Cirugía de cornetes inferiores en población pediátrica: ¿Cómo, cuándo y por qué? / Inferior turbinate surgery in pediatric population: How, when and why?

La hipertrofia de cornetes inferiores representa una de las principales causas de obstrucción nasal en pacientes pediátricos. En estudios recientes se ha observado un aumento significativo de esta patología en niños que no responden a terapia médica. La evidencia disponible recomienda la cirugía como tratamiento de elección en la obstrucción nasal refractaria en niños con cornetes hipertróficos. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha no existen criterios formales de derivación a cirugía en la población pediátrica y los estudios en infantes son limitados. Al mismo tiempo, la falta de consenso no ha permitido recomendar una técnica quirúrgica en estos pacientes por sobre otras. Por lo tanto, se hace necesario profundizar las diferentes alternativas disponibles, considerando y optando por aquellas que presenten mayores beneficios y menor riesgo de complicaciones. En la presente revisión se estudió la evidencia disponible hasta el momento sobre este tema en la población pediátrica y además se realizó un análisis de la efectividad y complicaciones de las diferentes técnicas disponibles.

Inferior turbinate hypertrophy represents one of the leading causes of nasal obstruction in pediatric patients. Recent studies have observed a significant increase in turbinate hypertrophy in children that does not respond to medical treatment. The latest evidence recommends inferior turbinoplasty for treating nasal obstruction in children with hypertrophic turbinates. However, until today there are no formal criteria for referral to surgery in the pediatric population, and studies in children are limited. At the same time, the absence of consensus has not allowed the recommendation of one surgical technique over others in these patients. This is why it is necessary to deepen the available alternatives and choose those with more significant benefits and a lower risk of complications. In this review, we study available evidence about this topic in the pediatric population and analyze the effectiveness and complications of different known techniques.

Is the myonuclear domain ceiling hypothesis dead?

Muscle fibres are multinuclear cells, and the cytoplasmic territory where a single myonucleus controls transcriptional activity is called the myonuclear domain (MND). MND size shows flexibility during muscle hypertrophy. The MND ceiling hypothesis states that hypertrophy results in the expansion of MND size to an upper limit or MND ceiling, beyond which additional myonuclei via activation of satellite cells are required to support further growth. However, the debate about the MND ceiling hypothesis is far from settled, and various studies show conflicting results about the existence or otherwise of MND ceiling in hypertrophy. The aim of this review is to summarise the literature about the MND ceiling in various settings of hypertrophy and discuss the possible factors contributing to a discrepancy in the literature. We conclude by describing the physiological and clinical significance of the MND ceiling limit in the muscle adaptation process in various physiological and pathological conditions.

Resolución de hipertrofia de labios menores mediante técnicas simples / Resolution of hypertrophy of the labia minora using simple techniques

Introducción. La hipertrofia de los labios menores se define como tejido labial que sobresale más allá de los labios mayores, puede afectar de manera uni- o bilateral y resultar en dispareunia, interferencia con los deportes, dificultades con la limpieza, irritación e infecciones crónicas del tracto urinario, incomodidad para el uso de prendas ajustadas, además de trastornos psicológicos. Todos estos motivos llevan a las mujeres a la consulta. La reducción de labios menores es el procedimiento estético genital femenino más común. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar técnicas de baja complejidad para resolver diferentes grados de hipertrofia de labios menores. Materiales y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo, observacional que comprendió 3 pacientes entre el periodo de marzo del 2019 a febrero 2020 que Incluyó a pacientes con hipertrofias leves y moderadas. Resultados. En 2 pacientes se realizó escisión directa y en 1, técnica del desepitelizado más lipotransferencia de labios mayores, sin evidenciar complicaciones mayores. Discusión. Si bien en la literatura se han reportado un gran número de técnicas quirúrgicas, cada una de ellas debe adecuarse al tipo de hipertrofia labial. La técnica del desepitelizado permite conservar un borde natural, con conservación de la coloración y textura original de la paciente, aporte neurovascular, pero no es conveniente utilizarla en pacientes de grados mayores de hipertrofia. La escisión directa proporciona una técnica simple para la escisión del exceso de tejido en pacientes con mayor tamaño de sus labios menores, pero elimina el contorno, la coloración y la textura naturales del borde libre, aun así, las pacientes resultan conformes con su nuevo aspecto. Conclusión. La reconstrucción de los labios menores, utilizando las técnicas de desepitelización y escisión directa, es confiable y da un resultado cosmético y funcional exitoso. Estas técnicas son de baja complejidad, tiempo operatorio breve, técnicamente reproducibles, dando gran conformidad y resultando un método seguro

Introduction. Hypertrophy of the labia minora is defined as lip tissue that protrudes beyond the labia majora, can affect unilaterally or bilaterally and result in dyspareunia, interference with sports, difficulties with cleaning, irritation and chronic infections of the urinal tract, discomfort for wearing tight clothes, in addition to psychological disorders. All these reasons lead women to the consultation. Labia minora reduction is the most common female genital cosmetic procedure. This work aims to present low complexity techniques to resolve different degrees of hypertrophy of the labia minora. Materials and methods: retrospective, observational study that comprised 3 patients between the period of March 2019 to February 2020 that included patients with mild and moderate hypertrophy. Results: Direct excision was performed in 2 patients and in 1, de-epithelialization technique plus lipotransference of the labia majora. Without showing major complications. Discussion: Although a large number of surgical techniques have been reported in the literature, each of them must be adapted to the type of lip hypertrophy. The de-epithelialization technique allows a natural border to be preserved, with preservation of the patient's original color and texture, neurovascular supply, but it is not convenient to use it in patients with higher degrees of hypertrophy. Direct excision provides a simple technique for excision of excess tissue in patients with larger labia minora, but removes the natural contour, coloration and texture of the free edge, yet patients are still satisfied with their new appearance. Conclusion. The reconstruction of the labia minora, using de-epithelialization and direct excision techniques is reliable and gives a successful cosmetic and functional result. These are low complexity techniques, short operating time, technically reproducible, giving great conformity and resulting in a safe method

Pioglitazone Induces Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis and Inhibits Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy Via VEGFR-2 Signaling Pathway / Pioglitazona Induz Apoptose e Inibe Hipertrofia de Cardiomiócitos pela Via de Sinalização do VEGFR-2

Abstract Background: Pioglitazone has been widely used as an insulin-sensitizing agent for improving glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, cardiovascular risk and protective effects of pioglitazone remain controversial. Objectives: In this study, we investigated whether pioglitazone affects cardiomyocyte apoptosis and hypertrophy by regulating the VEGFR-2 signaling pathway. Methods: Cardiomyocytes were enzymatically isolated from 1- to 3-day-old Sprague-Dawley rat ventricles. Effects of pioglitazone and the VEGFR-2-selective inhibitor apatinib on cardiomyocyte apoptotic rate was determined using flow cytometry, and hypertrophy was evaluated using [3H]-leucine incorporation. The protein expressions of unphosphorylated and phosphorylated VEGFR-2, Akt, P53, and mTOR were determined by Western-Blotting. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the differences between groups. Results: Pioglitazone and VEGFR-2-selective inhibitor apatinib reduced rat cardiomyocyte viability and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by angiotensin II in vitro. Furthermore, in the same in vitro model, pioglitazone and apatinib significantly increased the expression of Bax and phosphorylated P53 and decreased the expression of phosphorylated VEGFR-2, Akt, and mTOR, which promote cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Conclusions: These findings indicate that pioglitazone induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis and inhibits cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by modulating the VEGFR-2 signaling pathway.

Resumo Fundamento: A pioglitazona tem sido amplamente utilizada como droga sensibilizadora da insulina para melhorar o controle glicêmico em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. No entanto, o risco cardiovascular bem como os efeitos protetores da pioglitazona ainda são controversos. Objetivos: Neste estudo, investigamos se os efeitos da pioglitazona sobre a apoptose e a hipertrofia de cardiomiócitos ocorrem via regulação da via de sinalização do VEGFR-2. Métodos: os cardiomiócitos foram isolados enzimaticamente dos ventrículos de ratos Sprague-Dawley de 1-3 anos de vida. Os efeitos da pioglitazona e do inibidor seletivo de VEGFR-2 apatinib sobre a taxa de apoptose dos cardiomiócitos foram avaliados por citometria de fluxo, e a hipertrofia avaliada por incorporação de leucina-[3H]. As expressões de VEGFR-2, Akt, P53, e mTOR fosforiladas e não fosforiladas foram determinadas por Western Blotting. Análise de variância (ANOVA) foi usada para avaliar diferenças entre os grupos. Resultados: a pioglitazona e o apatinib reduziram a viabilidade e a hipertrofia de cardiomiócitos induzida por angiotensina II in vitro. Além disso, no mesmo modelo in vitro, a pioglitazona e o apatinib aumentaram significativamente a expressão de Bax e P53 fosforilada, e diminuiu a expressão de VEGFR-2, Akt, e mTOR, que promove hipertrofia de cardiomiócitos. Conclusões: Esses resultados indicam que a pioglitazona induz a apoptose e inibe a hipertrofia de cardiomiócitos pela modulação da via de sinalização de VEGFR-2.

Ocular involvement in idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis associated with eosinophilic angiocentric fibrosis: a case report / Envolvimento ocular na paquimeningite hipertrófica idiopática associada à fibrose angiocêntrica eosinofílica: relato de caso

ABSTRACT A 43-year-old male with a history of eosinophilic angiocentric fibrosis presented with headache and double vision since 48 h. Idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis was diagnosed based on nuclear magnetic resonance and comprehensive systemic study findings. Eosinophilic angiocentric fibrosis and idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis have been associated with IgG4-related diseases, but this was the first case in which they coexisted in the same patient. After steroid treatment failure, rituximab was used with excellent results.

RESUMO Um homem de 43 anos, com história de fibrose angiocêntrica eosinofílica, apresentou cefaléia e visão dupla com 48 horas. A paquimeningite hipertrófica idiopática foi diagnosticada com base na ressonância magnética nuclear e em achados sistêmicos abrangentes no estudo. A fibrose angiocêntrica eosinofílica e a paquimeningite hipertrófica idiopática foram associadas a doenças relacionadas à IgG4, mas este foi o primeiro caso em que elas coexistiram no mesmo paciente. Após a falha do tratamento com esteroides, o rituximabe foi usado com excelentes resultados.

Hipertrofia de amígdala lingual y apnea obstructiva del sueño en población pediátrica: una asociación a considerar / Hypertrophy of the Lingual Tonsils and pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: an assocciation to consider

Las amígdalas linguales (AL) forman parte del Anillo de Waldeyer (AW). La hipertrofia de amígdala lingual (HAL) se debe habitualmente a hiperplasia, generalmente asintomática. Su etiología no está precisada, pero se reconoce como causa de Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño (AOS) residual, posterior a adenoamigdalectomía (AA). Su identificación en el examen físico es dificultosa, por lo que resulta relevante la sospecha, junto con una nasofibroscopía. Según condiciones y sintomatología del paciente se puede complementar el estudio con otras técnicas diagnósticas, como polisomnograma (PSG) y resonancia magnética (RM). La cirugía es exitosa para el tratamiento de estos casos. Dentro de las complicaciones descritas para este procedimiento destacan: hemorragia, obstrucción de la vía área, dificultad en la intubación orotraqueal y dolor en el posoperatorio. Actualmente no existe una técnica quirúrgica de elección. Debido a la morbilidad asociada a AOS resulta fundamental el diagnóstico de esta patología, ya que es susceptible de tratamiento.

Lingual tonsils are part of Waldeyer`s Ring. The hypertrophy of the lingual tonsils is generally due to hiperplasia, without symptoms. The etiology is not clear, but it is a known cause of residual Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), after adenotonsilectomy. Their identification during the physical exam results dificult, so the suspicious and the nasofibroscopy are relevant. Acording to the particular patient it is posible realize additional exams, like polisomnography and magnetic nuclear resonance. Surgery is succesful for this cases. The complications include: bleeding, airway obstruction, anestesia dificulties and pain. Currently there is not a particular techniqe of choice. OSA is associated to morbidity, therefore it is fundamental to diagnose this pathology, because it is posible to treat it through surgery.

Gigantomastia juvenil. Hipertrofia virginal. Presentación de caso clínico / Juvenile macromastia. Virginal mammary hypertrophy. Case report

La gigantomastia juvenil es una afección médica benigna poco frecuente que causa el crecimiento excesivo y discapacitante de las mamas, provocando importantes trastornos físicos y psíquicos a pacientes púberes o adolescentes. Presentamos el caso en una paciente de 23 años, la cual se encontraba en la última etapa de su patología con una importante signosintomatología. Al no existir un tratamiento específico para ella, la mastoplastia reductiva es el procedimiento más efectivo con el que se cuenta. Se realizó una reducción de 9000 g de tejido mamario mediante la técnica de Torek, obteniendo mamas de volumen medio, simétricas, con cicatrices aceptables. La complejidad de esta patología hace que debamos manejarnos con un equipo multidisciplinario, tanto durante su estudio como en su tratamiento, y consideramos muy importante realizar un seguimiento estricto a largo plazo ya que es posible que, después del tratamiento quirúrgico, se presenten recurrencias.

Juvenile gigantomastia is a rare benign medical condition that causes excessive and disabling growth of the breasts and provokes considerable physical and psychological discomfort in patients in their puberty and adolescence. We introduce the case of a 23-year-old patient in the last stage of her condition with considerable signs and symptoms. There is no specific treatment for juvenile gigatomastia; hence breast reduction is the most effective procedure available. A reduction of 9,000 grams of breast tissue was performed using Torek's technique, resulting in medium volume, symmetrical breasts with acceptable scars. The complexity of this disorder requires a multidisciplinary team during the study and therapy stages. A strict long-term follow-up is recommended as relapses are possible after surgery.

Sensibilidade e especificidade do exame eletrocardiográfico na detecção de sobrecargas atriais e/ou ventriculares em gatos da raça Persa com cardiomiopatia hipertrófica / Sensitivity and specificity of electrocardiographic examination in detecting ventricular or atrial overloads in Persian cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH) é a principal cardiopatia dos felinos e é caracterizada por hipertrofia miocárdica concêntrica, sem dilatação ventricular. O ecocardiograma é o melhor meio diagnóstico não invasivo para a diferenciação das cardiomiopatias e é considerado padrão ouro para a detecção de hipertrofia ventricular presente na CMH. Alterações eletrocardiográficas também são comuns em animais com CMH e o eletrocardiograma (ECG) é um teste de triagem para detecção de hipertrofia ventricular em humanos, sendo um exame rápido e facilmente disponível. Em gatos, poucos estudos foram realizados quanto à sensibilidade e especificidade do ECG na detecção de hipertrofia ventricular. Com a intenção de avaliar o uso do ECG como ferramenta de triagem para diagnóstico de CMH em felinos, gatos da raça Persa (n=82) foram avaliados por meio de exames ecocardiográfico e eletrocardiográfico. Animais com bloqueios e/ou distúrbios de condução foram excluídos da análise estatística (n=22). Posteriormente, os animais incluídos foram classificados em: normais (n=38), suspeitos (n=6) e acometidos pela CMH (n=16)...

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common feline heart disease and is characterized by increased cardiac mass with a hypertrophied and not dilated left ventricle. The echocardiography is the best noninvasive diagnostic tool for the differentiation of cardiomyopathies and is considered the gold standard for detection of ventricular hypertrophy present in HCM. Electrocardiographic changes are also common in animals with HCM and the electrocardiogram (ECG) is quick, easy and highly available screening test for the detection of ventricular hypertrophy in humans. In cats, few studies have been conducted regarding the sensitivity and specificity of ECG in detecting ventricular hypertrophy. With the intention of evaluating the use of ECG as a screening tool for diagnosis of HCM in cats, Persian cats (n=82) were evaluated by echocardiographic and electrocardiographic examinations. Animals with blocks and/or conduction disturbances were excluded from statistical analysis (n=22). Subsequently the animals included were classified as normal (n=38), suspicious (n=6) and affected by HCM (n=16)...

Labiaplasty and its current status / Plástica de pequenos lábios e suas possibilidades atuais

Introduction: Nymphoplasty or labiaplasty consists of a surgical approach to hypertrophy of the labia minora, and is aimed at correcting asymmetry and removing redundant tissue of the vulva. Hypertrophy of the labia minora is characterized by tissue that exceeds the limits of the labia majora under normal conditions. Surgery is an option in patients who complain of unpleasant odor, urinary infection, interference with sexual activity, and/or personal dissatisfaction; in the latter case, the surgical indication has an aesthetic purpose. The aim of this article was to report our experience with wedge resection of the labia minora in patients with hypertrophy. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 53 cases of labiaplasty performed with the wedge resection technique from 2010 to 2015. The results were evaluated for postoperative anatomical appearance, the degree of patient satisfaction, and the effect on sexual activity. Results: Patients were satisfied with the postoperative aesthetic appearance. There was improvement in sexual satisfaction, ability to perform physical activities, and hygiene. No complications were observed, such as suture dehiscence, infection, or tissue necrosis. One patient required reoperation in the postoperative period due to asymmetry of the labia minora. Another patient complained of excessive exposure of the clitoris, but she had preexisting clitoral hypertrophy. Conclusion: Labiaplasty using the wedge resection technique relieved personal discomfort and provided functional and aesthetic improvement. Due to the lack of validation and standardization of labiaplasty techniques, further clinical research should be performed.

Introdução: A ninfoplastia consiste na abordagem cirúrgica da hipertrofia dos pequenos lábios, que visa ao aperfeiçoamento da assimetria destes e do tecido redundante da vulva. A hipertrofia de pequenos lábios caracteriza-se por aqueles que, em posição e condições normais, sobressaem-se aos grandes lábios. A cirurgia tem sido proposta na presença de transtornos, como odor desagradável, infecção urinária, comprometimento da atividade sexual e/ou insatisfação pessoal, cuja indicação cirúrgica possui fins estéticos. O objetivo deste artigo é relatar nossa experiência com a ressecção em cunha dos pequenos lábios nas pacientes que apresentam tal hipertrofia. Métodos: Foram analisados retrospectivamente 53 casos de ninfoplastia pela técnica de ressecção em cunha, no período de 2010 a 2015. Os resultados foram analisados quanto ao aspecto anatômico no pós-operatório, o grau de satisfação das pacientes e a interferência na atividade sexual. Resultados: As pacientes se mostraram satisfeitas com o aspecto estético pós-cirúrgico. Houve melhora no desempenho sexual, na prática de atividades físicas e condições de higiene. Não foram verificadas complicações, como deiscência de sutura, infecção ou necrose tecidual. Uma paciente precisou ser reoperada devido à assimetria de pequenos lábios no pós-operatório. Outra paciente queixou-se da excessiva exposição do clitóris, porém o mesmo já apresentava discreta hipertrofia prévia. Conclusão: A ninfoplastia pela técnica de ressecção em cunha apresentou benefícios em relação ao desconforto pessoal, melhora funcional e estética. Devido à ausência de validação e padronização nas técnicas de ninfoplastia atuais, novos estudos clínicos devem ser realizados.

Immunoglobulin G4-Related Sclerosing Disease Manifesting as Bilateral Tonsillar Hypertrophy on MR Images: A Case Report

Immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing disease (IgG4-SD) is currently recognized as a distinct systemic disease involving various organs. We reported the imaging findings of a case of pathologically confirmed IgG4-SD involving bilateral palatine tonsils. CT and MRI showed diffuse enlargement of both palatine tonsils with homogeneous contrast enhancement. Focal contour bulging was noted in the right palatine tonsil. Lesions appeared as isointense on T1-weighted and slightly hyperintense on T2-weighted MRI images, as compared with muscle. The T2-weighted MRI image showed a striated pattern in both tonsils. Despite its rare occurrence, IgG4-SD should be included in the differential diagnoses of patients with symptomatic bilateral tonsillar hypertrophy that is non-responsive to medication.

Gigantomastia juvenil. Hipertrofia virginal. Presentación de caso clínico / Juvenile gigantomastia. Virginal hypertrophy. Clinical case presentation

La gigantomastia juvenil es una afección médica benigna poco frecuente que causa el crecimiento excesivo y discapacitante de las mamas provocando importantes trastornos físicos y psíquicos a pacientes púberes o adolescentes. Presentamos el caso en una paciente de 23 años de edad, la cual se encontraba en la última etapa de su patología con una importante signosintomatología. No existe un tratamiento especifi co para ella, por lo cual la mastoplastia reductiva es el procedimiento más efectivo con el que contamos. Se realizó una reducción de 9000 g de tejido mamario mediante la técnica de Torek, obteniendo mamas de volumen medio, simétricas, con cicatrices aceptables. La complejidad de esta patología hace que debamos manejarnos con un equipo multidisciplinario, tanto durante su estudio como en su tratamiento, y consideramos muy importante realizar un seguimiento estricto a largo plazo ya que es posible que, después del tratamiento quirúrgico, se presenten recurrencias

Juvenile Gigantomastia is a rare benign medical condition that causes excessive and disabling growth of the breasts and provokes considerable physical and psychological discomfort in patients in their puberty and adolescence. We introduce the case of a 23-year-old patient in the last stage of her condition with considerable signs and symptoms. There is no specifi c treatment for Juvenile Gigatomastia; hence breast reduction is the most eff ective procedure available. A reduction of 9,000 grams of breast tissue was performed using Torek's technique, resulting in medium volume, symmetrical breasts with acceptable scars. The complexity of this disorder requires a multidisciplinary team during the study and therapy stages. A strict long-term follow-up is recommended as relapses are possible after surgery

Lábio duplo bilabial / Bilabial double lip

O lábio duplo é uma entidade rara, com poucos relatos, que geralmente afeta o lábio superior, sendo de fácil diagnóstico clínico. Pode ter origem congênita ou adquirida. O tratamento cirúrgico é indicado por queixa estética ou funcional, de simples execução. Este relato refere-se a um caso de lábio duplo bilabial em paciente do sexo masculino de 14 anos, em que foi realizada correção cirúrgica por motivação estética do paciente, com ótimo resultado dos pontos de vista estético e funcional.

There are few published reports on double lip, a rare entity that usually affects the upper lip, and that is easily diagnosed clinically. It may be congenital or acquired. Surgical treatment is indicated for aesthetic or functional complaints, and is simple to implement. This report describes a case of bilabial double lip in a 14-year-old male patient, in whom surgical correction was carried out for aesthetic reasons, with excellent aesthetic and functional results.

Ninfoplastia em estrela: técnica para redução dos pequenos lábios vulvares / Star nymphoplasty: a surgical technique for labia minora hypertrophy

Introdução: O cirurgião plástico tem sido consultado com frequência, nos últimos anos, sobre a forma e as dimensões dos pequenos lábios vulvares e outras estruturas circunvizinhas, não só pela questão estética, mas também pela funcional, da dispareunia. Os autores apresentam uma técnica de tratamento estético e funcional da genitália externa feminina, a vulva, com o intuito de corrigir a hipertrofia dos pequenos lábios (ninfas), sem alterar­lhes a forma. Método: A técnica consiste na abordagem do pequeno lábio vulvar, com uma incisão em forma de estrela, produzindo um encurtamento das ninfas tanto ântero-posteriormente como crânio-caudalmente. O estudo é de tipo retrospectivo de um período de 15 anos, com seguimento clínico e cirúrgico de 64 pacientes de sexo feminino, com uma faixa etária entre 14 e 58 anos, todas submetidas à ninfoplastia em estrela, técnica proposta neste estudo. Resultados: Os resultados foram obtidos da ficha dos pacientes operados no período compreendido entre janeiro de 1996 e dezembro de 2011, no Hospital da Lagoa e na Interclínica-Centroplástica, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro-RJ. Alto índice de satisfação das pacientes com o tamanho e o formato estético da genitália. Houve uma baixa taxa de complicações e queixas residuais. Conclusão: Este ato cirúrgico é feito com o objetivo de remanejar a estrutura tecidual hipertrófica dos pequenos lábios vulvares. De um ponto de vista técnico, pode-se considerar como um procedimento simples e eficaz no tratamento tanto funcional como estético da genitália feminina.

Introduction: In recent years, women have been frequently consulting the plastic surgeon concerning the shape and dimensions of the labia minora and other surrounding structures, not only for aesthetic but also functional reasons, e.g., dyspareunia. The authors present a technique for the aesthetic and functional treatment of the external female genitalia, the vulva, with the purpose of correcting hypertrophy of the labia minora (nymphs), without changing their form. Method: This technique consists in the incision in the shape of a star leading to a shortening of nymphs both anteroposteriorly and craniocaudally. This is a 15-year retrospective study, with clinical and surgical follow-up of 64 female patients with an age range between 14 and 58 years, all submitted to star nymphoplasty, the technique proposed in this study. Results: The results were obtained from the patients operated from January 1996 to December 2011, at the Hospital da Lagoa and at Interclínica-Centroplástica, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. A high rate of patient satisfaction with the size and aesthetic shape of the genitalia was achieved. There was a low rate of complications and remaining complaints. Conclusion: This surgical procedure is done with the objective of reshaping the tissue structure of the hypertrophic labia minora. From a technical point of view, it can be considered as a simple and effective functional and aesthetic treatment of the female genitalia.

Gigantomastia gestacional: como abordar essa situação clínica / Gestational gigantomastia: how to address this clinical situation

A gigantomastia gestacional é uma desordem rara, na qual ocorre o crescimento excessivo e rápido das mamas, culminando com edema e congestão venosa das mesmas, além de ocasionar dor, ulceração da pele e infecção local. Estas complicações, em alguns casos, levam à necessidade de mastectomia de emergência ou abortamento induzido. A hipótese etiológica mais aceita é a de que exista uma estimulação anormal do tecido mamário, que pode ser desencadeada por níveis excessivos de hormônios ou por uma hipersensibilidade deste tecido a níveis hormonais normais. Apesar de a mama regredir após a gestação, raramente volta ao estado original; portanto, a redução da mama através de mastectomia ou mamoplastia geralmente é necessária. Além disso, é grande o risco de recorrências em gestações futuras. Os autores relatam o caso de gigantomastia em uma primigesta, com necessidade de interrupção da gravidez, devido ao risco de morte materna, e posterior intervenção cirúrgica com mamoplastia redutora.

Gestational gigantomastia is a rare disorder characterized by an excessive and rapid enlargement of the breasts, resulting in edema and venous congestion of breast tissue. It is a painful condition that causes skin ulceration and local infection. In some cases, these complications lead to an emergency mastectomy or induced abortion. The most probable etiology is an abnormal stimulation of breast tissue that is probably triggered by an abnormally elevated level of hormones or by the hypersensitivity of breast tissue to normal hormone levels. Although the breast volume decreases after pregnancy, it rarely returns to its original state; therefore, breast reduction through mastectomy or mammaplasty is usually necessary. Moreover, there is a high likelihood of recurrence in subsequent pregnancies. The authors report a case of gigantomastia in a primigravida that required pregnancy termination, because of the risk of maternal death, and a subsequent breast reduction surgery.

Morphology and morphometry of the human sublingual glands in mouth floor enlargements of edentulous patients

Asymptomatic mouth floor enlargements may be observed in edentulous patients. These masses, which protrude from the mouth floor, may complicate the fitting of dentures and require surgery. Whether this "entity" may be considered an anatomical variation of the mouth floor or represent specific alterations in the sublingual gland is not known. Objective: The aim of this work is to investigate the morphological and morphometric aspects of the sublingual glands of edentulous patients with mouth floor enlargements and compare the glands of these patients with the sublingual glands of human cadavers. Material and Methods: Microscopic evaluation was performed on human sublingual glands from edentulous patients with mouth floor enlargements (n=20) and edentulous cadavers (n=20). The patients and cadavers were of similar ages. The data were compared using Mann-Whitney U, Fisher's exact and Student's t tests (p<0.05). Results: Acinar atrophy, duct-like structures, mononuclear infiltrates, replacement of parenchyma with fibrous/adipose tissue, mucous extravasation and oncocytosis were similar between the groups (p>0.05). Only the variables "autolysis" and "congested blood vessels" presented statistical difference between groups (p=0.014; p=0.043). The morphometric study revealed that the volume densities of acini, ducts, stroma and adipose tissue were similar between the groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: The microscopic characteristics of the sublingual glands in mouth floor enlargements in edentulous patients correspond to characteristics associated with the normal aging process. The glands are not pathological and represent an age-related alteration that occurs with or without the presence of the mouth floor enlargements. .

Respiracao bucal em criancas com dificuldade de aprendizado / Mouth breathing in children with learning disorders

Devido à importância do estudo das causas de dificuldade de aprendizado, delineou-se estudo caso controle, para avaliar o volume das cavidades nasais, tonsilas faríngeas e tonsilas palatinas em crianças com e sem dificuldade de aprendizado. MÉTODO: Foram estudadas 48 crianças, 24 oriundas do Centro de Avaliação e Estimulação Precoce (CADEP), no qual o critério é a repetência escolar de no mínimo dois anos consecutivos, e 24 escolares com aprendizado dentro dos padrões de normalidade, que constituíram o grupo controle. As crianças foram submetidas a exame otorrinolaringológico (anamnese, exame físico) e exames específicos (rinometria acústica, Rx de cavum). RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram que os escolares com deficiência de aprendizado possuem prevalência maior de hipertrofia de tonsila faríngea, p < 0,001, e palatina, p < 0,001. A média do volume das cavidades nasais não mostrou associação estatisticamente significativa com dificuldade de aprendizado (p = 0,75). CONCLUSÃO: Com base neste estudo, conclui-se que crianças com hipertrofia adenotonsilar possuem mais dificuldade no aprendizado quando comparadas com crianças sem hipertrofia. Palavras-chave: obstrução nasal; respiração bucal; tonsila faríngea; transtornos de aprendizagem. .

Given the importance of studying the causes of learning disorders, we designed this case-control study to assess the nasal cavity volume, pharyngeal and palatine tonsils in children with and without learning disabilities. METHOD: A total of forty-eight children were enrolled in the study: twenty-four coming from the Center for Evaluation and Early Stimulation (CADEP), in which the criterion is the school failure of at least two consecutive years; and twenty-four students with normal learning - which made up the control group. The children were submitted to ENT examination (history, physical examination) and specific tests (acoustic rhinometry, cavum radiography). RESULTS: The results showed that students with learning disabilities have a higher prevalence of pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy: p < 0.001, and palatine tonsil hypertrophy: p < 0.001. The average volume of the nasal cavities showed no statistically significant association with learning difficulties (p = 0.75). CONCLUSION: Based on this study, we concluded that children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy have more learning difficulties when compared to children without such hypertrophy. .

Validación de un instrumento para evaluar calidad de vida asociada a hipertrofia mamaria en mujeres chilenas / Validation of a Spanish version of the breast related symptoms questionnaire for breast hypertrophy

Breast hypertrophy has been associated with a significant impact on quality of life. Aim: To validate a specific scale to evaluate quality of life of Chilean women with symptomatic breast hypertrophy. Material and Methods: We included 80 women, 40 patients (20 undergoing reduction mammoplasty) and 40 controls. The Breast Related Symptoms (BRS) questionnaire in Spanish was used. The results are expressed as a score ranging from 0 to 100, with higher values representing better specific quality of life. Internal consistency, reliability and validity of the test were evaluated. The results of patients and controls and the scores of patients undergoing reduction mammoplasty, before and after surgery, were compared. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to define the score cutoff point defining symptomatic breast hypertrophy. Results: The Cronbach´s alpha was 0.96, linear weighed kappa test-retest was 0.87 [95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.31-1] and inter-observer variability was 0.79 [95% CI 0.71-0.87]. Participants with breast hypertrophy had a lower specific quality of life than the control group (25 (2-71) and 91 (25-100) respectively, p < 0.01). In patients undergoing surgery, the preoperative score was lower than the postoperative figures (37 (12-71) and 96 [94-100] respectively, p < 0.01). The area under the ROC curve was 0.97 (p < 0,001) and the cutoff point for symptomatic breast hypertrophy was a score below 72.1. Conclusions: The Spanish version of the BRS questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument to measure specific quality of life in Chilean women with mammary hypertrophy.

Alterações de mastigação e deglutição em crianças com hipertrofia de tonsilas / Mastication and deglutition changes in children with tonsillar hypertrophy

As alterações de mastigação e de deglutição em crianças com hipertrofia adenoamigdaliana precisam ser melhor caracterizadas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a frequência das alterações miofuncionais autorreportadas pelos pais, e se há diferenças entre os padrões de alterações entre crianças com hipertrofia adenoamigdaliana e as com hipertrofia apenas adenoideana. MÉTODO: Aplicação de questionário e avaliação clínica fonoaudiológica em crianças com hipertrofia de tonsilas com idade entre 3 e 6 anos. Os dados reportados pelos pais foram comparados com os dados obtidos pela avaliação fonoaudiológica; além disso, os dados das crianças com hipertrofia adenoamigdaliana foram comparados com as com hipertrofia adenoideana. Desenho científico: coorte transversal. RESULTADOS: As alterações miofuncionais observadas pela fonoaudióloga foram muito mais frequentes do que as reportadas pelos pais e não houve concordância entre os dois achados. As crianças com hipertrofia adenoideana e as com hipertrofia adenoamigdaliana apresentaram o mesmo padrão de alterações miofuncionais. CONCLUSÃO: Os pais relacionam pouco a hipertrofia de tonsilas a alterações na mastigação e na deglutição. A causa da obstrução respiratória parece não interferir no padrão de alteração miofuncional.

The changes in mastication and deglutition in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy need to be better characterized. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of parent-reported myofunctional changes and to determine if there are differences in the alteration patterns of children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy and subjects with adenoid hypertrophy. METHOD: Questionnaire and assessment by a speech therapist of children aged between three and six years with tonsillar hypertrophy. The data reported by the parents were compared to the data obtained from the speech therapist's evaluation; additionally, data from children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy were compared to findings from subjects with adenoid hypertrophy. Study Design: cross-sectional cohort. RESULTS: The myofunctional changes observed by the speech therapist were more frequent than the alterations reported by the parents, and there was no correlation between the two findings. The children with adenoid hypertrophy and the individuals with adenotonsillar hypertrophy had the same pattern of myofunctional alteration. CONCLUSION: Parents cannot clearly correlate tonsillar hypertrophy with changes in mastication and deglutition. The cause of the respiratory obstruction does not seem to interfere in the pattern of myofunctional change.

Sinusoidal Constriction and Vascular Hypertrophy in the Diabetes-Induced Rabbit Penis

Objective To assess the morphological changes of penile vascular structures and the corpus cavernosum area in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. Materials and Methods Twenty male rabbits (2 months old) were divided into two groups with 10 rabbits each, the control group (CG) and the diabetic group (DG). The animals from DG received an intravenous injection of alloxan (100mg/kg) to induce the diabetes. Ten weeks after the induction of diabetes, all animals were euthanized. Two fragments of the penile shaft were harvested and samples were processed and paraffin embedded. Sections (5µm) were cut and stained for histological and immunohistochemical markers. Results Nuclear protrusion toward the lumen, and cytoplasmic vacuolization were observed in the tunica intima of the dorsal artery of the penis in DG. The thicknesses of the tunica media increased significantly in DG (p = 0.0350). It was also observed a significant increase in the area of the tunica media (p = 0.0179). There was no significant change in smooth muscle cell density in the tunica media of the dorsal artery of the penis (p = 0.0855). The collagen fiber pattern of the tunica adventitia of the dorsal artery of the penis was different between the control and diabetic groups. There was a significant decrease in the area occupied by the cavernous sinuses in DG (p = 0.0013). Conclusion Alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus in rabbits promotes important changes in penile vascular structures, thereby decreasing blood supply and affecting penile hemodynamics, leading to erectile dysfunction. .