Relato de la conquista y discurso del descubrimiento. Reflexiones sobre el problema del otro tal como lo plantea T. Todorov / Account of the Conquest and Discourse of Discovery Reflections on the problem of the other as stated by T. Todorov

Este texto pertenece al sociólogo suizo Jean Widmer y fue publicado originalmente en francés en 1992, al cumplirse los 500 años del primer viaje de Cristóbal Colón. Constituye el estudio más importante de la obra de S. Todorov sobre la otredad y fue incluido en una antología junto a otros trabajos de Widmer, en una compilación indispensable para comprender la nueva sociología estructural. Se lo publica ahora por primera vez en español, al cumplirse quince años del fallecimiento de su autor, como homenaje a su labor académica en la Universidad de Fribourg y en la plena vigencia de sus idea

This text belongs to the Swiss sociologist Jean Widmer and was originally published in French in 1992, on the 500th anniversary of Christopher Columbus' first voyage. It constitutes the most important study of S. Todorov's work on otherness and was included in an anthology together with other works by Widmer, in an indispensable compilation for understanding the new structural sociology. It is now published for the first time in Spanish, fifteen years after the death of its author, as a tribute to his academic work at the University of Fribourg and in full force of his ideas

Reflexões das heranças da idade média no enfrentamento da pandemia da COVID-19 / Reflections on the legacies of the Middle Ages in coping with the COVID-19 pandemic / Reflexiones acerca del legado de la Edad Media para afrontar la pandemia de COVID-19

Objetivo: refletir acerca das heranças da Idade Média no contexto da pandemia da Covid-19. Método: estudo de reflexão sobre aspectos teórico-filosóficos relacionados às heranças da Idade Média e a pandemia da Covid-19, elaborado durante a disciplina em um programa de pós-graduação em enfermagem de uma universidade pública, de setembro a dezembro de 2021. Resultados: a humanidade passou por inúmeras transformações ao longo dos séculos, essas mudanças foram fruto de diversos desafios que as populações precisaram enfrentar, como guerras, epidemias, bem como crises econômicas. Tais adversidades estavam interligadas com causa-consequência. A área da saúde precisou desenvolver-se para o enfrentamento desses obstáculos e para que as pessoas pudessem retomar suas vidas com menos impactos possíveis. Conclusão: a idade média foi precursora no enfrentamento de pandemias, deixando referências utilizadas atualmente frente a Covid-19, como: ações de higiene, utilização de equipamentos de proteção individual e isolamento social, além de comportamentos negacionistas reportando-nos à Idade das Trevas.

Objective: to reflect on the legacies of the Middle Ages during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: a reflection study on theoretical-philosophical aspects related to legacies of the Middle Ages and to the COVID-19 pandemic and was developed during an academic discipline in a graduate program in Nursing from a public university between September and December 2021. Results: humanity experienced countless changes over the centuries, resulting from several challenges that the populations had to face: wars, epidemics and even economic crises. These adversities were interconnected with cause-consequence. The health area had to advance to cope with these obstacles and allow people to resume their lives with the fewest possible impacts. Conclusion: the Middle Ages was a pioneer era in facing pandemics and left references currently used against COVID-19, such as hygiene measures, use of Personal Protective Equipment and social isolation, in addition to denial behaviors reminding us of the Dark Ages.

Objetivo: reflexionar acerca del legado de la Edad Media en el contexto del COVID-19. Método: estudio de reflexión sobre aspectos teórico-filosóficos asociados al legado de la Edad Media y a la pandemia, realizado durante una asignatura en un programa de postgrado en Enfermería de una universidad pública entre septiembre y diciembre de 2021. Resultados: la humanidad sufrió innumerables transformaciones en su historia, consecuencia de diversos desafíos que debieron afrontar las poblaciones: guerras, epidemias, e incluso crisis económicas. Dichas adversidades estuvieron interconectadas con causa-consecuencia. El área de salud tuvo que desarrollarse para afrontar estos obstáculos y para que las personas retomaran sus vidas con la menor cantidad posible de repercusiones. Conclusión: la Edad Media fue precursora en afrontar pandemias y dejó referencias utilizadas actualmente contra el COVID-19: medidas de higiene, utilización de Equipos de Protección Personal y aislamiento social, además de conductas negacionistas que nos remiten a los Años Oscuros.

History of dermatology: the study of skin diseases over the centuries

Abstract The study of skin, the science of dermatology, has undergone significant transformations throughout the centuries. From the first descriptions of skin diseases in Egyptian papyri and in Hippocratic writings to the first treatises on dermatology, important individuals and discoveries have marked the specialty. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the specialty consolidated itself as a field of medical study based on the first classifications of dermatoses, diagnostic methods, and drug treatments. In the 20th century, the scientific and technological revolution transformed dermatological practice, incorporating new therapeutic resources, as well as surgical and aesthetic procedures. In the face of such a vigorous process, it is important to provide a historical synthesis for the medical community to recognize and understand the origins that supported one of the most relevant specialties in the current medical scenario.

Historia y futuro de las pandemias / History and future of pandemics

Este artículo presenta una historia general de las epidemias históricas y de las nuevas enfermedades emergentes, señalando sus factores desencadenantes. Se afirma que las epidemias son inevitables, y que su riesgo aumenta en proporción al tamaño, la complejidad y el poder tecnológico de nuestras sociedades. La historia enseña que las epidemias han sido casi siempre desencadenadas por cambios en el ambiente ocasionados por las propias actividades humanas. Las enfermedades infecciosas son manifestación de una interacción ecológica entre la especie humana y otra especie de microorganismos. Y las epidemias son resultado del cambio en algún factor ambiental capaz de influir en esa interacción. Las catástrofes epidémicas son inevitables: en primer lugar, porque no podemos evitar formar parte de cadenas tróficas en las que comemos y somos comidos por los microbios; en segundo lugar, porque las infecciones son mecanismos evolutivos y factores reguladores del equilibrio ecológico, que regulan sobre todo el tamaño de las poblaciones; y, en tercer lugar, porque las intervenciones técnicas humanas, al modificar los equilibrios previos, crean equilibrios nuevos que son más vulnerables. De este modo las sociedades humanas son más vulnerables cuanto más complejas. Y los éxitos humanos en la modificación de condiciones ambientales conservan, o más bien aumentan, el riesgo de catástrofes epidémicas. Todas las necesarias medidas de vigilancia y control epidemiológico imaginables pueden disminuir los daños que producen las epidemias, pero nunca podrán evitarlas.

This article presents a general history of historical epidemics, and new emerging diseases, pointing out their triggers. It is claimed that epidemics are inevitable, and that their risk increases in proportion to the size, complexity, and technological power of our societies. History teaches that epidemics have almost always been triggered by changes in the environment caused by human activities themselves. Infectious diseases are manifestations of an ecological interaction between the human species and another species of microorganisms. And epidemics are the result of a change in some environmental factor capable of influencing that interaction. Epidemic catastrophes are inevitable: firstly, because we cannot help but be part of trophic chains in which we eat and are eaten by microbes; secondly, because infections are evolutionary mechanisms and regulatory factors of ecological balance, which regulate especially the size of populations; and thirdly, because human technical interventions, in changing previous balances, create new balances that are more vulnerable. In this way human societies are more vulnerable the more complex. And human successes in modifying environmental conditions retain, or rather increase, the risk of epidemic catastrophes. All necessary epidemiological surveillance and control measures imaginable can lessen the damage caused by epidemics, but they can never prevent them.

Morphometric analysis of calcaneal (heel) spurs in ancient and modern Anatolian populations / Análisis morfométrico de los espolones calcáneos en poblaciones de Anatolia antiguas y modernas

SUMMARY: Heel spurs are the bony protrusion seen especially on the dorsal and plantar face of the calcaneus bone at the attachment site of the muscles. It was aimed herein to obtain data about the life styles, daily lives, and especially the socioeconomic structures of modern and ancient Anatolian populations by evaluating the prevalence, location, age, and gender differences of heel spurs on the calcaneus and comparing these findings between the populations. Herein, the 251 calcaneus bones of 137 skeletons, which had been previously analyzed paleodemographically and dated to the Middle Ages, and 68 calcaneus bones belonging to a modern population, whose gender was unknown but lived in Anatolia, were examined in terms of heel spurs. In the current study, the presence of dorsal, plantar, or both dorsal/plantar heel spurs on these in 251 calcaneus bones was 43.9 %, 11.1 %, and 10.3 %, respectively. The presence of dorsal, plantar, or both dorsal/plantar heel spurs was determined as 22 %, 3 %, and 1.5 %, respectively, among the 68 calcaneus bones belonging to the modern population. When a comparison was made of the current study with studies in the literature on modern and prehistoric populations, a higher prevalence of heel spurs was found in prehistoric samples than in modern populations. It is our belief that this situation may have derived from the heavy labor force, environmental, or sociocultural differences in ancient Anatolian populations, insufficiency of vital materials due to inadequate industrial conditions, and the solution of anatomical disruption. In addition, the findings determined herein will guide the development of future and industrial studies on the foot and foot structure.

RESUMEN: Los espolones del talón son la protuberancia ósea que se ve especialmente en la cara dorsal y plantar del hueso calcáneo en el sitio de inserción de los músculos. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en obtener datos sobre los estilos de vida, la vida cotidiana y, especialmente, las características socioeconómicas de las poblaciones anatolias modernas y antiguas mediante la evaluación de la prevalencia, la ubicación, la edad y las diferencias de sexo de los espolones calcáneos y comparar estos hallazgos entre los poblaciones. La muestra consistió en 251 calcáneos correspondientes a 137 esqueletos, que habían sido previamente analizados paleodemográficamente y fechados en la Edad Media; también se incluyeron 68 calcáneos pertenecientes a una población moderna de Anatolia, sin distinción de sexo. De la muestra de 251 calcáneos, se encontraron espolones calcáneos dorsales, plantares y dorsales/plantares, en el 43,9%, 11,1 % y 10,3 %, respectivamente. La presencia de espolones calcáneos dorsales, plantares y dorsales/plantares se determinó en el 22%, 3% y 1,5%, respectivamente, entre los 68 calcáneos pertenecientes a la población moderna. Cuando se realizó una comparación del estudio actual con la literatu- ra sobre poblaciones modernas y prehistóricas, se encontró una mayor prevalencia de espolones calcáneos en muestras prehistóricas que en poblaciones modernas. Creemos que esta situación puede haberse derivado a la gran fuerza de trabajo, y las diferencias ambientales o socioculturales en las antiguas poblaciones de Anatolia, la insuficiencia de materiales vitales debido a las condiciones industriales inadecuadas produjo la alteración anatómica. Además, los hallazgos aquí determinados guiarán el desarrollo de estudios futuros e industriales sobre la estructura del pie.

Trascendencia de la cirugía plástica y la rinoplastia en la historia y la filosofía de la medicina / Transcendence of plastic surgery and rhinoplasty in the history and philosophy of medicine

Se explica el origen de los términos cirugía plástica y rinoplastia, así como los inicios de la especialidad y de esta cirugía nasal. Se exponen cuáles fueron las necesidades que atendieron y qué lugar ocuparon la reparación y la reconstrucción en la historia y la filosofía de la medicina. La cirugía plástica se instaló como la disciplina quirúrgica encargada de buscar la recuperación de la identidad perdida. (AU)

The origin of the terms of "plastic surgery" and "Rhinoplasty" is explained, as well as the beginning of the specialty and this nasal surgery. It explains what his need was and how he filled that gap, the repair and reconstruction in the history and philosophy of medicine. It was installed as the surgical discipline in charge of seeking the recovery of the lost identity. (AU)

Hospitales en la edad media y moderna / Hospitals in the middle and modern ages

La palabra hospital se define como un establecimiento destinado al diagnóstico y tratamiento de enfermos, donde a menudo se practican la investigación y la docencia. Sin embargo esta definición poco se aproxima a la realidad de los hospitales de los siglos pasados. En este trabajo se analiza la evolución de los hospitales desde la Edad Media a la Edad Moderna desde el punto de vista arquitectónico y de cuidados sanitarios. Se resalta el hospital de los Inocentes como ejemplo de hospital entre la Edad Media y la Edad Moderna y se comparan con los hospitales en la actualidad[AU]

Clinical records: the medical writing from the patient's story to the medical narrative / Historia clínica: la escritura médica del relato del paciente a la narrativa médica

Abstract A historical follow-up on the medical diaries about the patient is made, from the Hippocratic texts to the appearance of the current canon of the clinical history formulated by Boerhaave in the seventeenth century, through the medieval consilia and the curationes and observationes of the Renaissance; and it is discussed how much the patient's story is present in those writings. It is postulated that the medical narrative that starts from adequately listening to the patient and his story, and adopts a literary workshop format, it is a pedagogical tool that contributes to comprehensive medical training, and offers the patient the opportunity to be treated in an empathic and humanized environment.

Resumen Se hace un seguimiento histórico a los escritos médicos sobre el paciente, desde los textos hipocráticos hasta la aparición del canon actual de historia clínica formulado por Boerhaave en el siglo XVII, pasando por los consilia medievales y las curationes y observationes del renacimiento; y se discute qué tanto el relato del paciente está presente en esos escritos. Se postula que la narrativa médica que parte de escuchar adecuadamente al paciente y su historia, y se trabaja en formato de taller literario, es una herramienta pedagógica que contribuye a la formación médica integral y ofrece la posibilidad de que el paciente pueda ser tratado en un medio empático y humanizado.

A brief history of medical uniforms: from ancient history to the COVID-19 time / Uma breve história de uniformes médicos: da história antiga aos tempos da COVID-19

ABSTRACT Medical Uniforms date back from medieval times. Nursing uniforms were based on nuns clothes whereas doctors used the famous "plague costumes" and black "frock" coats from about 15th to early 19th century. In latter half 19th century medical uniforms started to change. Nursing uniforms gradually lost their similarities to religious outfits. Doctors started to use white clothing. With great emphasis on hygiene and sanitation, the idea of personal protective equipment (PPE) started to evolve with William Stewart Halsted introducing the use of rubber gloves in 1889. In the 1960s-1970s it became more usual to wear green and blue `scrubs in order to look for a greater contrast in clothing with the all-white hospital environment. In contemporary times, some specialties even stopped using specific uniforms, while others still use them. At the same time, PPE became more and more important, up to nowadays "plague costume" in the combat of the COVID-19 epidemics.

RESUMO Uniformes da área médica datam desde os tempos medievais. Uniformes de enfermeiras eram baseados em roupas de freiras, enquanto o de médicos eram caracterizados pelas "vestimentas da praga" e fraques pretos de meados do século 15 até o início do século 19. No final do século 19, os uniformes começaram a mudar. A vestimenta de enfermeiras perderam suas similaridades com vestes religiosas. Médicos começaram a usar roupas brancas. Com o aumento da ênfase em higiene e no sanitarismo, começa a evoluir a ideia do uso de equipamento de proteção individual (EPI), com William Stewart Halsted utilizando luvas de borracha pela primeira vez em 1889. Nas décadas de 1960 e 1970 começa a se tornar mais usual a adesão ao pijama cirúrgico verdes e azul como roupa hospitalar, devido ao contraste com o ambiente branco já presente. Na contemporaneidade, algumas especialidades deixaram de usar uniformes específicos, enquanto outras ainda a usam. Ao mesmo tempo, EPIs tornaram-se mais e mais importantes, até, hoje em dia, surgir as "vestimentas da praga" atualizadas para o combate da epidemia do COVID-19.

Lifestyle Recommendations for Management of Pediculosis from the Viewpoint of Persian Medicine

Introduction: Pediculosis Capitis (head lice infestation) is the most common disease of the bloodsucking insect which affects approximately six to twenty million cases and results considerable economic burden annually. In this study we aim to investigate some medieval Persian views on the role of non-pharmacological treatment strategies for prevention and control of pediculosis and compare their prescriptions with current findings. Materials and methods: In this qualitative study, we reviewed some well-known Persian medicine (PM) textbooks based on the selected keywords (Shepesh, Reshk, Ghamal and Seyban) to collect the viewpoint of PM scholars for pediculosis and its treatments. Also, we searched in the databases such as PubMed, Science direct and Scopus about the topic. Results: Persian medicine scientists believed that there are six essential health principles (SetteZaroorieh), which can affect human health and prevent diseases including air, nutrition, exercise, sleep and wakefulness, exertion of unnecessary materials from the body and finally psychological concepts. Proper management of these essential factors can improve lifestyle of people affected with pediculosis and also play a key role in prevention of head lice infestation. Conclusion: There are several suitable recommendations for prevention and control of pediculosis according to essential health principles in PM which can consider beside current drug treatments and the individual health recommendations for complete control of the disease

Fragmentos da história da cesariana / Fragments of the caesarean history

Relatos da operação cesariana permeiam a saga da humanidade e ilustram a historia da Medicina. Figura em diversas civilizações primevas, feita entre babilônicos, romanos e hindus. Chegou até nós alternado uma historia trágica de morte, até sua banalização nos dias atuais, sempre cercada por polêmicas apaixonadas, essa cirurgia figura entre as mais realizadas em todo o mundo...(AU)

Reports of cesarean section permeate the saga of humanity and illustrate the history of Medicine. It figured in several ancient civilizations, reported between Babylonians, Romans and Hindus. It has come to us altenadoting a tragic death story, until its banalization in the present day, always surround by passionate polemics, this surgery is one of the most performed in the world...(AU)

Cannabis medicinal en Argentina: perspectiva desde la salud pública / Medicinal cannabis in Argentina: a public health perspective

Esta revisión analiza la situación actual de la utilización del como herramienta terapéutica dentro del ámbito de la salud en Argentina, haciendo referencia a los distintos actores involucrados y dilemas futuros que pueden presentarse. Paracomprender en su totalidad el marco social, cultural e histórico, se desarrollan distintos aspectos, como la descripción química y biológica del , evolución del consumo a través de la historia, las repercusiones del consumo y las distintas aplicaciones que tiene en el campo de la medicina. También se describen las diferentes realidades que hay en el mundo, así como las legislaciones de otros países y la comparación de estas con la que tenemos en nuestro país. Finalmente se mencionan los desafíos pendientes y sus posibles abordajes.(AU)

This review analyzes the current situation of the use of cannabis as a therapeutic tool in the field of health in Argentina,referring to the different actors involved and future dilemmas that may arise. To fully understand the social, cultural andhistorical framework, different aspects can be defined, such as the chemical and biological description of cannabis, theevolution of consumption throughout history, the repercussions of recreational consumption and the different applicationsthat it has on the medical field. It also describes the different realities that exist in the world, as well as the laws of othercountries and the comparison of these with the one we have in our country. Finally, the pending challenges and theirpossible approaches, are mentioned.(AU)

Trajetos e escolhas de Jean-Claude Schmitt / The trajectories and choices of Jean-Claude Schmitt

Resumo Nesta entrevista, um dos mais renomados medievalistas franceses da atualidade, Jean-Claude Schmitt, responde a diferentes questões concernentes não apenas às suas escolhas teórico-metodológicas, mas também aos temas de seus últimos trabalhos. Conhecido como um dos principais herdeiros da história antropológica de Jacques Le Goff, Schmitt faz um balanço de uma trajetória que resultou em trabalhos diversos, desde edições de documentos até obras sobre as imagens medievais, sem nunca perder de vista o compromisso de interrogar as crenças dos homens e as permanências do imaginário da Idade Média na cultura ocidental.

Abstract In this interview, one of today's best-known French medievalists, Jean-Claude Schmitt, responds to various questions about his theoretical and methodological choices as well as the themes of his recent work. Schmitt is known as one of the main heirs of the anthropological history of Jacques Le Goff, and sums up his trajectory which resulted in a variety of work ranging from editing documents to work on medieval images, without ever losing sight of his commitment to questioning the beliefs of men and sojourns into the imagery of the Middle Ages in western culture.

Herbalogical study on merit rating of Forsythiae Fructus based on near-mature fruit and hyper-mature fruit / 中国中药杂志

Forsythiae Fructus( Lianqiao) is classed from near-mature fruit and hyper-mature fruit,which are named as Qingqiao and Laoqiao,respectively. This article was based on the different views of which was better,Qingqiao or Laoqiao. Acorrding to the naming,varieties,habitat,harvesting and processing,used parts,medicinal properties and clinical efficacy,the herbalogical study was carried out. The results showed that Lianqiao had been sourced from the areial part of Hypericum ascyron and H. erectum of Clusiaceae before Tang Dynasty. Beside the former,and the fruit of Forsythia suspensa of Oleaceae was newly used as Lianqiao during the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty. The later had been the only origin of Lianqiao since the Song Dynasty. With the change of the medicinal varieties,the habitats of Lianqiao has also changed. The varieties of Clusiaceae were mainly produced in the Yellow River Basin from the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty. After the Song Dynasty,they were produced in the south of the Yangtze River. The variety of Oleaceae was mainly produced in Shanxi,Henan,Shandong,Shaanxi,and northern Sichuan from the Tang and Song Dynasties. Currently,Shanxi and Henan have the largest output. Traditionally,there were two commercial varieties including Qingqiao and Laoqiao of Lianqiao based on the harvesting time. In traditional Chinese medicine( TCM) theory,Lianqiao removes evil heat and relieves toxicity,removes swelling and resolves enlarged nodes. Accroding to the effects of Lianqiao,Qingqiao was considered to be better than Laoqiao in TCM clinic. The modern research on main medicinal constituents and pharmacodynamic effects also confirmed the above mentioned facts. This paper can provide literature support for the rationalities of Qingqiao's mainstream medication and assay standard of Lianqiao in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

Herbal textual research on Chinese medicine "Manjingzi"(Viticis Fructus) / 中国中药杂志

To clarify the change and development of original plants of " Manjingzi"( Viticis Fructus),a traditional Chinese medicine,we investigated Vitex species on the ancient Chinese herbal texts. The study concluded that the Vitex trifolia and V. trifolia var.simplicifolia included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia( 2015 edition) are only two sources of ancient medicinal Viticis Fructus. There are many sources of vines used in ancient times,which are not fixed and unified. The early use of Viticis Fructus is likely to be the V. quinate var. quinata,V. negundo var. cannabifolia and V. negundo var. negundo. From the Tang Dynasty,the use of V. trifolia var. simplicifolia has been appeared. Until Li Shizhen of the Ming Dynasty,the V. trifolia has been used as a source of medicine for the Viticis Fructus,but even so,the source of medicinal plants of Viticis Fructus has not been unified. We suggested V. trifolia var. simplicifolia be used as mainly species for " Manjingzi" due to its widely used in ancient China.