicial en los servicios de clínica médica y por su sintomatología inespecífica que supone una dificultad diagnóstica. Tanto la columna lumbar como la dorsal fueron los sitios más afectados. El dolor dorsolumbar y la paraparesia fueron los síntomas más frecuentes de presentación. En ocho pacientes se aislaron Staphylococcus aureus, en uno Escherichia coli y en el restante Haemophylus sp. Se observó leucocitosis sólo en tres pacientes, y en dos velocidad de sedimentación globular mayor de 100 mm/h. Los diez pacientes presentaron imágenes características de osteomielitis vertebral piógena en la resonancia nuclear magnética. Dentro de las complicaciones, los abscesos paravertebrales y epidurales fueron los más frecuentes (en cinco enfermos). Además, un paciente presentó empiema pleural. De los diez pacientes de esta serie, siete recibieron inicialmente tratamiento médico empírico y luego específico para el germen aislado. En los restantes el tratamiento fue guiado de acuerdo al antibiograma. A dos enfermos fue necesario realizarles laminectomía descompresiva por compromiso de partes blandas y a otros dos estabilización quirúrgica por inestabilidad espinal, observándose buena evolución en todos los casos. Esta serie demuestra que, ante un paciente con dolor dorsolumbar y síntomas neurológicos se deberá tener en cuenta esta entidad para evitar un retraso en el tratamiento.

Pyogenic osteomyelitis seldom affects the spine (2-7%). It is diagnosed by the isolation of a bacterial agent in the vertebral body, the intervertebral disks or from paravertebral or epidural abscesses. We report a retrospective study of ten patients who attended a medical clinic with this disease to emphasize its unusual presentation and difficult diagnosis. Lumbar and dorsal spine were the most common sites affected. Dorsolumbar pain and paraparesis were the most frequent symptoms. Staphylococcus aureus were isolated in eight patients, Escherichia coli in one and Haemophilus sp. in other Leukocytosis was observed in only three patients. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was higher than 100 mm in the first hour in two patients. Typical images of pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis were observed in all these patients with magnetic resonance imaging. The main complications were paravertebral and epidural abscesses that were found in five patients. One patient also presented an empyema, seven of them initially received empiric medical treatment, and later specific antibiotics according to the culture and sensitivity results. The rest of the patients were initially treated according to the sensitivity of the isolated germ. Surgical intervention was performed in two patients to drain soft tissue involvement, and in two other to stabilize the spine. All four surgical patients had a full recovery. This report is intended to point out that in patients with dorsolumbar pain and neurological symptoms pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis is a possible diagnosis and has to be treated without delay.

Espondilodiscitis cervical hematogena: Diagnostico y tratamiento: Serie consecutiva de once pacientes / Hematogenous cervical spondylodiscitis: Diagnosis and treatment: Eleven consecutive patient`s series

Introducción: La espondilodiscitis cervical hematógena se manifiesta con diversos signos y síntomas. La íntimarelación de la médula espinal con este sector móvilconcede a las infecciones cervicales un trato especial.Por su baja incidencia no existen pautas precisas de tratamiento. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar retrospectivamente el tratamiento de una serie consecutiva de pacientes adultos con espondilodiscitis cervical hematógena. Materiales y métodos: Se evaluaron 11 pacientes con un seguimiento promedio de 60 meses. Los 7 pacientes con diagnóstico de inestabilidad mecánica, compromiso neurológico o presencia de abscesos fueron tratados quirúrgicamente con desbridamiento y artrodesis por vía anterior; los 4 restantes fueron tratados en forma conservadora. Todos recibieron inmovilización externa y antibioticoterapiaintravenosa. Resultados: Todos los pacientes presentaron remisión de los signos clínicos, radiológicos y de laboratorio de infección. En los 3 pacientes con compromiso medular la recuperación fue completa, mientras que, de los 3 pacientes con compromiso radicular, uno permanece con parestesias. Conclusiones: De acuerdo con nuestras pautas de selección, la combinación de la antibioticoterapia y la inmovilizaciónexterna o la cirugía resultó ser un tratamientoadecuado en esta pequeña serie de pacientes con espondilodiscitis cervical.

Doença do nível adjacente após artrodese da coluna lombar: revisão da literatura / Adjacent segment disease after lumbar spine fusion: literature review

A degeneração do nível adjacente acima ou abaixo da fusão na coluna lombar é definida como doença do nível adjacente. Atualmente é considerada como uma complicação tardia e freqüente. Do ponto de vista radiográfico apresenta uma incidência de 5,2 a 100%. No entanto a incidência de pacientes sintomáticos é menor,variando de 5,2 a 18,5%. A etiologia é incerta. Provavelmente a origem está no aumento da pressão intradiscal,no aumento da carga facetária e no aumento da mobilidade. Os potenciais fatores de risco incluem: instrumentação, tamanho de fusão, mau alinhamento sagital, lesão facetária, idade e degeneração pré-existente. Otratamento pode ser clínico ou cirúrgico. O tratamento cirúrgico consiste na descompressão dos elementos neurais e extensão da fusão. Os resultados após a nova cirurgia são modestos.

The relationship between music and muscoloskeletal chronic pain

Musculoskeletal chronic pain causes suffering and influences an individual's quality of life, functioning, and independence. The purpose of this descriptive, comparative, and correlational study was to examine the effect of music on the intensity of musculoskeletal chronic pain among women with musculoskeletal chronic pain, and identify symbolic themes similarities and aesthetic reactions caused by mental images after listening to three music pieces (Bolero, Lohengrin, and Mix). Data were collected from 90 women suffering from specific chronic musculoskeletal pain (fibromyalgia, repetitive strains injuries, and spinal column diseases) using the Numerical Rating Scale. Differences in perceptions of pain were measured before and after classical music listening (Bolero - M. Ravel, Lohengrin - R. Wagner, and Mix - classical various). Drawing and verbal reports were also recorded to characterize mental images. Results of t-tests indicated that women in the three groups had less pain after listening to the music pieces (p< 0.001). Symbolic and aesthetically significant differences among the three musical pieces were also observed. The mix has shown lower results in mental image quantity in relation to Ravel and Wagner's music, both symbolically and aesthetically, with predominance of descriptive images. These findings indicate that music is an effective nursing intervention that can be used to relieve musculoskeletal chronic pain.