Sedative use and incidence of falls and hip fractures among older adults in an outpatient geriatric clinic / Perfil de uso de sedativos e ocorrência de quedas e fratura de fêmur entre idosos em um ambulatório de geriatria

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the use of sedatives by older adults attending a private outpatient geriatric clinic in Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil, and its association with falls and hip fractures. METHODS: Using a longitudinal design, the prevalence of benzodiazepine and nonbenzodiazepine ("z-drugs") intake by older adults was described and their association with the incidence of falls and fractures (30 days after the initial visit) was evaluated through logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 7821 older adults were included in the study, most of them women (72.50%), with a mean age of 77.5 years and a mean Clinical-Functional Vulnerability Index (IVCF-20) score of 16.5. The overall prevalence of sedative use (any sedative) was 6.19%, with 4.48% benzodiazepines and 1.98% z-drugs. The most widely used sedatives were clonazepam (29.04%), zolpidem (28.65%), and alprazolam (23.44%). Falls were reported for 182 patients (2.33%), with a higher incidence among users of any sedatives (4.34; p = 0.002; OR = 1.94, adjusted for sex, age, and IVCF-20) and benzodiazepines (5.14%; p < 0.001; OR = 2.28) than among non-users (2.19%). Hip fractures occurred in 33 patients (0.42%), and again were more frequent among users of sedatives (1.03%; p = 0.032; OR = 2.57) and benzodiazepines (1.43%; p = 0.003; OR = 3.45) than among non-users (0.38%). CONCLUSIONS: The use of sedatives, especially benzodiazepines, is associated with an increased incidence of falls and hip fractures in older adults

OBJETIVO: Investigar a utilização de sedativos entre idosos atendidos em ambulatório privado de geriatria em Belo Horizonte (MG), bem como sua associação com quedas e fraturas de fêmur. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de estudo longitudinal, no qual foi descrita a prevalência de uso de benzodiazepínicos e drogas Z entre idosos (60 anos ou mais) e avaliada sua associação com a incidência de queda e fratura (30 dias após consulta inicial) por meio de regressão logística. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos no estudo 7821 idosos, com maioria feminina (72,50%), idade média de 77,5 anos e Índice de Vulnerabilidade Clínico Funcional (IVCF-20) médio de 16,5 pontos. A prevalência de uso de sedativos em geral foi de 6,19%, sendo 4,48% de benzodiazepínicos e 1,98% de drogas Z. Os medicamentos sedativos mais utilizados foram clonazepam (29,04%), zolpidem (28,65%) e alprazolam (23,44%). Relatou-se queda para 182 idosos (2,33%), com incidência maior entre usuários de sedativos (4,34; p = 0,002; OR = 1,94 ajustada por sexo, idade e IVCF-20) e de benzodiazepínicos (5,14%; p < 0,001; OR = 2,28) do que entre não usuários (2,19%). Identificou-se fratura de fêmur em 33 idosos (0,42%), sendo mais frequente entre usuários de sedativos (1,03%; p = 0,032; OR = 2,57) e de benzodiazepínicos (1,43%; p = 0,003; OR = 3,45) do que entre não usuários (0,38%). CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que a incidência de quedas e fraturas de fêmur em idosos possui associação com o uso de medicamentos sedativos, em especial os benzodiazepínicos

Nandrolone decanoate appears to increase bone callus formation in young adult rats after a complete femoral fracture

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the influence of nandrolone decanoate on fracture healing and bone quality in normal rats. Methods: Male rats were assigned to four groups (n=28/group): Control group consisting of animals without any intervention, Nandrolone decanoate (DN) group consisting of animals that received intramuscular injection of nandrolone decanoate, Fracture group consisting of animals with a fracture at the mid-diaphysis of the femur, and Fracture and nandrolone decanoate group consisting of animals with a femur fracture and treatment with nandrolone decanoate. Fractures were created at the mid-diaphysis of the right femur by a blunt trauma and internally fixed using an intramedullary steel wire. The DN was injected intramuscularly twice per week (10 mg/kg of body mass). The femurs were measured and evaluated by densitometry and mechanical resistance after animal euthanasia. The newly formed bone and collagen type I levels were quantified in the callus. Results: The treated animals had longer femurs after 28 days. The quality of the intact bone was not significantly different between groups. The bone callus did show a larger mass in the treated rats. Conclusion: The administration of nandrolone decanoate did not affect the quality of the intact bone, but might have enhanced the bone callus formation.

Fraturas transtrocanterianas: uso de alendronato no pós-operatório / Transtrochanterian fractures: postoperative use of alendronate

OBJETIVO: Avaliar resultados do uso de alendronato de sódio em pós operatório de fratura transtrocanteriana. MÉTODO: Durante seis meses, 75 pacientes foram atendidos no Serviço de Ortopedia devido à fratura transtrocanteriana de fêmur, sendo submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico com fixação através de placa DHS 135º. Foram selecionados 19 pacientes, hígidos, cooperativos, previamente deambuladores, classificados segundo Tronzo em tipo III e cujos quadris contra laterais não haviam sido submetidos a nenhuma cirurgia prévia, permitindo a realização de Densitometria Óssea Mineral no pós-operatório imediato e após seis meses. Os pacientes foram divididos em grupos I e II, com e sem uso de alendronato de sódio, a partir do pós-operatório imediato, respectivamente. O seguimento mínimo foi de seis meses. Após quatro semanas, os pacientes foram avaliados de acordo com a Escala Visual Analógica de Dor (EVA), para observação do índice de reabsorção óssea, a massa óssea e a consolidação radiológica da fratura. RESULTADOS: Houve uma tendência estatística de consolidação radiológica mais precoce com menor reabsorção óssea nos pacientes com uso de alendronato de sódio na pós-fratura com osteoporose estabelecida. CONCLUSÃO: Concluímos que, radiologicamente, os pacientes que utilizaram alendronato de sódio tiveram uma consolidação óssea mais rápida, com menor índice de reabsorção.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of the use of alendronate sodium in postoperative transtrochanteric femoral fractures. METHOD: Over a six-month period, 75 patients were treated at the Orthopedic Service for transtrochanteric femoral fractures, undergoing surgery with 135 degree DHS plate fixation. We selected 19 patients who were healthy, cooperative, previously unable to walk, classified as type III according to Tronzo, whose contralateral hips had not undergone any previous surgery, enabling the evaluation of bone mineral density (BMD) in the immediate postoperative period and after six months. The patients were divided into groups I and II, with and without the use of alendronate sodium in the immediate postoperative period, respectively. The minimum follow-up was six months. After four weeks, the patients were evaluated according to the Visual Analogue Scale for Pain (VAS) in order to verify the rate of bone resorption, bone mass and radiological consolidation of the fracture. RESULTS: There was a statistical trend of earlier radiological consolidation and lower bone resorption in patients with the use of alendronate sodium in post-fracture with established osteoporosis. CONCLUSION: We concluded that radiologically, patients using alendronate sodium showed faster bone consolidation, with a lower rate of resorption.

Expression of TGF-β1 in the blood during fracture repair in an estrogen-deficient rat model

OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have reported that osteoporosis due to estrogen deficiency influences fracture healing. Transforming growth factor (TGF-b) has been found to be involved in fracture healing via the regulation of the differentiation and activation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The current study aimed to determine the effects of estrogen on the expression of TGF-β1 during fracture healing in ovariectomized rats. METHODS: Thirty female Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200-250 g were assigned to: (i) a sham-operated group that was given a normal saline; (ii) an ovariectomized control group that was given a normal saline; or (iii) an ovariectomized + estrogen (100 mg/kg/day) group that was treated with conjugated equine estrogen. The right femur of all rats was fractured, and a Kirschner wire was inserted six weeks post-ovariectomy. Treatment with estrogen was given for another six weeks post-fracture. At the end of the study, blood samples were taken, and the right femur was harvested and subjected to biomechanical strength testing. RESULTS: The percentage change in the plasma TGF-β1 level before treatment was significantly lower in the ovariectomized control and estrogen groups when compared with the sham group (p<0.001). After six weeks of treatment, the percentage change in the plasma TGF-β1 level in the estrogen group was significantly higher compared with the level in the ovariectomized control group (p = 0.001). The mean ultimate force was significantly increased in the ovariectomized rats treated with estrogen when compared with the ovariectomized control group (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that treatment with conjugated equine estrogen enhanced the strength of the healed bone in estrogen-deficient rats by most likely inducing the expression of TGF-β1.

Short term results of concomitant intranasal administration of salmon calcitonin in intertrochanteric femur fractures operated upon using dynamic hip screw

To evaluate the effect of nasal calcitonin spray in union of the intertrochanteric fractures of elderly female patients. Fifty female patients aged above 60 years [mean age = 73.9 years] old with Intertrochanteric fracture were operated from Sept 2005 to August 2006 by dynamic hip screw. In a randomized controlled trial, patients were divided into two groups A and B. Each group had 25 patients. After hospitalization 200 IU of salmon calcitonin as a single dose nasal spray was administered to patients of group A, daily for 3 months and a placebo spray was used in patients of group B. serum level of alkaline phosphatase and time of appearance of a bone callus in a plain radiograph were compared in the two groups twice weekly for 8 weeks. About 72% of patients in group A showed signs of union as the appearing of bone callus in radiograph in the 3rd week, compared to 40% in group B. Twenty of patients in group A [80%] and 20% of the group B had an increase in serum alkaline phosphatase from the 15th day after injury [P<0.005]. Meanwhile alkaline phosphatase levels in group A was 185 IU on 15 the day compared to 140 IU on group B. and values were 443 IU and 210 IU on 90th day respectively. As regards the time of appearance of the union signs in a plain bone radiograph, 72% of patients in group A have shown signs of appearance of a bone callus in the 3rd week after surgery, while the rate has been 40% in group B. Using nasal spray of calcitonin in old females with intertrochanteric fracture is effective for earlier and increased rate of bone union

Ação local do alendronato sódico na reparação óssea de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR) / Local action of sodium alendronate in bone repair of spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR)

FUNDAMENTO: A hipertensão arterial é uma desordem caracterizada por alterações relevantes no tecido ósseo. O alendronato sódico tem indicação no tratamento de doenças ósseas, por causa de sua afinidade pela hidroxiapatita, inibindo as reabsorções ósseas. OBJETIVO: Analisar a ação local do alendronato sódico na reparação óssea de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR). MÉTODOS: Um defeito ósseo foi criado no fêmur esquerdo de 80 ratos. De acordo com o material utilizado no local, criaram-se quatro grupos: controle (C), amido (Am), alendronato 1 mol (A1) e alendronato 2 mol (A2). Após 7 e 21 dias, os animais foram sacrificados. Foram realizadas análises histológicas e histomorfométricas e os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey (5 por cento). RESULTADOS: Aos 7 dias, observou-se, na área do defeito, tecido conjuntivo com hemorragia e inflamação em todos os grupos. Alguns apresentavam matriz osteóide. Os grupos A1 e A2 apresentaram, ainda, uma rede de fibrina. Aos 21 dias, as trabéculas ósseas fechavam praticamente a extensão do defeito nos grupos C e Am. No grupo A1 de animais machos, observaram-se trabéculas que se irradiavam do canal medular até a área do defeito. Nos grupos A1 e A2, constatou-se apenas a presença de tecido conjuntivo com mínima deposição de osteóide. Um achado histológico marcante foi a formação de tecido ósseo extracortical subperiosteal nos animais dos grupos A1 e A2. CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que a administração do alendronato sódico não contribuiu para o reparo ósseo nos ratos SHR, mas possivelmente tenha sido responsável pelas formações ósseas extracorticais observadas.

BACKGROUND: The arterial hypertension is a disorder characterized by relevant alterations in the bone tissue. The sodium alendronate is indicated in the treatment of bone diseases, because of its affinity with the hydroxyapatite, inhibiting the bone reabsorptions. OBJECTIVE: To analyze local action of the sodium alendronate in the bone repair of spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). METHODS: A bone defect was created in the left femur of 80 rat. In agreement with the material used at the place, four groups were created: control (C), starch (St), alendronate 1 mol (A1) and alendronate 2 mol (A2). After 7 and 21 days, the animals were sacrificed. Histomorfometrical and histological analyses were accomplished and the data were submitted the variance analysis (ANOVA) and test of Tukey (5 percent). RESULTS: At 7 days, in the area of the defect, conjunctive tissue with hemorrhage and inflammation in all of the groups was observed. Some presented osteoid matrix. The groups A1 and A2 presented, further, a fibrin net. At 21 days, the bone trabeculae practically closed the extension of the defect in the groups C and St. In the group A1 of male animals, trabeculae were observed that irradiated from the medullary canal to the area of the defect. In the groups A1 and A2, only presence of conjunctive fabric with low osteoid deposit was observed. An outstanding histological discovery was the formation of extracortical subperiosteal bone tissue in animals of the groups A1 and A2. CONCLUSION: The administration of sodium alendronate did not contribute to bone repair in SHR rat, but possibly has been responsible for the extracortical bone formation observed.

Fractura subcapital de fémur secundaria a osteoporosis idiopática en el embarazo: a propósito de un caso / Subcapital fracture of the femur due to a idiopathic osteoporosis during pregnancy: a case report

Presentamos el caso de una paciente imposibilitada para la deambulación durante el puerperio, consecuencia de una fractura de fémur producida por una osteoporosis idiopática durante el embarazo. A los 11 meses del parto, la paciente presenta una evolución favorable con tratamiento médico con bifosfonatos y calcio.

We present the case of a mobility disabled person during puerperium as a consequence of a femur fracture due to an idiopathic osteoporosis during pregnancy. Eleven months after delivery, the patient's evolution was favourable with a medical treatment using bisphosphonates and calcium.

Emprego de adesivo butil-2-cianoacrilato na fixaçäo de esquírolas em fraturas de fêmur de cäes. Aspectos radiológicos / Employment of the adhesive buthyl-2-cyanoacrylate in the fixation of bone fragments in femural fractures in dogs. Radiologic study

O adesivo butil-2-cianoacrilato foi empregado na fixaçäo de esquírolas, em fraturas de fêmur de 30 cäes clinicamente sadios, de ambos os sexos. Os animais foram anestesiados com pentobarbital sódico e tiveram o fêmur esquerdo exposto e fraturado no seu terço médio. Uma esquírola, de aproximadamente 20 mm e de forma triangular, foi retirada do fragmento proximal do fêmur. A fratura foi imediatamente reduzida e imobilizada, utilizando-se pino intramedular de Steinmann. A esquírola foi recolocada em oposiçäo e fixada pelo adesivo butil-2-cianoacrilato, aplicado em gotículas, espaçadas cerca de 8 mm. A consolidaçäo foi avaliada através de radiografias (crânio-caudal e médio-lateral) a intervalos de 10 dias, onde observou-se, em todos os animais, a esquírola em oposiçäo logo após o ato cirúrgico. No final do experimento observou-se, em 6,6//dos casos, a esquírola afastada do foco da fratura. Em 30//dos animais näo houve consolidaçäo da fratura