Preparation and Application of Monoclonal Antibody Against Human von Willebrand Factor Propeptide / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To develop monoclonal antibodies that can specifically recognize human von Willebrand factor (VWF) propeptide (VWFpp) in plasma, and establish a rapid and reliable method for the detection of VWFpp antigen in plasma by using the double-antibody sandwich ELISA with the obtained anti-VWFpp monoclonal antibody.@*METHODS@#The recombinant human VWFpp (D1 and D2 regions) protein expressed in eukaryotic cells was used as immunogen to immunize BALB/c mice with routine method, so as to obtain clones of fusion cells. After screening and identification, hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies against VWFpp were selected, and then double-antibody sandwich ELISA assay was used to construct VWFpp antigen detection kit for the determination of VWFpp in human plasma. The levels of VWFpp antigen in plasma of 12 leukemia patients who underwent bone marrow transplantation were dynamically detected.@*RESULTS@#Two hybridoma cell lines that can be subcultured continuously and secrete monoclonal antibodies against VWFpp were obtained and named SZ175 and SZ176 respectively. Identified by ELISA and Western blot, the antibodies could both specifically recognize VWFpp but couldn't recognize mature VWF (without propeptide). Based on the principle of double-antibody sandwich ELISA, monoclonal antibodies SZ175 and SZ176 were successfully made into a kit for detecting VWFpp antigen. The plasma VWFpp levels of leukemia patients before and after bone marrow transplantation were dynamically detected. The results showed that the plasma VWFpp levels of the patients after transplantation were significantly higher than those before transplantation.@*CONCLUSION@#Two monoclonal antibodies against VWFpp were successfully prepared, and a double-antibody sandwich ELISA detection kit for VWFpp antigen was constructed, which provides a powerful tool for further study on the biological function of VWFpp, the clinical diagnosis and classification of von Willebrand disease (VWD), and the prognostic monitoring of endothelial injury-related diseases.

Diagnóstico laboratorial da doença de Von Willebrand: uma revisão de literatura / Laboratory diagnosis of Von Willebrand disease: a literature review

A doença de Von Willebrand (DVW) é o distúrbio hemorrágico mais comum decorrente de disfunção qualitativa ou quantitativa do fator de Von Willebrand (FVW) podendo ser adquirida ou congênita. De acordo com a Federação Mundial de Hemofilia de 2017, do total de 315.423 pessoas portadoras de coagulopatias hereditárias, 76.144 são portadoras da DVW com prevalência no Brasil de 8.531 portadores para um total de 209.288.278 brasileiros. É frequentemente subdiagnosticada por profissionais de saúde devido ao desconhecimento de suas apresentações clínicas, indisponibilidade de testes laboratoriais específicos ou dificuldades técnicas para a realização desses testes. Com base na gravidade e subdiagnóstico da DVW, o objetivo deste estudo foi revisar a literatura existente para descrever a doença e os exames laboratoriais para o diagnóstico das alterações ocasionadas na hemostasia a fim de evidenciar a importância do conhecimento pelos profissionais da saúde e proporcionar melhor acompanhamento dos pacientes. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo de revisão da literatura de artigos completos, monografias, dissertações e teses indexadas nas bases de dados MEDLINE, SCIELO, LILACS, BIREME e Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde, utilizando as palavras-chave: Fator de Von Willebrand, Doença de Von Willebrand e Diagnóstico Laboratorial, no período entre 2000 e 2019, nos idiomas português e inglês. O FVW é essencial durante a coagulação sanguínea por ser responsável pela ativação plaquetária, pela formação do tampão plaquetário e por manter níveis plasmáticos adequados do Fator VIII. O diagnóstico da DVW é de extrema importância, pois ela oferece graves riscos ao indivíduo quando subdiagnosticada. Esse diagnóstico requer conhecimento técnico dos profissionais de saúde para o correto tratamento, pois a variedade de tipos e subtipos que apresenta pode ocasionar falhas no diagnóstico. Sugere-se maiores esclarecimentos aos profissionais de saúde por meio de educação permanente com médicos Hematologistas para um diagnóstico preciso e confiável.

Von Willebrand Disease (VWD) is the most common hemorrhagic disorder related to a qualitative or quantitative dysfunction of the Von Willebrand Factor (VWF); it can be acquired or congenital. According to the World Federation of Hemophilia, out of 315,423 people with hereditary coagulopathies, 76,144 are carriers of the VWD. In Brazil, there is a prevalence of 8,531 carriers out of 209,288,278 Brazilians. It is often underdiagnosed by health professionals due to the lack of knowledge of its clinical presentations, unavailability of specific laboratory tests, or technical difficulties to perform these tests. Based on the severity and underdiagnosis of VWD, this study aimed to review the literature to describe the disease and the changes caused in hemostasis to highlight the importance of providing knowledge to health professionals and a better monitoring of patients. This is a descriptive study carried out through a literature review of complete articles, final papers, dissertations, and theses, indexed on MEDLINE, SCIELO, LILACS, BIREME, and on the Virtual Health Library, using the keywords: Coagulopathy, Von Willebrand Factor, and Von Willebrand Disease, between 2000 to 2019, in Portuguese and English. VWF is essential during blood clotting because it is responsible for the activation of platelet, formation of a platelet plug, and maintenance of adequate plasma levels of Factor VIII. The diagnosis of VWD is essential because it offers grave risks to the individual when underdiagnosed. It requires technical knowledge from health professionals for the correct treatment since its variety of types and subtypes can cause failures in the diagnosis. Further clarification is suggested to health professionals through permanent education with Hematologists for an accurate and reliable diagnosis.

Respuesta a la prueba de desmopresina: estudio de cohorte en un hospital de Bogotá / Response to the desmopressin test: cohort study in a Bogota hospital

Introducción: La desmopresina es un análogo sintético de la vasopresina que aumenta los niveles plasmáticos del factor VIII y del factor de von Willebrand. Algunos autores señalan el tiempo de mantenimiento del efecto hemostático entre 6 y 8 h, por lo que es necesario estudiar su efecto en el tiempo. Objetivo: Determinar la variación de las variables de laboratorio de pacientes con enfermedad de von Willebrand y hemofilia tipo A posterior a la administración de desmopresina. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo en un hospital universitario en Bogotá. Se realizó un muestreo no aleatorio, se incluyeron 24 pacientes mayores de 18 años con diagnóstico de enfermedad de von Willebrand (67 por ciento) y hemofilia tipo A no grave (33 por ciento), a quienes se les realizó la prueba de desmopresina. Se conformaron dos grupos de pacientes, independientemente del diagnóstico: 15 pacientes con valores basales de factor VIII ; 50 UI y 13 pacientes con valores basales de antígeno von Willebrand lt; 50 UI. Se efectúo análisis estadístico descriptivo y correlacional en Stata 13. Resultados: El 87 por ciento de los pacientes del grupo I alcanzó el valor terapéutico a las 2 h de administrada la desmopresina (p= 0,000), el cual se mantuvo hasta 6 h en el 77 por ciento (p= 0,000). En el grupo II el 92 por ciento logró el valor terapéutico en 2 h (p= 0,003), que continuó hasta las 6 h en el 83 por ciento (p= 0,000). Conclusiones: La respuesta a la administración de desmopresina fue máxima a las 2 h posteriores, cuando comenzó a disminuir progresivamente, pero mantuvo el efecto terapéutico. Aunque no se encontraron efectos adversos, existe variabilidad de respuesta entre pacientes(AU)

Introduction: Desmopressin is a synthetic analog for vasopressin that increases the plasma levels of factor VIII and of von Willebrand factor. Some authors indicate maintenance time of hemostatic effect between 6 and 8 hours, so it is necessary to study its effect over time. Objective: To determine the variation of laboratory variables in patients with von Willebrand disease and type A hemophilia after desmopressin administration. Methods: Retrospective cohort study carried out in a university hospital in Bogotá. Nonrandomized sampling was used, including 24 patients older than 18 years and with a diagnosis of von Willebrand disease (67 percent) and non-severe type A hemophilia (33 percent), who underwent the desmopressin test. Two groups of patients were created, regardless of diagnosis: 15 patients with baseline values of factor-VIII 8203; #8203;lower than 50 IU and 13 patients with baseline values of von Willebrand antigen8203;8203;lower than 50 IU. Descriptive and correlational statistical analysis was performed in Stata 13. Results: 87 percent of patients in group I reached the therapeutic value two hours after desmopressin administration (p=0.000), which was maintained for up to six hours in 77 percent (p=0.000). In group II, 92 percent achieved the therapeutic value in two hours (p=0.003), which continued until six hours in 83 percent (p=0.000). Conclusions: Response to desmopressin administration was maximum at two hours, when it began to decrease progressively, but maintained the therapeutic effect. Although no adverse effects were found, there is variability of response among patients(AU)

Conocimiento acerca de la enfermedad de Von Willebrand entre estudiantes de Odontología / Knowledge about von Willebrand's disease among dental students

Introduction: Von Willebrand's disease is the most common bleeding disorder, and is still underdiagnosed for several reasons, including lack of knowledge about the disease. Objective: to evaluate the knowledge about dental care for patients with von Willebrand's disease in students who attended the last academic year of an undergraduate dental program. Methods: a questionnaire with objective questions was applied to 87 students in order to obtain data on the following variables of interest: gender, term of the program, knowledge about the disease, knowledge about the involved coagulation factor, tests for diagnosis, signs and symptoms, procedures necessary during patient care, and medications that should be avoided in von Willebrand's disease. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS (21.0) at a significance level of 5 percent. Results: only 21 students (21.14 percent) reported having some knowledge about von Willebrand's disease: 49.02 percent correctly answered that the coagulation factor is involved in von Willebrand's disease, and 29.4 percent correctly answered to the question about the diagnostic tests. Conclusions: students attending the final academic year of an undergraduate dental program have limited knowledge about von Willebrand's disease(AU)

Introducción: la enfermedad de Von Willebrand es el trastorno hemorrágico más común, y todavía está infradiagnosticada por varias razones, incluyendo la falta de conocimiento acerca de la enfermedad. Objetivo: evaluar el conocimiento acerca del cuidado dental para pacientes con la enfermedad de Von Willebrand en los estudiantes que asistieron al último año de un programa de odontología de pregrado. Métodos: se aplicó un cuestionario con preguntas objetivas a 87 estudiantes para obtener datos sobre las siguientes variables de interés: género, término del programa, conocimiento acerca de la enfermedad, conocimiento sobre el factor de coagulación implicado, pruebas para el diagnóstico, signos y síntomas, procedimientos necesarios durante el cuidado de pacientes y los medicamentos que deben evitarse en la enfermedad de Von Willebrand. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando IBM SPSS (21.0) a un nivel de significación del 5 por ciento. Resultados: solo 21 estudiantes (21,14 por ciento) reportaron tener algún conocimiento sobre la enfermedad de Von Willebrand: 49,02 por ciento respondió correctamente cuál es el factor de coagulación que está involucrado en enfermedad de Von Willebrand, y el 29,4 por ciento respondió correctamente a la pregunta sobre las pruebas diagnósticas. Conclusiones: los estudiantes que asisten al último año de un programa de odontología de grado tienen un conocimiento limitado acerca de la enfermedad de Von Willebrand(AU)

Diagnóstico laboratorial de coagulopatías hemorrágicas en pacientes del Hospital Nacional de Itauguá / Laboratory diagnosis of hemorrhagic coagulopathies in patients of the National Hospital of Itauguá

Introducción: la hemostasia es el conjunto de sistemas que actúan coordinadamente para mantener la integridad de los vasos sanguíneos y la fluidez de la sangre; la alteración puede desencadenar trastornos trombóticos o hemorrágicos, dependiendo de la naturaleza de la falla. Objetivos: describir las coagulopatías hemorrágicas que se registraron en el departamento de laboratorio del Hospital Nacional de Itauguá, desde julio 2014 hasta diciembre 2015, obtener frecuencia y datos demográficos, edad, sexo, procedencia y clasificar las coagulopatías según deficiencias de factores de la coagulación, vía extrínseca, vía intrínseca y vía común final; sospecha de inhibidores adquiridos y enfermedad de von Willebrand. Material y Métodos: diseño observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo de corte trasverso; incluyéndose pacientes de ambos sexos, todas las edades, derivados de médicos hematólogos. Resultados: se registraron 77 pacientes con coagulopatías hemorrágicas en el Laboratorio, 43 fueron del sexo masculino, de 1 a 75 años, mediana 18 años; 31% (24/77) con deficiencias del factor VII, todos leves, edades 7 a 75 años. En la vía intrínseca, la deficiencia del factor VIII o Hemofilia A, fue la más observada 29%(22/77), mayoría severas (13/22), mientras que déficit de factor IX, Hemofilia B, en 4 pacientes 5%(4/77). 85% Hemofilia A y 15% Hemofilia B, edades 1 y 64 años, mediana 13,5 años, todos del sexo masculino; no se registraron deficiencias de FXI y FXII en el periodo de estudio. De la vía común final, se encontraron 3 pacientes con hipofibrinogenemia, 1 con probable disfibrinogenemia, 1 con déficit de Factor II, 2 de Factor V y 2 de Factor X, 2 adultas, y el resto pediátricos; estas deficiencias son muy poco frecuentes, Factor I, V y X de 1/1.000.000 y FII 1/2.000.000 personas. Quince pacientes con sospecha de inhibidores, dos de ellas con inhibidor específico anti-FVIII, y probables inhibidores de interferencia. Se confirmó el primer déficit de factor Von Willebrand, en una mujer de 47 años. Conclusiones: entre las coagulopatías hemorrágicas de mayor frecuencia, se encuentran las Hemofilias A y B, seguida de deficiencias del factor VII y probables inhibidores de interferencia, los dos casos de inhibidores específicos anti Factor VIII fueron en pacientes con Hemofilia A severa. Fue relevante también el hallazgo de deficiencias de la vía común de la coagulación, a pesar de ser poco frecuentes. Algunos pacientes fueron diagnosticados en edad adulta, reflejando lo tardío que se llega al diagnóstico en el país.

Introduction: hemostasis is the set of systems that work in concert to maintain the integrity of blood vessels and blood flow; alteration can trigger thrombotic disorders or bleeding, depending on the nature of the fault Objective: describe hemorrhagic coagulopathy registered in the Medical Laboratory Department diagnosis at the National Hospital of Itauguá, from July 2014 to December 2015, obtain frequency and demographics, age, sex, origin and classify coagulopathy in to deficiencies of coagulation factors of the extrinsic pathway, intrinsic pathway, and common pathway; suspicion acquired inhibitors and von Willebrand's disease. Material and Methods: the design was an observational, descriptive, retrospective cross sectional study; being including patients of both sexes, all ages, referred by hematologists. Results: 77 patients with hemorrhagic coagulopathies, were female 43 male and 34 female, from 1 to 75 years, median age of 18 years; 31% (24/77) with factor VII deficiency, all mild, ages 7 to 75, 1 / 500,000 appears. In the intrinsic pathway, the factor VIII deficiency or hemophilia A, was the most observed 29% (22/77) severe majority (13/22), while Factor IX deficit, Hemophilia B, in 5% of patients (4/77). 85% Hemophilia A, and 15% Hemophilia B, ages 1 to 64 years, median age of 13.5 years, all male; no FXI and FXII deficiencies were recorded in the study period.Of the final common pathway, 3 patients with hipofibrinogenemia were found, 1 probable dysfibrinogenaemia, 1 deficiency of FII, 2 FV and FX 2, 2 were adult and the rest were pediatric; these deficiencies are rare, FI, V and X of 1 / 1,000,000 and FII 1 / 2,000,000 people. Fifteen patients with suspected inhibitors adquired, two of them with anti-FVIII specific inhibitor, and probable interference inhibitors. The first von Willebrand, factor deficiency was confirmed in a woman of 47 years. Conclusions: among the most frequent hemorrhagic coagulation disorders, we found hemophilia A and B, followed by deficiencies of factor VII and probable interference inhibitors both cases of specific inhibitors of factor VII were found in patients with severe Hemophilia A. Some patients were diagnosed in adulthood

Heyde’s syndrome: Rarely heard and often missed.

Gastrointestinal blood loss is a common and important problem in clinical practice. It is sometimes difficult to locate and treat gastrointestinal bleeding. We discuss Heyde’s syndrome, an important cause of gastrointestinal bleeding in the elderly, in the context of a case report. Heyde’s syndrome is bleeding from gastrointestinal angiodysplasias in patients with aortic stenosis. For this, a wide range of investigations and treatment modalities are now available. One should therefore make an aggressive attempt to localise the bleeding site. Newer endoscopic technologies may prove beneficial. Aortic valve replacement is claimed to minimise or even stop the bleeding in such patients. But still there are a few reports showing gastrointestinal bleeding after aortic valve replacement. Old age and co-morbidities may create a hindrance in valve replacement or resection surgery. Some newer treatment options like hormonal and thalidomide therapy look promising but they have inadequate evidence behind them. Here, we discuss this clinical problem, strategies and evidence, areas of uncertainty, available guidelines, and our conclusions about Heyde’s syndrome.

Hemorragias mayores asociadas a cirugía en pacientes con enfermedad de Von Willebrand leve / Major haemorrhages associated with surgery in patients with mild von Willebrand disease

Introducción: Los pacientes con enfermedad de von Willebrand frecuentemente sangran frente a desafíos hemostáticos. Objetivos: Nuestro propósito fue identificar marcadores predictivos de hemorragia mayor en cirugías en pacientes con las variantes tipo 1 y posible tipo 1 de la enfermedad. Material y Métodos: Se registraron las hemorragias mayores en cirugías anteriores al diagnóstico y los parámetros de laboratorio en 311 pacientes. Éstos se agruparon de acuerdo con la ausencia (grupo A) o presencia (grupo B) de hemorragia mayor en cirugías. Resultados: Presentaron hemorragia mayor el 26 por ciento de los pacientes y 17,5 por ciento de las cirugías. No hubo diferencias en el porcentaje de pacientes tipo 1 (32,6 por ciento) y posible tipo 1 (24,8 por ciento) que tuvieron hemorragia mayor. Tampoco se observaron diferencias en la prevalencia del grupo sanguíneo O, edad, género, historia familiar y niveles de FVIII y VW entre los grupos A y B. La hemorragia post exodoncia fue el antecedente clínico más frecuente (P<0,000; RR=2,11; IC 95 por ciento = 1,3-3,5) y podría definir riesgo de hemorragias mayores. El bleeding score y el número de sitios de sangrado no resultaron predictivos de hemorragias mayores. Las cesáreas (24,6 por ciento) y adenoamigdalectomías (22,3 por ciento) fueron las cirugías con mayor frecuencia de hemorragias mayores. Conclusión: Los pacientes con VWD tipo 1 y posible tipo 1 mostraron similar incidencia de hemorragia mayor en cirugías. Los niveles de FVIII y VWF, el tiempo de sangría, historia familiar y grupo sanguíneo no resultaron efectivos como marcadores predictivos de hemorragia mayor. Sin embargo, el antecedente de sangrado post exodoncia y el tipo de cirugía a llevar a cabo (cesáreas y adenoamigdalectomías) en pacientes con enfermedad de von Willebrand tipo 1 y posible tipo 1 parecen importantes como marcadores de riesgo.

Introduction: Patients with von Willebrand disease frequently bleed under haemostatic challenges. Objectives: The aim of our study was to identify predictive markers of perioperative major haemorrhage in type 1 and possible type 1 patients von Willebrand disease. Material and Methods: We recorded perioperative bleeding complications previous to diagnosis and laboratory parameters in 311 patients. They were grouped according to the absence (group A) or presence (group B) of perioperative major haemorrhage. Results: Twenty-six per cent of patients and 17.5 per cent of surgical procedures presented major haemorrhage. There was no difference neither between percentages of type 1 (32.6 per cent) and possible type 1 patients (24.8 per cent) who had major haemorrhage nor in the prevalence of O blood group, age, gender, family history and levels of FVIII and VWF, between group A and B. A history of bleeding after tooth extraction was the most frequent clinical feature (P<0.000; RR=2.11; CI 95 per cent = 1.3-3.5) observed in patients with major haemorrhage, and could defi ne risk factor. The bleeding score and the number of bleeding sites were not predictors of major haemorrhages. Caesarean sections (24.6 per cent) and adeno-tonsillectomies (22.3 per cent) showed the highest frequency of major haemorrhage. Conclusion: Type 1 and possible type 1 VWD patients showed similar incidence of perioperative major haemorrhage. The levels of FVIII and VWF, the bleeding time, blood group and family history did not prove to be effective as predictive markers of major haemorrhage. However, the personal history of bleeding after tooth extraction and the type of surgery (caesarean section and adeno-tonsillectomies) in patients with either type 1 or possible type 1 von Willebrand disease shown to be important in determining risk.

Distúrbios da hemostasia: doenças hemorrágicas / Disorders of homeostasis: bleeding disorders

As doenças hemorrágicas abrangem diversas condições clínicas, sendo caracterizadas por hemorragias de gravidade variável em diferentes locais do corpo. Podem ser de causa hereditária ou adquirida, relacionadas a doenças hematológicas ou a outras condições sistêmicas. Para o diagnóstico e tratamento adequados dessas doenças éfundamental a realização de anamnese detalhada e de testes laboratoriais, que podem ser complexos. Neste artigo serão abordadas as principais condições hemorrágicas, classificadas em doenças vasculares/doenças plaquetárias, coagulopatias e doenças hemorrágicas secundárias a doenças sistêmicas e uso de anticoagulantes.

The bleeding disorders include several clinical conditions, being characterized by bleeding of varying severity in different body sites. They can be either inherited or acquired disease - related to hematological diseases or other systemic conditions. For the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases, it is essential to conduct a detailed clinical history and laboratory tests, which may be complex. This article deals with the major hemorrhagic conditions, classified as vascular diseases/platelet diseases, coagulopathy and bleeding disorders secondary to systemic diseases and use of anticoagulants.

Factor Von Willebrand: [revisión] / Von Willebrand factor: [review]

El factor Von Willebrand (FVW), es una gran glicoproteina multimérica que tiene principalmente dos funciones críticas en la hemostasia, esta actúa uniendo como...

Doença de von Willebrand e anestesia / Von Willebrand's disease and anesthesia

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A doença de von Willebrand ocorre devido à mutação no cromossomo 12 e é caracterizada por deficiência qualitativa ou quantitativa do fator de von Willebrand. A diversidade de mutações leva ao aparecimento das mais variadas manifestações clínicas possibilitando a divisão dos pacientes em vários tipos e subtipos clínicos. A coagulopatia se manifesta basicamente através da disfunção plaquetária associada à diminuição dos níveis séricos do fator VIII coagulante. O objetivo dessa revisão foi mostrar os cuidados relacionados aos pacientes portadores da doença de von Willebrand durante o período perioperatório. CONTEUDO: Foram definidas as características da doença de von Willebrand quanto à fisiopatologia, à classificação, ao diagnóstico laboratorial, ao tratamento atual e aos cuidados com o manuseio do paciente no período perioperatório. CONCLUSÕES: A doença de von Willebrand é o distúrbio hemorrágico hereditário mais comum, porém ela é subdiagnosticada pela complexidade da própria doença. A correta classificação do paciente, o uso apropriado da desmopressina e a transfusão do fator de von Willebrand são medidas fundamentais para a realização do procedimento anestésico bem-sucedido.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: von Willebrand's disease is secondary to a mutation on chromosome 12, and is characterized by a qualitative and quantitative deficiency of the von Willebrand's factor. The diversity of the mutations is responsible for several different clinical manifestations, enabling the classification of several types and subtypes. The coagulopathy is manifested basically through a platelet dysfunction associated with a reduction in the serum levels of factor VIII. The objective of this review was to present the perioperative care of patients with von Willebrand's disease. CONTENTS: The physiopathology, classification, laboratorial diagnosis, and current treatment of von Willebrand's disease, as well as the perioperative management of these patients are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: von Willebrand's disease is the most common hereditary coagulopathy, but it is underdiagnosed due to the complexity of the disease itself. The right classification, proper use of desmopressin, and transfusion of von Willebrand's factor are fundamental for a successful anesthesia.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La enfermedad de von Willebrand ocurre debido a la mutación en el cromosoma 12 y se caracteriza por la deficiencia cualitativa o cuantitativa del factor de von Willebrand. La diversidad de mutaciones conlleva al aparecimiento de las más variadas manifestaciones clínicas posibilitando la división de los pacientes en varios tipos y subtipos clínicos. La coagulopatía se manifiesta básicamente a través de la disfunción plaquetaria asociada con la disminución de los niveles séricos del factor VIII coagulante. El objetivo de esa revisión fue mostrar los cuidados relacionados con las pacientes portadoras de la enfermedad de von Willebrand durante el período perioperatorio. CONTENIDO: Se definieron las características de la enfermedad de von Willebrand en cuanto a las fisiopatologías, la clasificación, al diagnóstico laboratorial, al tratamiento actual y a los cuidados con el manejo del paciente en el período perioperatorio. CONCLUSIONES: La enfermedad de von Willebrand es el disturbio hemorrágico hereditario más común, sin embargo ella está subdiagnosticada por la complejidad de la propia enfermedad. La correcta clasificación del paciente, el uso apropiado de la desmopresina y la transfusión del factor de von Willebrand son medidas fundamentales para la realización del procedimiento anestésico exitoso.

Maladie de Willebrand et menorragie

Introduction : Connue depuis plus de 70 ans; la maladie de Willebrand (MW) est la plus frequente des pathologies hemorragiques hereditaires. Decrite depuis 1926 par le Pr Von Willebrand au sein d'une famille dont plusieurs membres presentaient un syndrome hemorragique; la MW se manifeste surtout par des hemorragies muqueuses et post operatoires. Chez la femme; la MW est a l'origine de menorragies d'abondance variable. Nous nous sommes propose au cours de ce travail de rechercher la maladie de Willebrand chez des femmes presentant une menorragie en suivant une demarche simple anamnestique; clinique et biologique. Patients et methode : Cinquante deux femmes en age de procreer presentant des menorragies ou des menometrorragies ont ete recrutees au sein durant 17 mois au sein du laboratoire d'hematologie de l'hopital Aristide le Dantec; des services de gynecologie et obstetriques des hopitaux Aristide le Dantec; Abass Ndao et Grand Yoff. Resultats : Parmi 52 femmes recrutees 8 ont presentes une maladie de willebrand ; soit une prevalence de 15.Le diagnostic de maladie de willebrand a ete retenu sur la base de faisceaux d'arguments : anamnestiques; cliniques et biologiques. Conclusion : Ces arguments simples accessibles devrait permettre une meilleurs prise en charge des patients souffrant de maladie hemorragique aussi bien sur le plan diagnostic que therapeutique

Doença de von Willebrand na prática ginecológica e obstétrica / Von Villebrand's disease in gynaecologic and obstetric practice

A evolução e o manejo das mulheres que apresentam sangramento uterino anormal têm sido motivo de várias publicações. Distúrbios congênitos e adquiridos da hemostasia devem ser considerados no diagnóstico diferencial de menorragia e sangramento uterino anormal. A doença de von Willebrand, desordem sanguínea hereditária que afeta 1 a 3 porcento da população, pode ser sugerida pela anamnese, história menstrual e história familiar, pois há componente genético bem estabelecido. Os autores apresentam uma atualização sobre a doença de von Willebrand na prática ginecológica e obstétrica e acrescentam considerações quanto a fisiopatologia, classificação e diagnóstico; isto contribuirá para o clínico controlar sinais e sintomas que repercutem negativamente sobre a estrutura orgânica e funcional da mulher

Manejo intraparto de embarazadas con trastornos hereditarios de la coagulación / Management of pregnant women with hereditary blood coagulation disorders

Las coagulopatías hereditarias que afectan a mujeres jóvenes, representan un problema durante el embarazo, debido a que conllevan un aumento significativo en el riesgo de hemorragia durante el embarazo, parto y puerperio. Las alteraciones más frecuentes corresponden a la enfermedad de von Willebrand (1 a 2 por ciento de la población) y la hemofilia A (1/10.000 personas). Presentamos el caso clínico de una embarazada con antecedentes familiares de hemofilia A que controló su embarazo en nuestro centro; además entregamos una revisión sobre el tema coagulopatías hereditarias y embarazo.

Correlación clínica y de laboratorio en pacientes pediátricos portadores de enfermedad de von Willebrand / Clinical correlation and of laboratory in carrying pediatrics of disease of Von Willebrand

La Enfermedad de von Willebrand (EvW) es una coagulopatía frecuente en la población. La importancia de pesquisar los diferentes subtipos de esta enfermedad tiene relación con las diversas modalidades terapéuticas y la disminución del uso de hemoderivados. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar una población de pacientes pediátricos con diagnóstico de EvW, en control en nuestra Unidad y determinar el subtipo de EvW que presentaban, caracterizando a cada grupo en relación a sus antecedentes, severidad de su sintomatología y utilización de hemoderivados. Se encontró mayor frecuencia de pacientes con EvW tipo 1, con sintomatología hemorragípara variable en su frecuencia e intensidad. Se analiza la sobreutilización de hemoderivados en este grupo de pacientes al no conocer con precisión el tipo de EvW.

Prenatal diagnosis of von Willebrand disease in a family.

We report the successful prenatal diagnosis of von Willebrand disease (VWD) in a family with type 3 severe VWD by the indirect method of gene tracking using polymorphic markers of intron 40 of the von Willebrand factor (VWF) gene. The couple had a daughter diagnosed to have type 3 VWD. Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) was done in the eleventh week of gestation of a subsequent pregnancy. The 3 VNTR polymorphic markers VWF1, VWF2 and VWF3 of intron 40 of the VWF gene were used for linkage studies. DNA in the affected VWD patient, the father and mother as well as in the CVS using VWF1 and VWF3 polymorphic markers revealed that the foetus was affected. The family chose to abort the foetus. In a subsequent pregnancy, similar investigation revealed a normal foetus. Prenatal diagnosis in families with a diagnosed case of VWD can be used to determine the status of the foetus. The technique is inexpensive.

Enfermedad de von Willebrand como manifestación clínica inhabitual del hipotiroidismo primario: Caso clínico / Acquired von Willebrand disease as an unusual manifestation of primary hypothyroidism: Report of two cases

Patients with hypothyroidism may have a minor increase in their bleeding tendency, causing easy bruising and menorrhagia. There is a positive correlation between factor VIII coagulant activity and thyroxin serum levels. Thus, patients with hypothyroidism have an acquired coagulation defect that is reversible with thyroxin supplementation. We report two sisters, aged 13 and 11 years, who met the criteria for von Willebrand's disease at the age of eight. Both sisters had a primary hypothyroidism due to Hashimoto's thyroiditis, diagnosed three years later. Thyroid hormone replacement normalized von Willebrand factor, factor VIII, and the bleeding diathesis disappeared. Acquired von Willebrand's disease is an unusual manifestation of hypothyroidism. However the possibility of hypothyroidism should be considered in patients presenting with von Willebrand disease.

Empleo del DDAVP en el manejo de la enfermedad de Von Willebrand / Treatment of Von Willebrand´s disease with DDAVP

La enfermedad de Von Willebrand (EVW) es la coagulopatía heredable más frecuente en pediatría, causada por defectos cuantitativos o cualitativos de factor Von Willebrand (FVW). El tipo 1 concentra cerca del 75 por ciento del total de pacientes con esta patología. Para este grupo desde hace 20 años se utiliza la desmopresina (DDAVP) para el tratamiento de sangramientos espontáneos y para prevención de episodios hemorrágicos secundarios a procedimientos invasivos. Los objetivos de este artículo son: una revisión actualizada del uso de este medicamento en dicha coagulopatía y la difusión de esta alternativa terapéutica que permite evitar riesgos transfusionales además de disminuir los costos. Se revisa brevemente la clasificación y fisiopatología de los distintos tipos de von Willebrand para entender la elección de el tratamiento más apropiada. Incluimos un esquema simple y seguro para ser utilizado en aquellos pacientes respondedores a desmopresina.

von Willebrand disease: a laboratory approach.

von Willebrand disease (VWD) is a common inherited bleeding disorder. Accurate diagnosis and classification of VWD is crucial for clinical management. A detailed clinical history, including that of bleeding, is required. A family and drug history are also important. Genetic factors such as blood group, and environmental factors such as stress, trauma, pregnancy and inflammation should also be considered. The age, ethnic group and hormonal status could also affect the von Willebrand factor (VWF) levels. No single test is robust enough to detect all variants of VWD. In view of the heterogeneity of the disease and limitations in assays, a battery of tests should be performed before a final diagnosis can be reached. These include the screening coagulation tests, factor VIII:C assay, VWF antigen assay, assessment of functional VWF which includes VWF ristocetin cofactor assays, VWF collagen binding assay, ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation and VWF multimer analysis. The newer ELISA techniques based on VWF binding with factor VIII glycoprotein (Gp) 1b and cerebrosides have also helped in determining certain unusual forms of VWD. The advent of new systems such as platelet function analysers (PFA), thromboelastography (TEG) and clot signature analysers (CSA), which are designed to assess either the primary platelet function or as a global haemostasis screen, have facilitated and simplified the diagnosis. However, few centres all over the world can perform all these expensive tests to provide a final diagnosis of VWD. We reviewed the laboratory investigations required for a diagnosis of VWD. Apart from congenital VWD, the possibility of acquired VWD should be considered in those with a negative past history of bleeding or in the presence of an underlying disease.