Relationship between thermal comfort indices and internal temperature of grazing lactating Holstein × Gyr cows in western Amazonia / Relação entre índices de estresse térmico e a temperatura interna de vacas Holandês x Gir lactantes em pastejo na Amazônia Ocidenta

The relationship between the indices of thermal comfort and internal temperature in lactating cows was evaluated inRondônia, western Amazonia in a 2 × 2 crossover trial carried out with eight Girolando cows, ½ Holstein × ½ Gyr (n=4) and Holstein × » Gyr (n=4), grazing palisade grass supplemented with or without soybean oil concentrates. Data logger thermometers adapted to intravaginal devices (hormone free) were used to measure internal temperatures (IT) every 10 min over 48 h. Concomitantly, environmental parameters (air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation) were collected for the estimation of the temperature-humidity index (THI), equivalent temperature index (ETI), and predicted respiratory rate (PRR). Supplementation with soybean oil did not affect the internal temperature of the cows. IT varied significantly between the genetic groups, with the highest mean observed at night in the Holstein × » Gyr cows, compared with that in the ½ Holstein × ½ Gyr cows (39.54 °C vs 39.06 °C, respectively). THI, ETI, and PRR were significantly and positively correlated with the IT of the Girolando cows; however, the PRR was not found to be adequate in indicating the night-time heat stress in cows.

A relação entre índices de conforto térmico com a temperatura interna de vacas lactantes foi avaliada em Rondônia, na Amazônia Ocidental, em um ensaio crossover 2x2 utilizando oito vacas Girolando, ½ Holandês x ½ Gir (n=4) e Holandês x » Gir (n=4) pastejando capim-marandu suplementadas com concentrados contendo ou não óleo de soja. A temperatura interna (TI) dos animais foi aferida com termômetros eletrônicos adaptados em dispositivos intravaginais (livres de hormônio) a cada 10 minutos durante 48h. Concomitantemente, dados climáticos (temperatura do ar, umidade relativa do ar, velocidade do vento e radiação solar) foram coletados para cálculo dos índices de temperatura e umidade (ITU), índice de temperatura equivalente (ITE) e o índice de frequência respiratória predita (PFR). A suplementação com óleo de soja não afetou a temperatura interna das vacas. A TI variou significativamente entre os grupos genéticos, com a maior média observada à noite nas vacas Holandês × » Gir em relação às ½ Holandês × ½ Gir (39,54 °C vs 39,06 °C, respectivamente). ITU, ITE e PFR tiveram correlação significativa e positiva com a TI de vacas Girolando, mas o PFR não foi adequado para indicar estresse térmico em vacas no período da noite.

Contribución de la antropología a la comprensión ecoepidemiológica de un brote de leishmaniasis tegumentaria americana en las 2.000 hectáreas, Puerto Iguazú, Argentina / Contribution of social anthropology to ecoepidemiological comprehension of an American tegumentary leishmaniosis outbreak at 2.000ha, Iguazú, Argentina

INTRODUCCIÓN. Se trata de una investigación ecoepidemiológica que aplica métodos y teorías de la antropología social para comprender la relación hombre-ambiente en ocasión de un brote epidémico de Leishmaniasis Tegumentaria Americana (LTA) en 2004. OBJETIVOS: estudio micro social que se propone indagar en la contribución que puede hacer la antropología social al enfoque ecoepidemiológico, a partir del conocimiento de prácticas y representaciones sociales de los pobladores locales sobre la enfermedad. MÉTODO: el método se diseñó a partir de un análisis crítico de artículos publicados recientemente sobre aspectos sociales de la LTA en la región. Consistió en dos etapas: 1) Entrevistas en profundidad (informantes clave, enfermos de LTA y residentes en el barrio rural “2.000 ha”) y observación participante (Feria Franca). 2)Entrevista semi-estructurada aplicada a todas las unidades domésticas ubicadas a menos de 300 m del borde que separa “2.000 ha” de una reserva natural selvática. RESULTADOS: el lugar de estudio fue colonizado espontánea y conflictivamente. La transmisión prevaleció por contacto con vegetación primaria. Sin embargo, los productores organizados refirieron mayoritariamente al origen urbano de la enfermedad. Entre quienes residen en el límite con la selva, el 18% atribuyó el origen de la enfermedad al monte y un insecto, pero se representan viviendo en un espacio libre de riesgo (aun cuando el 77% mora a menos de 100 m de la reserva). CONCLUSIONES: la información social recabada se considera crítica para planificar acciones de prevención, vigilancia y control con participación comunitaria.

INTRODUCTION: The human-environment understanding in a American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) outbreak was approached both from the field methods and the theory of social anthropology. OBJECTIVE: this micro-social research on local inhabitants practices and representations about illness was analyzed to inquire about the social anthropology contribution to ecoepidemiological studies. METHOD: the field design was based on a critical analysis of recently published papers about ATL in Latin America. It was developed in two stages. 1) In deep interviews with cue informants (public health and ATL and patients) and participant observation (local market).2) semi-structured interview to all domestic units settled less than 300 m “2.000 ha” from the natural reserve border. RESULTS: “2.000 ha” is a chaotic and controversial settlement. Disease transmission prevails by contact with primary forest. In spite of this, among farmers gathered by rural projects, the urban origin of the disease was the prevalent idea. Among the people settled in the forest edge, 18%involved the forest and an insect with ATL origin, but they represented them selves living in a risk free area (77% living less than 100 m from the forest). CONCLUSIONS: The information obtained is critical to design participative strategies of surveillanceand control.