La voz de las mujeres: el tránsito de víctimas a la legitimidad como constructoras de paces / The voice of women: the transition from victims to legitimacy as peace builders

Resumen El objetivo fue analizar las formas de afrontamiento de las violencias sexuales en mujeres víctimas sobrevivientes y su participación en los procesos de construcción de paz. Fue una investigación cualitativa a través de la Teoría Fundamentada, con el Interaccionismo Simbólico para originar la teoría, desde los significados que surgen en la interacción entre las personas y su entorno. Se recolectó la información con entrevistas a profundidad. La teoría construida resalta la experiencia de las violencias sexuales, la cual simboliza desazón, exilio, destrucción de sus metas y proyectos, la dificultad para perdonar por la magnitud del daño e incumplimiento de las leyes. Aunado a esto, las condiciones del territorio y su historia influyeron en los significados que las personas participantes asignaron a su experiencia inolvidable por las huellas del dolor; una de las formas de afrontamiento fue poder alzar su voz como un instrumento fundamental para el tránsito de víctimas a la legitimidad como constructoras de paces. Se concluye que, en la unión y en la mutualidad, encontraron la manera de legitimar sus voces y hacerlas oír por sus comunidades. El significado de la paz en las mujeres está representado en el estar en armonía, disfrutar de su cotidianidad, sentirse libres, sentirse importantes y únicas cuando hablan de la historia de dolor.

Abstract The objective was to analyze the ways of coping with sexual violence in surviving female victims and their participation in peacebuilding processes. It was a qualitative investigation through Grounded Theory, with Symbolic Interactionism to originate the theory, from the meanings that arise in the interaction between people and their environment. Information was collected through in-Depth interviews. The constructed theory highlights the experience of sexual violence, which symbolizes embodies the despair, exile, destruction of their goals and projects, the difficulty to forgive for the magnitude of the damage, and non compliance with the laws. In addition to this, the conditions of the territory and its history influenced the meanings that they assigned to their experience, duly unforgettable due to the traces of pain. One of the ways of coping was to be able to raise their voice as a fundamental instrument, for the transit of victims to legitimacy, as peace builders. We conclude that, in union and mutuality, they found the way to legitimize their voices and make them heard by their communities. The meaning of peace in women is represented by being in harmony, enjoying their daily lives, feeling free, feeling important and unique when they talk about their history of pain.

A Randomized Clinical Trial on Therapeutic Effects of Myrtus communis L. Cream on Chronic Skin Lesions and Quality of Life of Sulfur Mustard-exposed Veterans

Abstract: Sulfur mustard is one of the chemical warfare agent. It rapidly reacts with the cutaneous tissues and other tissues, leading to various devastating long-term effects on human health. Mustard-exposed veterans suffer from its chronic skin problems, including itching, burning sensation, and eczema. We aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Myrtus communis L. (myrtle) on chronic skin lesions and quality of life of sulfur mustard-exposed veterans. In this randomized, double-blind clinical trial, 60 sulfur mustard-exposed patients were evaluated. Thirty patients received myrtle essence 5% cream (case group) and 30 patients received Eucerin cream (placebo group) twice in a day for one month. Then, We assessed the chronic skin problems and itching-related parameters (such as the itching time, severity, distribution, frequency, and calculated itching score), duration of sleep, number of waking up at night, and quality of life in the both groups. Our analysis of data revealed that application of myrtle cream effectively decreased skin problems including; itching and burning sensation. Additionally, myrtle markedly decreased skin lesion symptoms such as excoriation in the case group as compared with before treatment. Noticeably, myrtle cream significantly improved quality of life of the patients in the case group. The present study provides more in-depth information regarding the protective role of myrtle on the sulfur mustard-induces skin complication. Also, myrtle effectively improved quality of life of the sulfur mustard-exposed veterans.

Sulfur mustard exposure and non-ischemic central retinal vein occlusion

A 41-year-old man was referred with a complaint of visual loss in his left eye and his best corrected visual acuity was 20/80. Slit lamp examination showed arborizing conjunctival vessels and dry eye. Fundus examination and fluorescein angiography revealed a non-ischemic central retinal vein occlusion. Cardiovascular, rheumatologic, and hematologic work up showed no abnormal findings. An ascertained history of exposure to sulfur mustard during the Iran-Iraq war was documented in his medical history. Four sessions of intravitreal bevacizumab injections were done as needed. After two-year follow-up, visual acuity in his left eye improved to 20/25 and macular edema was resolved without any need for further interventions. We conclude that sulfur mustard gas exposure may be considered as a predisposing factor for central retinal vein occlusion, as was found in our patient [an Iranian war veteran] by excluding all yet known etiologies and predisposing factors

La potencia de la noción de resistencia para el campo de la salud mental: Un estudio de caso sobre la vida campesina en el conflicto armado colombiano / The power of the notion of resistance in the mental health field: a case study on the life of rural communities whitin the Colombian armed conflict

El objetivo de este estudio es identificar las respuestas individuales, familiares y/o comunitarias para resistir en un contexto de conflicto armado prolongado. Se realizó un estudio de caso con población campesina de San Francisco, oriente antioqueño colombiano, que combinó los enfoques etnográfico y biográfico. Los principales resultados muestran que, a la par del sufrimiento, los campesinos desplegaron un repertorio de resistencias múltiples y diversas, como expresión de respuesta activa y estrategia para re-tejer los hilos rotos que dejó dicha experiencia. La resistencia, en su carácter de oposición afirmativa, es una categoría potente para el campo de la salud mental, toda vez que resalta la creatividad y la capacidad de transformación de las personas, permitiendo superar los límites de la mirada biomédica convencional que tiende a patologizar las respuestas individuales y sociales en escenarios de sufrimiento intenso.

The objective of this study is to identify individual, family and/or community responses of resistance within protracted armed conflict. We conducted a case study with members of rural communities in the municipality of San Francisco, in the eastern area of Antioquia, Colombia, combining biographical and ethnographical approaches. The primary results show that, along with the suffering generated by the experience of armed conflict, rural community members also display a repertoire of multiple and diverse resistance strategies. Resistance is for them an active response and a way to re-weave the fabric torn by the experience. As a type of affirmative opposition, resistance is a powerful category for the entire mental health field, in that it highlights the creativity and capacity for transformation of individuals. In this way, the category allows for overcoming the limits of the conventional biomedical view that tends to pathologize individual and social responses in scenarios of severe distress.

Memórias da guerrilha: construção e transformação / Guerrilla's memories: construction and transformation

Neste artigo discutimos a reconstrução do passado a partir de relato de um ex-guerrilheiro urbano que lutou contra a ditadura militar brasileira, através da concepção da memória como construção e ação social. Para tanto, entrevistamos o ex-guerrilheiro de codinome Jamil Rodrigues, conhecido por ter elaborado as "Teses do Jamil", documento da Vanguarda Popular Revolucionária - VPR, reconhecido como a expressão máxima da estratégia militarista nas práticas da esquerda armada brasileira. Constatamos que houve um processo de transformação; Jamil faz uma interpretação bastante diferenciada de suas antigas teses, em que atenua os aspectos militaristas da luta armada. A sua memória é interessada: seleciona e intensifica as passagens que convergem com seu posicionamento político presente. Concluímos que a construção da memória aparece como produção do novo e está agenciada pelo presente, adotando uma plasticidade contingente ao lugar social que se ocupa na atualidade.

In this article we discuss the reconstruction of the past from report of a former-guerrilla fighter who fought against the Brazilian military dictatorship, through the perspective of the memory as construction and social action. We interviewed the former-guerrilla fighter nicknamed Jamil Rodrigues, known for writing the "Jamil's thesis", document of Revolutionary Popular Vanguard, recognized as the maxim expression of militarist strategy in the practices of the Brazilian armed left. We noted a transformation's process; Jamil does a quite differentiated interpretation of his ancient thesis, reducing the militarist aspects of armed struggle. His memory is interested and it selects and intensifies the passages that converge with his present political position. We conclude that the construction of memory appears as production of the new and is assembled by the present, adopting a contingent plasticity to the social place that is occupied in the present.