Relação das alterações vestibulares em indivíduos com disfunção temporomandibular: um estudo piloto / Relationship of vestibular changes in individuals with temporomandibular dysfunction: a pilot study

Objetivo: Objetivou-se investigar as possíveis relações entre as Disfunções Temporomandibulares com alterações do Sistema Vestibular (SV). Métodos: Estudo descritivo com abordagem quantitativa realizado em 09 pacientes com idade média entre 18 e 40 anos. Os participantes foram recrutados no grupo de estudo e pesquisa em Fisioterapia e Odontologia na Dor Orofacial (FISIODOF) da Universidade de Fortaleza. O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo comitê de ética, com parecer N° 1.310.583. Resultados: De acordo com o RDC/TMD, 3 casos são do grupo G1, 1 caso é do grupo G2, 1 casos é do grupo G1 e G2, e os outros 4 casos como grupos G1 e G3. Todos os pacientes apresentaram resultados negativo no teste de Fukuda. Já na Manobra de Dix-Hallpike 3 pacientes apresentaram resultado positivo. Discussão: A hipertonia muscular é descrita como principal responsável pelos sintomas auditivos e vestibulares de pacientes com DTM. Entretanto, não existe uma relação precisa descrita na literatura entre DTM e disfunção do sistema vestibular. Conclusão: A DTM pode causar alterações no sistema vestibular, explicadas pelo fato das estruturas da articulação temporomandibular e sistema vestibular serem anatomicamente próximas. No entanto, outras pesquisas se fazem necessárias para caracterizar os achados vestibulares em portadores de disfunção temporomandibular(AU)

Objective: The objective was to investigate the possible relationships between Temporomandibular Disorders with changes in the Vestibular System (SV). Methods: Descriptive study with a quantitative approach conducted in 09 patients with a mean age between 18 and 40 years. Participants were recruited from the study and research group in Physiotherapy and Dentistry in Orofacial Pain at the University of Fortaleza. This study was approved by the ethics committee, No. 1,310,583. Results: According to the RDC / TMD, 3 cases are from the G1 group, 1 case is from the G2 group, 1 case are from the G1 and G2 group, and the 4 other cases are from the G1 and G3 groups. All patients had a negative Fukuda test result. In the Dix-Hallpike maneuver, 3 patients had a positive result. Discussion: Muscular hypertonia is described as the main responsible for the auditory and vestibular symptoms of patients with TMD. However, there is no precise relationship described in the literature between TMD and vestibular system dysfunction. Conclusion: TMD can cause changes in the vestibular system, explained by the fact that the structures of the temporomandibular joint and the vestibular system are anatomically close. However, further research is necessary to characterize vestibular findings in patients with temporomandibular disorders(AU)

Consideraciones clínicas en un paciente con hipertonicidad muscular de mentón. Reporte de caso / Clinical considerations in a patient with mint muscle hi-pertonicity. Caso report / Gestão de pacientes adultos com mordida aberta anterior por deglução atípica. Relato de caso

En ortodoncia es de relevante importancia crear una oclusión estéticamente agradable y funcional, además de lograr y preservar el óptimo atractivo facial; es mandatorio realizar un examen facial minucioso porque el equilibrio y la armonía de las diferentes partes de la cara está determinada por los tejidos du-ros y blandos. El objetivo del presente artículo es exponer la importancia de un diagnóstico integral al momento de la plani-ficación del tratamiento. El presente caso, relata el manejo ortodóntico con filosofía Roth de una paciente de 13 años de edad, raza latina, diagnosticada con relación esquelética clase II, proinclinación excesiva de los incisivos en ambos arcos, perfil convexo e hi-pertonicidad del mentón. El plan de tratamiento se planificó para corregir la y la clase II esquelética mediante extracciones de los 4 primeros premolares. Como resultado se eliminó la hipertonicidad muscular, obteniendo una competencia labial adecuada y se mejoró el perfil facial en un tiempo de 18 meses. El mane-jo de este caso resulta exitoso gracias a un diagnóstico correcto y la planifi-ca-ción del caso, permite demostrar que no solo son objetivos ortodónticos las es-tructuras óseas y dentales, sino también aquellos que ayudan a mejorar el per-fil facial del paciente. Fue necesario evaluar la relación de los labios y la barbi-lla ya que estos pueden alterarse con el tratamiento de ortodoncia.

In orthodontics It's of relevant importance to create an aesthetically pleasing and functional occlusion, in addi-tion to achieving and preserving the optimal facial attractiveness; It is mandatory to perform a thorough facial exam because the balance and harmony of the different parts of the face is determined by soft and soft tissues. The objective of this article is to expose the importance of a comprehensive diagnosis at the time of treatment planning. The present case relates the orthodontic management with Roth philosophy of a 13-year-old Latina patient, diagnosed with a class II skeletal relationship, excessive incision of the incisors in both arches, convex profile and chin-hypertonicity. The treatment plan was planned to correct the skeletal class II by extractions of the first 4 premolars. As a result, muscular hypertonicity was eliminated, obtaining adequate lip competence and the facial profile was improved in a period of 18 months. The management of this case is successful thanks to a correct diagnosis and the planning of the case, allows to demonstrate that not only are the bone and dental structures orthodontic objectives, but also those that help improve the patient's facial profile. It was necessary to evaluate the relationship of the lips and chin since these can be altered with orthodontic treatment.

A mordida aberta anterior é uma má oclusão na qual um ou mais dentes não atingem o plano oclusal e não é feito contato com seus antagonistas. Seu tratamento é difícil e há controvérsia na necessidade de uma abord-agem cirúrgica. O presente caso refere-se ao tratamento de uma paciente de 61 anos de idade, atendida na clínica do Instituto Mexicano de Ortodontia, que veio pela "separação dos seus dentes". A avaliação clínica e radiográfica apresentou classe esquelética biprotrusiva I, com sobremordida de -30% com sorriso baixo e não consoante, deglutição atípica como fator etiológico que permitiu o diagnóstico de mordida aberta anterior. O tratamento consistiu na colocação de suportes de prescrição Roth .022 com tubos até os terceiros molares superiores e inferiores, colocando os suportes mais voltados para a gengiva em relação ao centro da coroa anatômica de ambos os arcos para obter extrusão e fechamento da mordida e arco aberto de sorriso; nas centrais a 1,5 mm, laterais a 1 mm e caninos a 0,5 mm. O uso de topes oclusais posteriores e também de elásticos anteriores curtos e leves desde o primeiro dia de tratamento foi essencial. A correção da posição dos dentes foi realizada em um período de 18 meses, o que também induziu uma alteração no padrão da deglutição. Através do plano de tratamento proposto, demonstrou-se que a estabilidade da oclusão pode ser dada e que nem todo paciente com mordida aberta é candidato ao tratamento cirúrgico para correção dessa má oclusão.

Approach to infantile colic in primary care

Infantile colic is a common self-limiting condition that causes significant distress to parents and caregivers. There is no clear cause, gold standard remedy or preventative action. The role of the family physician is to rule out sinister causes while providing counselling and reassurance for parents. The mainstay of management is parental support and reassurance while looking out for red flags in the baby such as fever, lethargy, distended abdomen and failure to thrive. This article provides a framework to approaching infantile colic and practical pointers to share with parents.

Influence of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on the muscle tonus and amplitude of movement in HTLV-1-infected patients with HAM/TSP

Abstract An HTLV-1-infected patient can develop paraparesis that limits their movements. Rehabilitation techniques could improve the motor abilities of these patients. The present study investigates five cases of physical therapy intervention in HTLV-1 patients to evaluate the influence of functional rehabilitation on the tonus and range of motion (ROM) of HTLV-1 patients with spasticity. The patients had a gain of ROM, especially in the lower limb, and reduction in hypertonia/spasticity after functional treatment. The reduction in hypertonia increased the ROM. Thus, functional methods may be valuable for the rehabilitation of HTLV-1 patients with neurological damage.

Técnica para redução do tônus e alongamento muscular passivo: efeitos na amplitude de movimento de crianças com paralisia cerebral espástica / Technique to reduce tonus and passive muscle stretching: effects on range of motion in children with spastic cerebral palsy

INTRODUÇÃO: A paralisia cerebral (PC) é resultante de lesão no encéfalo em fase de maturação, acarretando em disfunções motoras. A espasticidade, forma mais comum de acometimento, gera prejuízos funcionais intensificados pela diminuição da mobilidade. OBJETIVO: Analisar os efeitos do alongamento passivo lento do músculo tríceps sural e de técnica para diminuir o tônus do conceito Bobath na amplitude de movimento (ADM) de dorsiflexão do tornozelo de crianças com PC espástica. MÉTODOS: Participaram 18 crianças atendidas no Hospital Estadual Mario Covas de Santo André e na Santa Casa de Diadema. O grau da hipertonia do músculo tríceps sural foi determinado pela Escala de Aswhorth Modificada e a ADM de dorsiflexão foi medida pela goniometria. Esses dois procedimentos foram realizados antes e após as seguintes situações: 1) aplicação de um protocolo de alongamento muscular passivo; 2) protocolo com uma técnica para diminuir o tônus do conceito Bobath; e 3) emprego associado dos dois protocolos. RESULTADOS: O grau de hipertonia não se modificou após o protocolo 1, porém os protocolos 2 e 3 diminuíram a espasticidade de maneira semelhante, conforme a Escala de Ashworth Modificada. Já o ângulo de dorsiflexão aumentou após aplicação dos três protocolos: 1 (p=0,176); 2 (p=0,008); e 3, com o aumento mais significativo (p=0,003). CONCLUSÃO: A técnica para redução do tônus mostrou efeito positivo na redução da espasticidade, segundo a Escala de Ashworth Modificada, e no aumento da ADM de crianças espásticas. A execução subsequente do alongamento muscular aumentou sua efetividade.

INTRODUCTION: Cerebral palsy (CP) is consequent of brain injury in the maturation phase, causing motor dysfunctions. The decreased mobility is intensified by spasticity, most common form of attack, generating functional impairment. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of slow passive stretching of triceps sure muscle and technique for decreasing the tonus of Bobath concept on the range of motion (ROM) of ankle dorsiflexion in children with spastic CP. METHODS: 18 children seen at Hospital Estadual Mario Covas, in Santo André, and Santa Casa, in Diadema, participated in this study. The hypertonia rate of triceps sure muscle was determined by Modified Ashworth Scale and the ROM dorsiflexion by goniometer. Both procedures were realized before and after the following situations: 1) application of a passive muscle stretching protocol; 2) protocol with technique for decreasing the tonus of Bobath concept; and 3) use associated to two protocols. RESULTS: The hypertonia rate did not modify after protocol 1; however, protocols 2 and 3 decreased the spasticity similarly, according to Modified Ashworth Scale. The dorsiflexion angle increased after all protocols: protocol 1 (p=0.176); protocol 2 (p=0.008); and protocol 3, with the most significant increase of ROM (p=0.003). CONCLUSION: The technique to reduce tonus shows positive effects on decreasing in hypertonia rate and increase of ROM in spastic children. The subsequent execution of muscle stretching increased its effectiveness.

Clinical efficacy of partial resection of puborectalis combined with mutilation of internal anal sphincter in the treatment of puborectalis syndrome with high anal pressure / 中华胃肠外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the efficacy of partial resection of puborectalis combined with mutilation of internal anal sphincter(IAS) in the treatment of puborectalis syndrome with high anal pressure.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-five cases of puborectalis syndrome with high anal resting pressure in the preoperative examination received the operation of partial resection of puborectalis combined with mutilation of IAS in Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University between January 2013 and May 2015. The position of puborectalis was confirmed by touching with the exposure under the transfixion device, and a transverse incision was made by electrotome between 3 and 5 o'clock direction of puborectalis, then partial puborectalis was lifted by vessel clamp at 5 o'clock direction, and about 0.5 cm of muscular tissue was resected. Between 8 to 10 o'clock direction of anal tube, about 1 cm length of transverse incision was made by electrotome, then partial IAS was lifted by vessel clamp and cut off. Preoperative and postoperative 3-month anorectal manometry and defecography were carried out. Wexner constipation score and Cleveland Clinic incontinence score were implemented before surgery and 3, 6, 12 months after operation. This study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (registration number: ChiCTR-ORB-16007695).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the 25 cases, 18 were male and 7 were female, the average age was 55 years old and the average course of disease was 9 years. Compared with pre-operation, the postoperative 3-month anal resting pressure and maximal squeeze pressure were significantly decreased [(53.56±9.05) mmHg vs. (92.44±7.06) mmHg, (142.80±20.35) mmHg vs. (210.88±20.56) mmHg, respectively, both P=0.000]; anorectal angulation at resting state and forced defecation state increased significantly [(102.32±4.96)degree vs. (95.88±4.01)degree, (117.88±5.95)degree vs. (89.52±3.25)degree, respectively, both P=0.000]. Wexner constipation score of postoperative 3-month, 6-month, 12-month (8.28±3.91, 7.40±3.64 and 8.04±4.74) was significantly lower than the preoperative score (16.00±3.69, all P<0.05), while the score was not significantly different among 3 time points after operation (P>0.05). Cleveland Clinic incontinence score was 0 at postoperative 6 and 12 months, and revealed 20 cases were effective among all the surgical patients(80%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Partial resection of puborectalis combined with mutilation of internal anal sphincter can effectively reduce anal pressure and improve symptoms of outlet obstruction, which is an effective method in the treatment of puborectalis syndrome with high anal pressure.</p>

Aplicação da toxina botulínica na hipermiotonia do lábio superior: complementação do tratamento ortodôntico / Application of botulinum toxin in the muscle hypertonia of upper lip: complementation of orthodontic treatment

Na Odontologia, a toxina botulínica tipo A vem sendo amplamente indicada em disfunções temporomandibulares (trismo, luxação da articulação temporomandibular), hábitos parafuncionais (bruxismo e briquismo), hipertrofia massetérica, distonia oromandibular, sialorreia, paralisia facial, sorriso gengival e assimetrias labiais. A aplicação profilática de toxina botulínica em casos após reabilitações protéticas sobre implantes dentários, reduzindo forças mastigatórias e protegendo as próteses e implantes da carga excessiva, também tem sido indicada. O escopo deste trabalho foi relatar o caso de uma paciente com queixa de escape de saliva durante a fonação, causada por doença periodontal crônica, vestibularização dos dentes anteriores, hipermiotonia do lábio superior (hipertonia ou hipertonicidade muscular) e discreto sorriso gengival. A paciente foi submetida aos tratamentos periodontal e ortodôntico. Após sua conclusão, foi aplicada a toxina botulínica para a redução da hipermiotonia do lábio superior. Neste propósito, a aplicação da toxina botulínica promoveu a deiscência uniforme do lábio superior, reduzindo a hipermiotonia e o sorriso gengival, favorecendo o vedamento labial e minimizando a queixa do escape salivar e sorriso gengival...

In dentistry, botulinum toxin type A has been widely indicated for temporomandibular disorders (lockjaw, temporomandibular joint dislocation), parafunctional habits (bruxism and clenching), masseteric hypertrophy, oromandibular dystonia, drooling, facial palsy, gummy smile and lip asymmetry. Prophylactic application of botulinum toxin in cases after prosthetic rehabilitation on dental implants, reducing chewing forces and protecting the prostheses and implants with excessive load, has also been indicated. The scope of this study is to report the case of a patient with complaint of saliva escape during speech, caused by chronic periodontal disease, flaring of the anterior teeth, muscle hypertonia of the upper lip and subsequently discreet gummy smile. The patient was submitted to periodontal and orthodontic treatments and, after its completion, botulinum toxin was applied in order to reduce the upper lip muscle hypertonia. In this purpose, the application of botulinum toxin promoted the uniform dehiscence of the upper lip, reducing muscle hypertonia and the gummy smile, favoring the lip seal and minimizing the complaint of salivary escape and gummy smile...

The volume of residual urine correlates with bladder outlet obstruction and detrusor contractility in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To identify the correlation of the volume of residual urine (VRU) with the severity of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) and detrusor contractility in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 152 patients with clinically diagnosed BPH underwent ultrasonography for measurement of the prostate volume and RVU, free uroflowmetry, and urodynamic examination for the severity of BOO and detrusor contractility. Using the software SPSS20. 0, we analyzed the correlation between the ultrasonographic results and urodynamic parameters and compared the two sample means by the t-test.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The prostate volume was correlated positively with BOO severity (r = 0.432, P < 0.01) and detrusor contractility (r = 0.343 , P < 0.01) while Qmax negatively with BOO severity (r = 0.327, P < 0.01) but not significantly with detrusor contractility (r = 0.123, P > 0.05). VRU showed a significantly negative correlation with detrusor contractility when > 150 ml (r = -0.490, P < 0.01), even more significantly when > 300 ml (r = -0.717, P < 0.01), but exhibited no significant correlation with it when ≤ 150 ml (r = 0.041, P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>VRU can somehow predict the detrusor function. For patients with VRU > 150 ml, especially for those with VRU > 300 ml, the detrusor function should be evaluated and urodynamic examination is recommended for exact assessment of BOO severity and detrusor contractility.</p>

Relationship between quality of life and hypertonia in young adults with spastic cerebral palsy

Background: The complications associated with spastic cerebral palsy can affect the physical ability and quality of life of individuals suffering from this motor disorder. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between quality of life and hypertonia in adults with spastic cerebral palsy

Methods: In an analytical cross sectional study, 70 subjects with the diagnosis of spastic cerebral palsy from three Ra'ad Rehabilitation Goodwill complexes in Tehran and Karaj cities took part in this study through convenient sampling. The severity of spasticity and contracture of the knee flexors were measured by Modified Tardieu Scale. Also the quality of life was assessed through World Health Organization quality of life-BREF questionnaire. To analyze data, Pearson and spearman correlation coefficient were used

Results: Participants of this study were 42.9% male, 57.1% female with mean age 26.24 +/- 5 years. No correlation existed between quality of life with knee flexor muscles spasticity. However, psychological and environmental domains showed low correlations with knee extension range [respectively r=0.26 and r=0.28; p< 0.05]

Conclusion: The influences of the mechanical component of hypertonia [contracture] on the quality of life are more prominent than neural factors such as spasticity

Cohort study of hyperbaric oxygention (HBO) in controlling hypermyotonia caused by spinal cord injury / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the clinical effects of hyperbaric oxygention (HBO) in treating hypermyotonia caused by spinal cord injury (SCI).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From March 2009 to April 2011, 80 patients with hypermyotonia caused by SCI were divided into treatment group and control group, with 40 cases in each group. There were 49 males and 31 females with an average age of (34.12 +/- 6.61) years (ranged, 17 to 60) in the study. Course of disease was from 14 to 30 d with an average of (20.16 +/- 5.08) d. The patients of the treatment group were treated with HBO, rehabilitation exercise and baclofen medication. With pressure of HBO was 2ATA, the treatment project including mask oxygen-inspiration for 20 minutes and resting 5 min, repeating 3 circulations as once, once every day and 10 times as a course of treatment, a total of 6 courses. In the control group, the patients were only treated with rehabilitation exercise and baclofen medication. Course of treatment was same with treatment group. The muscular tensions of patients were evaluated according to method of Modified Ashworth scale (MAS) at 3 courses and 6 courses after treatment.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After 3 courses of treatment,5 cases were effective in treatment group and 4 cases were effective in control group. There was no significant difference between two groups. After 6 courses of treatment, 24 cases were effective and 5 cases were obvious effective in treatment group; 14 cases were effective and 2 cases were obvious effective in control group. Clinical effect of treatment group was better than that of control group after 6 courses of treatment.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HBO was effective to controlling hypermyotonia caused by SCI, it can be used widely as a routine adjuvant therapy in clinic, but adequate course of treatment is necessary.</p>

Descolamento prematuro de placenta / Placental abruption

O descolamento prematura de placenta (DPP) e uma emergencia obstetrica que exige intervencao medica imediata e e responsavel por alto indice de mortalidade perinatal e materna. Incide em aproximadamente 0,5 a 3,0% do total de gestacoes, relacionando-se com mortalidade perinatal em 15% dos casos. A causa primaria da DPP e desconhecida, entretanto associa- se frequentemente com hipertensao arterial sistemica. O diagnostico e essencialmente clinico e o quadra se caracteriza principalmente por sangramento vaginal, dor abdominal e hipertonia uterina. A conduta adotada varia na dependencia das condicoes maternas e fetais. O presente relato expoe um caso envolvendo gestante sem fatores de risco, apresentando manifestacoes clinicas classicas. 0 reconhecimento rapido do descolamento prematura de placenta e a intervencao apropriada garantiram a sobrevivencia materna e neonatal. (AU)

Placental abruption (also known as Abrutio Placentae) is an obstetric emergency that demands prompt medical intervention and is responsible for a high perinatal and maternal mortality rate. It occurs in approximately 0,5 - 3,0% of all pregnancies, resulting in perinatal mortality in about 15% of the occurrences. The main cause that leads to Abrutio Placentae is still unknown, but it is often related to maternal high blood pressure. The diagnostic is made primarily by the clinical evaluation of the patient and the expected symptoms include vaginal bleeding, abdominal ache and hypertonia of the uterus. The medical approach varies depending of both maternal and fetal overall condition. The following report displays a case that happened to a pregnant woman which had apparently no risk whatsoever and ended up presenting the classical clinical manifestations. The rapid diagnostic and appropriate handling of the placental abruption assured the survival of both mother and newborn. (AU)

The renal concentrating mechanism and the clinical consequences of its loss

The integrity of the renal concentrating mechanism is maintained by the anatomical and functional arrangements of the renal transport mechanisms for solute (sodium; potassium; urea; etc) and water and by the function of the regulatory hormone for renal concentration; vasopressin. The discovery of aquaporins (water channels) in the cell membranes of the renal tubular epithelial cells has elucidated the mechanisms of renal actions of vasopressin. Loss of the concentrating mechanism results in uncontrolled polyuria with low urine osmolality and; if the patient is unable to consume (appropriately) large volumes of water; hypernatremia with dire neurological consequences. Loss of concentrating mechanism can be the consequence of defective secretion of vasopressin from the posterior pituitary gland (congenital or acquired central diabetes insipidus) or poor response of the target organ to vasopressin (congenital or nephrogenic diabetes insipidus). The differentiation between the three major states producing polyuria with low urine osmolality (central diabetes insipidus; nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and primary polydipsia) is done by a standardized water deprivation test. Proper diagnosis is essential for the management; which differs between these three conditions

Motor function evaluation of hydrocephalus children / Avaliação da função motora de crianças com hidrocefalia

Objectives: To evaluate the kinetic functional condition of children with hydrocephalus; to identify the condition of the muscle tone; to verify the static and dynamic functional activities; and to verify the association between tone changes and functional activities. Method: A cross-sectional, descriptive, exploratory and study, using qualitative and quantitative approach, performed at the University Hospital in Aracaju city, from August 2009 to March 2010. Results: From 50 evaluated children, 30 (60%) had hypertonia; 10 (20%) were hypotonic; and 10 (20%) did not show muscle tone alteration. The age average was considerably lesser in hypertonic children and higher in hypotonic and without tone alteration children. The average of carried through surgeries was more expressive in hypertonic children. Motor sequels had been present in 92% of the sample. The static functional activities, as well as dynamic functional activities, were lower in hypertonic children (p < 0,0001) and higher in hypotonic and normal tone children. Conclusions: Muscle tone exacerbation is more present in hydrocephalus children and motor function is impaired, being the neuropsychomotor development delayed more evident in spastic children group and less pronounced in children with normal muscle tone.

Objetivos: Avaliar o quadro cinético-funcional de crianças com hidrocefalia; identificar a condição do tônus muscular; verificar as atividades funcionais estáticas e dinâmicas; verificar a associação entre as alterações de tônus e as atividades funcionais nas crianças com hidrocefalia. Método: Estudo transversal, de caráter descritivo, exploratório e de campo, sob abordagem qualiquantitativa, realizado no ambulatório do Hospital Universitário, do município de Aracaju, no período de agosto de 2009 a março de 2010. Resultados: Das 50 crianças avaliadas, 30 (60%) apresentavam hipertonia; 10 (20%) eram hipotônicas; 10 (20%) não apresentavam alteração de tônus muscular. A média de idade foi consideravelmente menor nas crianças hipertônicas em relação às crianças hipotônicas e normotônicas. A média de procedimentos cirúrgicos realizados foi mais expressiva no grupo de crianças com hipertonia muscular. As sequelas motoras estiveram presentes em 92% da amostra. As atividades funcionais estáticas, bem como as dinâmicas, encontraram-se mais comprometidas nas crianças hipertônicas (p < 0,0001) do que nas hipotônicas e normotônicas. Conclusões: A hipertonia muscular foi a alteração tônica mais presente nas crianças com hidrocefalia, e a função motora é deficitária, sendo o atraso no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor mais evidente no grupo de crianças espásticas e menos pronunciado nas crianças com tônus muscular sem alterações.

Relação entre a força de preensão palmar e a espasticidade em pacientes hemiparéticos após acidente vascular cerebral / Relationship between grip strength and spasticity in hemiparetic patients after stroke

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a relação entre a força muscularisométrica máxima de preensão e a espasticidade de músculos da extremidade superior parética. Foram incluídos 33 pacientes com diagnósticoclínico de Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) em diferentes estágios de recuperação sensório-motora, de ambos os sexos com média de idade de 50,84 (±13,69 anos) e que foram atendidos no Hospital das Clínicas de Campinas-SP ou centros de reabilitação. Em estudo descritivo transversalforam colhidos em sessão única os seguintes dados: a)-força isométricamáxima de preensão, utilizando-se dinamômetro hidráulico em três tentativas alternadas para cada membro; b) grau de espasticidade graduado por meio da escala de tônus de Ashworth de 8 grupos músculos da extremidade superior parética (AS). Para caracterização da amostra foramutilizados itens da extremidade superior da escala de desempenho físicode Fugl-Meyer (UE-FMA) para avaliação da recuperação sensório motora;o nível de independência funcional foi avaliado com o Índice de Barthele a capacidade funcional com Teste da Ação para Extremidade Superior (ARA). A força de preensão foi avaliada com dinamômetro pela média e pelo melhor valor de três tentativas para o membro parético (mais fraco) e para o membro mais forte (não parético). A força de preensão foi estatisticamente maior no lado mais forte (p<0,05) e os valores de ambos os membros superiores estão abaixo de valores normativos da literatura para indivíduos normais de mesmo sexo, idade e lado testado. O valor médio de preensão da extremidade superior “mais forte” de 31,17 KgF (±10,22) e para o membro parético, foi de 10,88 ±8,82 KgF. Houve apenas uma fraca correlação entre a força muscular e o tônus muscular dosmúsculos avaliados, incluindo músculos flexores dos dedos, adutores de polegar e flexores de cotovelo (r<0,60). Estes dados sugerem que o dinamômetrohidráulico pode ser utilizado para mensuração de força muscular em pacientes com...

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between maximal isometricgrip strength and muscle spasticity in paretic upper limbs. Thirty-three (33)patients with clinical diagnosis of stroke (CVA) in different stages of sensorimotor recovery, of both sexes with a mean age of 50.84 (± 13.69 years), participated in the study and were treated at Campinas University Hospital-SP or in rehabilitation centers. The following data was collected from a single session of a cross-sectional study: a)-maximal isometric grip strength using a hydraulic dynamometer with three alternate attempts for each limb, b) degree of spasticity of 8 muscle groups of the paretic upper limb (AS) measured by the Ashworth scale. Items from the Fugl-Meyer scale of upper limbphysical performance were consulted for sample characterization (UE-FMA)for the assessment of sensorimotor recovery; the level of functional independence was assessed using the Barthel Index, and functional capacity using the Action Research Arm Test (ARA). Grip strength was measured with a dynamometer to acquire the mean and best value of three attempts using the paretic limb (weaker) and the stronger limb (non-paretic). There were no statistical differences between the three trials for both the weaker upper limb and the stronger one (p> 0.05). Nine participants of the sample presented normotonia in all studied muscle groups, while the presence of hypertonia of at least a level 3 in a muscle group was observed in nineteen participants. Grip strength was significantly higher on the stronger side (p <0.05) and the values from both upper limbs were below literature normative values for normal individuals of the same sex, age and side tested. The mean value of the “stronger” upper limb grip was 31.17 Kgf(± 10.22) and that of the paretic limb was 10.88 ± 8.82 Kgf. Only a weak correlation between muscle strength and muscle tone of evaluated muscles was seen, including flexor muscles of the fingers, thumb adductors and...

Novel mutation in MCT8 gene in a Brazilian boy with thyroid hormone resistance and severe neurologic abnormalities / Mutação nova do gene MCT8 em menino Brasileiro com resistência ao hormônio tireioidiano e neuropatia grave

O MCT8 é um transportador celular de hormônios tireoidianos, importante para sua ação e metabolização. Relatamos o caso de um menino com a nova mutação inativadora 630insG no éxon 1 do MCT8. O paciente caracterizou-se por grave comprometimento neurológico (inicialmente com hipotonia global, evoluindo com hipertonia generalizada), crescimento normal nos dois primeiros anos de vida, reduzido ganho ponderal e ausência dos sinais e sintomas típicos de hipotireoidismo. A sua avaliação sérica revelou elevação do T3, redução do T4 total e livre e TSH levemente aumentado. O tratamento com levotiroxina melhorou o perfil hormonal tireoidiano, mas não modificou o quadro clínico do paciente. Esses dados reforçam o conceito de que o papel do MCT8 é tecido-dependente: enquanto os neurônios são altamente dependentes do MCT8, o osso, o tecido adiposo, o músculo e o fígado são menos dependentes do MCT8 e, portanto, podem sofrer as consequências da exposição a níveis séricos elevados de T3.

MCT8 is a cellular transporter of thyroid hormones important in their action and metabolization. We report a male patient with the novel inactivating mutation 630insG in the coding region in exon 1 of MCT8. He was characterized clinically by severe neurologic impairment (initially with global hypotonia, later evolving with generalized hypertonia), normal growth during infancy, reduced weight gain, and absence of typical signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism, while the laboratory evaluation disclosed elevated T3, low total and free T4, and mildly elevated TSH serum levels. Treatment with levothyroxine improved thyroid hormone profile but was not able to alter the clinical picture of the patient. These data reinforce the concept that the role of MCT8 is tissue-dependent: while neurons are highly dependent on MCT8, bone tissue, adipose tissue, muscle, and liver are less dependent on MCT8 and, therefore, may suffer the consequences of the exposition to high serum T3 levels.

Clinical and etiological profile of acute febrile encephalopathy in eastern Nepal.

Objective. To investigate the clinical and etiological profile of acute febrile encephalopathy in children presenting to a tertiary care referral center of Eastern Nepal. Methods. 107 children (aged 1 month to 14 yr) presenting to the emergency with fever (> 380 C) of less than 2 wk duration with altered sensorium with/ or without seizure were prospectively investigated for etiological cause. The investigations included blood and CSF counts, blood and CSF cultures, peripheral smear and serology for malarial parasite, and serology for Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus. Other investigations included EEG and CT or MRI wherever indicated. Results. The most common presenting complaints apart from fever and altered sensorium were headache and vomiting. Convulsions, neck rigidity, hypertonia, brisk deep tendon reflexes, extensor plantar response and focal neurological deficits were seen in 50%, 57%, 22.4%, 28%, 39.3% and 9.3% of the subjects, respectively. The diagnoses based on clinical presentation and laboratory findings were pyogenic meningitis in 45 (42%), non JE viral encephalitis in 26 (25%), JE in 19 (18%), cerebral malaria in 8 (7%), herpes encephalitis and tubercular meningitis in 4 (4%) each, and typhoid encephalopathy in 1 case. Conclusion. Pyogenic meningitis and viral encephalitis including JE are the most common causes of acute presentation with fever and encephalopathy. Preventive strategies must be directed keeping these causes in mind.

Influência da crioterapia na espasticidade: uma análise qualitativa e quantitativa / Influence of cryotherapy on spasticity: qualitative and quantitative measures

O uso da crioterapia para diminuir hipertonia em músculos espásticos tem se mostrado um recurso bastante conhecido e utilizado na reabilitação. Com isso, uma melhor compreensão dos efeitos do resfriamento em movimentos voluntários pode proporcionar uma percepção dos mecanismos da espasticidade, que contribui à inaptidão funcional no paciente. A proposta deste estudo foi de determinar o efeito do resfriamento na musculatura espástica, por meio de uma escala clínica; o padrão da ativação muscular em um teste de movimentos repetitivos e subseqüentemente avaliar as diferentes reações da coordenação muscular durante o resfriamento dos músculos tibial anterior e gastrocnêmio; e medidas eletrofisiológicas. Os voluntários foram submetidos a exame clínico do reflexo tendinoso patelar e aquileu, no lado afetado, além da avaliação do clônus, atividade eletromiográfica e da variação angular da articulação do tornozelo. Pelos resultados demonstrados neste estudo, verificamos que o efeito do resfriamento para a adequação de tônus de pacientes hipertônicos por meio da crioterapia mostrou-se extremamente valioso e de uma importância significativa.

The use of the cryotherapy to diminish hypertonia in spastics muscles if has shown a resource suffi cientlyknown and used in the rehabilitation. With this, one better understanding of the effect of the cooling in voluntary movements can provide a perception of the mechanisms of the spasticity, which contributes to the functional ineptitude inthe patient. The proposal of this study was to determine the effect of the cooling in the spastic muscles, by means of a clinical scale; the standard of the muscles activation in one test of repetitive movements and subsequently to evaluate the different reactions of the muscular coordination during the cooling of the muscles tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius; and electrophysiological measured. The volunteers had been submitted the clinical examination of the tendinous refl exes to patellar and aquileu, in the affected side, beyond the evaluation of clonus, eletromyographic activity and of the angular variation of the joint of the ankle. For the results demonstrated in this study, we verify that the effect of the cooling for the adequacy of tonus of hypertonics patients by means of the cryotherapy revealed extremely valuableand of a signifi cant importance.

Biotinidase deficiency with hypertonia as unusual feature.

We report 3 cases of biotinidase deficiency presenting in early infancy with neurological and cutaneous manifestations. All of them had hypertonia (spasticity). Response to oral biotin was excellent. One of the cases showed 7D3I biotidase deficient mutation.

Stereological study of collagen and elastic system in the detrusor muscle of bladders from controls and patients with infravesical obstruction

OBJECTIVE: Compare detrusor muscle of normal and patients with infravesical obstruction, quantifying the collagen and elastic system fibers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied samples taken from bladders of 10 patients whose ages ranged from 45 to 75 years (mean = 60 years), who underwent transvesical prostatectomy for treatment of BPH. Control material was composed of 10 vesical specimens, removed during autopsies performed in cadavers of accident victims, with ages between 18 and 35 years (mean = 26 years). RESULTS: The results of collagen and elastic fibers quantification (volumetric density) demonstrated the following results in percentage (mean +/- standard deviation): collagen in BPH patients = 4.89 +/- 2.64 and 2.32 +/- 1.25 in controls (p < 0.0001), elastin in BPH patients = 10.63 percent +/- 2.00 and 8.94 percent +/- 1.19 in controls (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: We found that the components of connective tissue, collagen and elastic system fibers are increased in the detrusor muscle of patients with infravesical obstruction, when compared to controls.

Botulinum toxin for post-stroke spastic hypertonia: a review of its efficacy and application in clinical practice

Botulinum toxins (BTX) have revolutionised the management of focal post-stroke spastic hypertonia. Published literature has supported the efficacy and safety of BTX in reducing spastic hypertonia but has not convincingly demonstrated the ability to enhance function. While clinicians and stroke survivors have reported impressive clinical outcomes, randomised, controlled trials (RCTs), have demonstrated only significant improvement in muscle tone but not functional changes. This paper will review the evidence supporting the efficacy of BTX for spastic hypertonia and discuss current clinical practice.