Purple urine bag syndrome: case report / Síndrome do saco coletor de urina roxo: relato de caso

ABSTRACT A 65-year-old male with a history of urinary tract trauma requiring cystotomy and chronic bladder catheterization, presenting with chronic and uninvestigated changes in the color of the urine bag system, with no urine color change, and positive urine culture for Proteus mirabilis . These characteristics refer to the purple urine bag syndrome, a not weel-known condition, with a benign course in most cases, and associated with urinary tract infection in patients with chronic bladder catheterization. Although it is characterized by marked changes, it is underdiagnosed by healthcare professionals.

RESUMO Homem de 65 anos com história de trauma do sistema urinário, sendo necessário cistotomia e sondagem vesical crônica, apresentando alterações crônicas e não investigadas da cor do sistema coletor de urina, sem alteração da cor da urina, e urocultura positiva para Proteus mirabilis . Tais características remetem à síndrome do saco coletor de urina roxo, uma entidade pouco conhecida, de curso benigno na maioria da vezes, associada à infecção urinária em paciente com cateterismo vesical de demora. Embora seja caracterizada por alterações marcantes, é subdiagnosticada pelos profissionais de saúde.

Catheter-related infection due to Papiliotrema laurentii in an oncologic patient: Case report and systematic review

ABSTRACT Background: Papiliotrema laurentii is one of several non-neoformans cryptococci that have rarely been associated with human infection, since it was previously considered saprophyte and thought to be non-pathogenic to humans. Nevertheless, increasing number of reports of human infection have emerged in recent years, mostly in oncologic patients. Aim: To report a case of a female patient with pyloric obstructive cancer with a catheter-related Papiliotrema laurentii blood stream infection and systematically review the available evidence on P. laurentii infection in humans. Methods: Retrieval of studies was based on Medical Subject Headings and Health Sciences Descriptors, which were combined using Boolean operators. Searches were run on the electronic databases Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE (PubMed), BIREME (Biblioteca Regional de Medicina), LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature), Cochrane Library for Systematic Reviews and Opengray.eu. There was no language or date of publication restrictions. The reference lists of the studies retrieved were searched manually. Results: The search strategy retrieved 1703 references. In the final analysis, 31 references were included, with the description of 35 cases. Every patient but one had a previous co-morbidity - 48.4 % of patients had a neoplasm. Amphotericin B was the most used treatment and only a single case of resistance to it was reported. Most patients were cured of the infection. Conclusion: P. laurentii infection in humans is usually associated to neoplasia and multiple co-morbidities, and amphotericin B seems to be a reliable agent for treatment.

Candida auris infection in the central catheter of a patient without sepsis symptoms / Infección por Candida auris en el catéter central de un paciente sin síntomas de sepsis

Abstract Background: Candida auris is an emerging yeast frequently reported as resistant to multiple antifungal drugs commonly used to treat Candida infections. This specie can colonize the patient's skin and has great ability for producing outbreaks in hospitals. C. auris is phylogenetically related to other Candida species, can be misidentified using conventional biochemical or commercial methods and requires specific technology for its identification. Case report: We report the first isolate of C. auris in Cali, Colombia, from a central venous catheter in a 37-year-old patient with rheumatoid arthritis and endocarditis who did not have symptoms of sepsis. The yeast was initially misidentified as C. haemulonii using the Phoenix system and subsequently identified as C. auris by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration; the isolate was susceptible to fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole and amphotericin B. Conclusions: This report contributes to knowledge of the epidemiology of C. auris infections in individuals with underlying disease and describes an isolate with a behavior different from what is usually reported.

Resumen Antecedentes: Candida auris es una levadura emergente, informada con frecuencia como resistente a diversos antifúngicos usados comúnmente para tratar infecciones por Candida. Esta especie puede colonizar la piel y tiene gran capacidad de producir brotes en ambientes hospitalarios. Está filogenéticamente relacionada con otras especies de Candida, es mal identificada por los métodos bioquímicos o comerciales, y requiere tecnología específica para su identificación. Reporte de caso: Se informa el primer aislamiento de C. auris en Cali, Colombia en un paciente de 37 años con artritis reumatoide y endocarditis, sin síntomas de sepsis, a partir de la punta de catéter venoso central. La levadura inicialmente se identificó como C. haemulonii por el sistema Phoenix® y posteriormente como C. auris por espectrometría de masas desorción/ionización láser asistida por una matriz con detección de masas por tiempo de vuelo (MALDI-TOF MS). Se determinó la concentración inhibitoria mínima por el método de microdilución en caldo que mostró un aislamiento sensible a fluconazol, itraconazol, voriconazol y anfotericina B. Conclusión: Este informe contribuye al conocimiento de la epidemiología de las infecciones por C. auris en individuos con enfermedad subyacente y describe un aislamiento con un comportamiento diferente a lo indicado en otros estudios.

Lead removal without extraction tools: a single-center experience

Abstract Introduction: Indications for cardiac devices have been increasing as well as the need for lead extractions as a result of infections, failed leads and device recalls. Powered laser sheaths, with a global trend towards the in-creasingly technological tools, meant to improve the procedure's outcome but have economic implications. Objective: The aim of this study is to demonstrate the experience of a Bra-zilian center that uses simple manual traction in most lead removals per-formed annually, questioning the real need for expensive and technically challenging new devices. Methods: This retrospective observational study included 35 patients who had a transvenous lead extraction in the period of a year between January 1998 and October 2014 at Hospital de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes, in Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. Data were collected through a records review. They were evaluated based on age, type of device, dwelling time, indication for removal, technique used and immediate outcomes. Results: The median dwelling time of the devices was 46.22 months. Infec-tion, lead fracture and device malfunction were the most common indica-tions. Simple traction was the method of choice, used in 88.9% of the pro-cedures. Manual traction presented high success rates, resulting in com-plete removal without complications in 90% of the cases. Conclusion: This article suggests that lead extraction by simple manual traction can still be performed effectively in countries with economic diffi-culties as a first attempt, leaving auxiliary tools for a second attempt in case of failure or contraindications to the simple manual traction technique.

Indicaciones para el uso del catéter venoso central y el tiempo de colocación en los pacientes hospitalizados en el servicio de medicina interna del hospital Dr. Miguel Pérez Carreño / Indications for the use of the central venous catheter and the time of its use in the patients hospitalized in the internal medicine service of the Dr. Miguel Pérez Carreño hospital

La inserción del catéter venoso central (CVC) ha significado un gran avance en la medicina moderna y su uso generalizado ha permitido el desarrollo de nuevas técnicas diagnósticas y tratamientos especializados. En este estudio se dan a conocer las indicaciones presentes al momento de colocar el catéter venoso central y el tiempo de colocación en los pacientes. Métodos: La investigación fue de tipo retrospectivo, descriptivo y de corte transversal, con un diseño de investigación no experimental y tuvo la finalidad de conocer, en forma directa, la realidad de la problemática. Las unidades de observación fueron(188) historias clínicas de los pacientes que ingresaron en el servicio de medicina interna en el hospital Miguel Pérez Carreño en el periodo comprendido entre enero y abril de 2017. Resultados: El 68% de la indicación del catéter venoso central es para la medición de la presión venosa central (PVC) y control de líquidos, mientras que en el 32% la indicación fue por administración de fármacos. El tiempo de colocación tuvo un predominio del 61% de los pacientes que utilizaron el catéter venoso central durante 1 a 3 semanas, en segundo lugar, el 36% utilizo el catéter por unos días, solo un 3% amerito el uso del catéter venoso central durante 1 mes. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes estudiados tuvieron como principal indicación de CVC para control de líquido y medición de presión venosa central. Con una duración de 1 a 3 semanas(AU)

The insertion of the central venous catheter (CVC) has meant a great advance in modern medicine and its widespread use has allowed the development of new diagnostic techniques and specialized treatments. In this study we present the indications present at the moment of placing the central venous catheter and the time of use in patients. Methods: The research was of a retrospective, descriptive and cross-sectional type, with a non-experimental research design and aimed to know, in a direct way, the reality of the problem. The units of observation were (188) clinical records of patients admitted to the internal medicine service in the hospital Miguel Pérez Carreño in the period between January and April 2017. Results: 68% of the indication of the central venous catheter is for the measurement of central venous pressure (CVP) and fluid control, while in 32% the indication was for drug administration. The time of use had a predominance of 61% of patients who used the central venous catheter for 1 to 3 weeks, secondly, 36% used the catheter for a few days, only 3% required the use of the central venous catheter for 1 month. Conclusions: The majority of patients studied had CVC as main indication for fluid control and central venous pressure measurement. With a duration of 1 to 3 weeks(AU)

Microorganismos que colonizan los catéteres venosos centrales de los pacientes hospitalizados en el servicio de medicina intern / Microorganisms that colonize the central venous catheters of patients hospitalized in the internal medicine service of the Dr. Miguel Pérez Carreño hospital

La utilización de catéter venoso central produce, en ocasiones, infecciones de tipo local o sistémico, como la bacteriemia no complicada o complicada (bacteriemia persistente, tromboflebitis séptica, endocarditis y otras complicaciones metastásicas). En este estudio se dan a conocer las infecciones ocasionadas por el uso de Catéter Venoso Central (CVC), así como los microorganismos presentes en los pacientes. Métodos: La investigación fue de tipo retrospectivo, descriptivo y de corte transversal, con un diseño de investigación no experimental y tuvo la finalidad de conocer, en forma directa, la realidad de la problemática. Las unidades de observación fueron (188) historias clínicas de los pacientes que ingresaron en el servicio de medicina interna en el hospital Miguel Pérez Carreño en el periodo comprendido entre enero y abril de 2017. Resultados: En 30 de los pacientes se realizó el cultivo de la punta del catéter venoso central. En el 67% no hubo crecimiento de microorganismos, mientras que el 33% crecieron microorganismos a las 24 horas. El 80% de las muestras cultivadas reportan la presencia de Cocos Gram positivos. Un 10% reportaron enterobacterias y un 10% reportan levaduras, finalmente con menor frecuencia pseudomona con un 0%. Conclusiones: Solo 78 pacientes ameritaron la colocación de un catéter venoso central, de los cuales se cultivaron 30 puntas de catéter, encontrándose que solo 10 de las puntas de catéteres dieron positivas para infección con crecimiento bacteriano a las 24 horas, siendo los cocos Gram positivos la principal bacteria aislada en los pacientes con CVC seguidos de enterobacterias(AU)

Intravascular catheterization is used for hemodynamic monitoring, hemodialysis, metabolic and nutritional support, fluid administration, chemotherapy and prolonged antibiotic therapy, blood and derivatives, among others. In this study, infections caused by the use of (CVC) central venous catheter are reported, as well as the microorganisms present in patients. Methods: The research was of a retrospective, descriptive and cross-sectional type, with a non-experimental research design and aimed to know, in a direct way, the reality of the problem. The observation units were (188) clinical records of the patients admitted to the internal medicine service at the Miguel Pérez Carreño Hospital in the period between January and April 2017. Results In 30 of the patients, the culture of the tip of the central venous catheter. In 67% there was no growth of microorganisms, while 33% grew microorganisms at 24 hours. 80% of the cultivated samples report the presence of Gram-positive cocci. 10% reported enterobacteria and 10% reported yeast, finally with less frequency pseudomonas with 0%. Conclusions: Only 78 patients required placement of a central venous catheter, of which 30 catheter tips were cultured, finding that only 10 of the catheter tips were positive for infection with bacterial growth at 24 hours, with Gram-positive cocci. the main bacteria isolated in patients with CVCfollowed by enterobacteria(AU)

Tratamiento satisfactorio con fluconazol de la candidemia relacionada con el catéter porCandida haemulonii: informe sobre dos pacientes neonatales / Successful fluconazole treatment of catheter-related candidemia caused by Candida haemulonii: report of 2 neonatal cases

La Candida haemulonii forma parte de la especie Candida no albicans. La candidemia por C. haemulonii es sumamente infrecuente, pero mortal, en los recién nacidos. Se informa sobre los dos primeros recién nacidos con candidemia por C. haemulonii en China tratados con fluconazol y se revisan dos artículos informados con anterioridad. Nuestro informe incrementa la sensibilización sobre la candidemia por C. haemulonii en recién nacidos críticos y resalta la importancia de un diagnóstico y un tratamiento tempranos de esta infección mortal.

Candida haemulonii forms part of the non-albicans Candida species. The candidemia caused by C. haemulonii is extremely rare but fatal in neonates. We reported the first two neonates with C. haemulonii candidemia in China which were treated with fluconazole and reviewed two papers previously reported. Our report adds further awareness on C. haemulonii candidemia in critical neonates and points out the importance of an early diagnosis and treatment of this fatal infection.

Molecular analysis, biofilm formation, and susceptibility of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus strains causing community- and health care-associated infections in central venous catheters

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The behavior of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from central venous catheter-related infection was evaluated to determine its biofilm potential, antimicrobial resistance, and adhesion genes. METHODS: A total of 1,156 central venous catheters (CVC) were evaluated to screen for pathogens. Antimicrobial sensitivity, biofilm formation potential, and molecular analysis of MRSA were examined following standard guidelines. RESULTS: Of the 1,156 samples, 882 (76%) were colonized by bacteria or candida. Among the infected patients, 69% were male and 36% were female with median age of 32 years. Staphylococcus aureus infected 39% (344/882) of CVCs in patients. Of the 59% (208/344) of patients with MRSA, 57% had community acquired MRSA and 43% had hospital acquired MRSA. Linezolid and vancomycin killed 100% of MRSA; resistance levels to fusidic acid, doxycycline, clindamycin, azithromycin, amikacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, gentamycin, tobramycin, and ofloxacin were 21%, 42%, 66%, 68%, 72%, 85%, 95%, 97%, and 98% respectively. Strong biofilm was produced by 23% of samples, moderate by 27%, and weak by 50% of MRSA. The presence of adhesion genes, sdrC and sdrD (90%), eno (87%), fnbA (80%), clfA and sdrE (67%), fnbB, sdrD (61%), and cna (51%), in most MRSA samples suggested that the adhesion genes are associated with biofilm synthesis. CONCLUSIONS: The superbug MRSA is a major cause of CVC-related infection. Antibiotic resistance to major classes of antibiotics and biofilm formation potential enhanced superbug MRSA virulence, leading to complicated infection. MRSA causes infection in hospitals, communities, and livestock.

Microbiology and clinical characteristics of viridans group streptococci in patients with cancer

ABSTRACT This study assessed the microbiology, clinical syndromes, and outcomes of oncologic patients with viridans group streptococci isolated from blood cultures between January 1st, 2013 and December 31st, 2016 in a referral hospital in Mexico using the Bruker MALDI Biotyper. Antimicrobial sensitivity was determined using BD Phoenix 100 according to CLSI M100 standards. Clinical information was obtained from medical records and descriptive analysis was performed.Forty-three patients were included, 22 females and 21 males, aged 42 ± 17 years. Twenty (46.5%) patients had hematological cancer and 23 (53.5%) a solid malignancy. The viridans group streptococci isolated were Streptococcus mitis, 20 (46.5%); Streptococcus anginosus, 14 (32.6%); Streptococcus sanguinis, 7 (16.3%); and Streptococcus salivarius, 2 (4.7%). The main risk factors were pyrimidine antagonist chemotherapy in 22 (51.2%) and neutropenia in 19 (44.2%) cases, respectively. Central line associated bloodstream infection was diagnosed in 18 (41.9%) cases. Septic shock occurred in 20.9% of patients, with an overall mortality of 18.6%. Only four S. mitis revealed penicillin-resistance.Our results are similar to those of other series, identifying these bacteria as emerging pathogens with significant morbidity and mortality in oncologic patients. The MALDI-TOF system increased the rate of viridans group streptococci isolation in this population.

Central venous catheter-related infections caused by Corynebacterium amycolatum and other multiresistant non-diphtherial corynebacteria in paediatric oncology patients

ABSTRACT Bloodstream and venous catheter-related corynebacterial infections in paediatric patients with haematological cancer were investigated from January 2003 to December 2014 at the Brazilian National Cancer Institute in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. We observed that during cancer treatment, invasive corynebacterial infections occurred independent of certain factors, such as age and gender, underlying diseases and neutropenia. These infections were ssscaused by Corynebacterium amycolatum and other non-diphtherial corynebacteria. All cases presented a variable profile of susceptibility to antimicrobial agents, except to vancomycin. Targeted antibiotic therapy may contribute to catheters maintenance and support quality of treatment. Non-diphtherial corynebacteria must be recognized as agents associated with venous access infections. Our data highlight the need for the accurate identification of corynebacteria species, as well as antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

Endocarditis infecciosa asociada a catéter de hemodiálisis: hallazgos clínicos y ecocardiográficos / Infective endocarditis associated with hemodialysis catheters: clinical and ehocardiographic findings

Resumen: Hallazgos clínicos y ecocardiográficos en pacientes con endocarditis infecciosa (E.I.) asociada a catéter de hemodiálisis (CHD) fueron comparados con sujetos controles con E.I. "habitual". Pacientes y métodos: Del total de registros ecocardiográficos de una Clínica privada de Antofagasta entre 2009 y 2014, 4 pacientes presentaban E.I. asociada CHD (E.I.-CHD) y 16 otro tipo de E.I. (controles). Se compararon ambos grupos clínicamente y en las distintas modalidades de ecografía, para evaluar el aporte de cada una de ellas en el diagnóstico, manejo y comprensión del mecanismo de producción de la E.I. Resultados: El periodo del inicio de los síntomas hasta la hospitalización y el comprendido entre ésta hasta el fallecimiento fue variable, con tendencia a fallecimiento más precoz en el grupo E.I.-CHD (promedio 14,6 vs 20,6 días en el grupo control). La edad en E.I.-CHD fue mayor (65 versus 62.2 años), con mayor incidencia de las 3 comorbilidades más frecuentes: hipertensión arterial (100% versus 56,25%), diabetes mellitus (75% versus 50%) e insuficiencia cardíaca (75% versus 31,25%). La mortalidad fue 18.75% en el grupo control y 75% en la E.I.-CHD. En los pacientes con E.I.-CHD se aisló: Cándida (50%), Bacilos gram negativo (Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) (25%) y SAMR (25%) mientras que en el grupo control fueron aislados Enterococcus faecalis (25%), Streptococcus viridans (12.5%), Streptococcus spp (6.25%), Staphylococcus aureus (6.25%), Streptococcus grupo C (6.25%), Abiotrophia defectiva (6.25%) y Streptococcus pneumoniae (6.25). En 31.25% de los casos los hemocultivos fue-ron negativos. La localización más frecuente de las vegetaciones en los pacientes con E.I.-CHD correspondió a la pared de AD, sitio de impacto del jet del CHD, en un 100%, seguida por CHD 50%, tricúspide 25% y aórtica 25%. En los controles las localizaciones fueron 75% en válvula aórtica y 25% en válvula mitral. En el grupo de E.I.-CHD, la mitad presentó disfunción sistólica e insuficiencia valvular, mientras que en el grupo control fue predominante la insuficiencia valvular (62,5%) seguida por la perforación de velo (25%). Conclusión: En las E.I.-CHD se aislaron gérmenes asociados a un peor pronóstico (hongos o bacterias atípicas), con altísima mortalidad. La localización principal de las vegetaciones fue en la pared de la aurícula derecha (AD), alrededor de la desembocadura de la vena cava inferior (VCI), sitio de impacto del jet del CHD, y en el tercio distal del catéter. Clinical and echocardiographic findings in patients with infective endocarditis (I.E.) associated to the presence of hemodialysis catheters (HDC) were compared to those in subjects with other types of I.E.

Abstracts: Methods: Between 2009 and 2014 an echocardiographic diagnosis of I.E. was established in 4 subjects with a hemodialysis catheter in place and 16 patients had a common variety of I.E. (controls). Clinical and echocardiographic findings, including echocardiographic modalities were compared between groups. Results: Time from onset of symptoms and time to patient death were shorter in I.E.-HDC patients compared to controls (mean 14.6 vs 20.6 days, respectively. I.E. -HDC patients tended to be older (65.0 vs 62.2 years old). The incidence of main comorbidities was higher in I.E.-HDC: hypertension (100% vs 56.2%), diabetes (75 vs 59%) and heart failure (75% vs 31.2%), respectively. Mortality was much higher in I.E-HDC (74% vs 18%). Infective agents also differed between groups: I.E.-HDC was associate to C albicans (50%), Gram negative rods (Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) (25%) y SAMR (25%). In contrast, the agents involved in controls were E faecalis (25%), S viridans (12.5%), S. group C (6.25%), S aureus (6,25%), group C Streptococcus (6.25%), Abiotrophic defectiva (6.25%) and S pneumoniae (6.25%). Overall, blood cultures were negative in 31.2% patients. Among patients with I.E.-HDC vegetations were most commonly found at the right atrial wall (100%), on the catheter (50%), at the tricuspid valve (25%) and at the aortic valve (25%). In non I.E.-HDC, vegetations were located at the aortic valve (75%) and the mitral valve (25%). Half the patients with I.E.- HDC patients presented ventricular dysfunction and valvular regurgitation while control patients had predominantly valvular insufficiency (62.5%) or leaflet perforation (25%). Conclusion: Mortality in I.E.-HDC patients was very high, associated to the presence of aggressive microbial or fungal agents. Vegetations were most commonly located at the right atrial wall, around de junction with the inferior vena cava and on the catheter itself.

Central venous catheter-related infections in patients receiving short-term hemodialysis therapy: incidence, associated factors, and microbiological aspects

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Bloodstream infections are the second most common cause of death among patients on hemodialysis. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of and risk factors associated with central venous catheter-related infections in patients undergoing hemodialysis, and to identify and characterize the type and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the primary microorganisms isolated during one year of follow-up. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted in 2014 in a hemodialysis referral center. We included 200 outpatients with acute kidney injury who had no permanent venous access. A nurse assessed the patients for signs of infection three times per week during dressing changes. The clinicopathologic characteristics of patients with and without local or systemic infection were compared. RESULTS: Fifty-five episodes of catheter-related infections occurred in 43 (22%) patients; 38 (69%) were bloodstream infections and 17 (31%) were local infections. Thirty-two (75%) patients with infection had femoral vein catheter placement. In total, 6,240 hemodialysis sessions were performed; the rates of primary bloodstream and local infection were 6.1 and 2.7 episodes per 1,000 patients on daily dialysis, respectively. In the univariate analysis, diabetes was significantly associated with the development of infection, while level of education, ethnicity, age, and sex were not. Gram-negative bacteria were primarily isolated from blood culture specimens (55% of samples). Of the Gram-negative isolates, 56% were resistant to the carbapenems. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a high incidence of catheter-related infections caused by resistant microorganisms in patients undergoing hemodialysis via central venous catheters.

Prevalence and antibiogram of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from medical device-related infections; a retrospective study in Lahore, Pakistan

Abstract INTRODUCTION: With the advancement of medicine and surgery, various types of medical devices have become part of treatment strategies. METHODS: Identification and antimicrobial sensitivity testing were done according to CLSI guidelines following standard microbiological practices. RESULTS: Urinary catheter infections (31%) were most frequent followed by central venous catheter (18%) and orthopedic implants (15%). Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was a major cause of device-related infection after Escherichia coli (21%); other pathogens were Klebsiella pneumoniae (14%), Pseudomonas spp. (10%), Acinetobacter spp. (8%) and Candida species (7%). None of MRSA was resistant to vancomycin (MIC ≥16µg/mL). Resistance rates were 98% and 97% for ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Escherichia coli and MRSA are major pathogens of medical device-related infections.

Perfil microbiológico de infecciones urinarias asociadas a cateterismo permanente en el Hospital de Talca / Microbiological profile of urinary infections associated to permanent catheterization at Hospital de Talca

Urinary tract infection associated to permanent catheterization is the most frequent infection associated to health care. Antibiotic resistance is an increasing problem, thus it is important to know the local pathogenic agents, their resistance and sensibility profiles to use an optimal treatment. OBJECTIVES: Describe the resistance and sensibility profiles in the most frequent microorganisms in urinary tract infections associated to permanent catheterization at the Internal Medicine Service of Hospital Regional de Talca. METHODS: We studied the antibiotic resistance and sensitivity of each microorganism isolated from urinary samples from patients with the antecedent of permanent urinary catheterization at the Internal Medicine Service of Hospital Regional de Talca since January 2013 to December 2016, according to the records at the Cross Infection Unit of this center. OUTCOMES: We collected 69 cases, there were 14 of them with two agents. The highest incidence of urinary tract infections associated to permanent urinary catheterization was at 2014, while the lowest at 2015. The most frequent agents detected were K. pneumoniae (34%), E. coli (20%), P. aeruginosa (20%) and A. baumannii (5%), holding a similar tendency in each year. We found 23 strains of Enterobacteriaceae producing Extended-spectrum ß- Lactamases. In general we found that Carbapenems and Amikacin had the best sensitivity while Nitrofurantoin and Ciprofloxacin had the highest resistance

Estudio clínico y microbiológico de la infección urinaria asociada a catéter, en los servicios de medicina interna de un hospital universitario venezolano / Clinical and microbiological study of catheter-associated urinary tract infections in internal medicine services of a Venezuelan university hospital

RESUMEN Objetivos Determinar las características clínicas y microbiológicas de las infecciones del tracto urinario asociadas a catéter (ITUAC) en pacientes hospitalizados en los servicios de Medicina Interna del Hospital Universitario de Los Andes (HULA), Mérida, Venezuela y establecer la distribución clonal de Enterobacteriaceae multirresistentes productoras de esta infección. Materiales y métodos Se estudiaron 73 pacientes adultos con cateterismo vesical, durante enero a julio de 2015. El procesamiento microbiológico de las muestras de orina se realizó por métodos convencionales y automatizados. Las β-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) y carbapenemasas fueron detectadas fenotípicamente. La tipificación clonal se determinó por la amplificación de secuencias repetitivas por PCR. Resultados El 53,4% de los pacientes eran varones, con una edad media de 50,6 años. El promedio de permanencia del catéter fue de 10,9 + 6,5 días/paciente. El 54,8% de los pacientes tuvo urocultivos positivos. Las levaduras fueron el principal agente etiológico (44,7%), seguido por las enterobacterias (29,8%). Las enterobacterias, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Acinetobacter baumannii produjeron BLEE y carbapenemasas asociadas a otros marcadores de resistencia. Dos grupos clonales fueron identificados en cepas de E. coli y K. pneumoniae multirresistentes, los cuales circularon en la unidad de trauma shock de la emergencia de adulto. Conclusiones Los hallazgos de este estudio permiten evidenciar la necesidad de adoptar estrictos criterios que justifiquen el uso del catéter vesical y la duración del mismo, así como el implementar programas para prevenir y controlar la diseminación de clonas bacterianas multirresistentes en pacientes con ITUAC en los servicios de medicina interna del HULA.

ABSTRACT Objectives To determine the clinical and microbiological characteristics of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CA-UTI) in patients admitted to the Internal Medicine services of the Hospital Universitario de Los Andes (HULA), Mérida, Venezuela and to establish the clonal distribution of multi-resistant Enterobacteriaceae that produce this infection. Materials and Methods Seventy-three adult patients with bladder catheterization were studied between January and July 2015. The microbiological processing of the urine samples was performed using conventional and automatized methods. Extended- spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase were detected phenotypically. Clonal classification was determined using repetitive element sequence-based PCR. Results A total of 53.4% of the patients were male, and the average age was 50.6 years. The average time the catheter remained in the patient was 10.9 ± 6.5 days and 54.8% of patients had positive urine cultures. Yeasts were the main etiological agent (44.7%), followed by enterobacteria (29.8%). Enterobacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii produced ESBL and carbapenemase associated with other resistance markers. Two clonal groups were identified in multi-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains that circulated in the shock trauma unit in the adult emergency department. Conclusions The findings in this study show the need to adopt strict criteria justifying the use of bladder catheterization and its duration, as well as the implementation of programs to prevent and control the spread of multi-resistant bacterial clones in patients with CA-UTI in the HULA Internal Medicine department.

Epidemiología y pronóstico de pacientes con infección del torrente sanguíneo en 10 hospitales de Colombia / Epidemiology and prognosis of patients with bloodstream infection in 10 hospitals in Colombia

Background: Knowing the local epidemiology and etiology of bloodstream infections allows tailoring the empirical initial antimicrobial therapy to obtain a better outcome for these episodes. Aim: To describe the epidemiological and microbiological aspects as well as the factors associated with mortality in patients with bloodstream infection in Colombian hospitals. Methods: Sub-analysis of a prospective cohort study of 375 consecutive patients with bloodstream infection in 10 hospitals in Colombia, admitted between September first 2007 and Febrnary 29, 2008. Results: The most frequently isolated bacteria were Gram-negative bacilli in 54% of patients, followed by Gram-positive cocci in 38.4%. The source of infection was known in 67%, unknown in 24% and associated with intravascular catheter in 9%. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli (46%), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (16%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8.9%) and Staphylococcus aureus (7.8%). Staphylococcus aureus was methicillin sensitive in 82% of patients (46/56). Overall 28-day mortality was 25% and their independent associated factors were age, SOFA score and APACHE II score. Conclusions: In our study the most frequently isolated bacteria in bloodstream infections were Gram-negative bacilli, contrasting those reported in developed countries. The overall mortality rate was high and the factors associated with mortality were age and severity scores.

Introducción: Conocer la epidemiología y etiología regional de las infecciones del torrente sanguíneo permite orientar una terapia antimicrobiana inicial empírica mejorando el resultado final del episodio. Objetivo: Describir los aspectos epidemiológicos, microbiológicos y factores asociados a la mortalidad de pacientes con infección del torrente sanguíneo en hospitales colombianos. Métodos: Sub-análisis de cohorte prospectivo de 375 pacientes consecutivos en 10 hospitales de Colombia con diagnóstico de infección del torrente sanguíneo, hospitalizados entre 1 de septiembre de 2007 y 29 de febrero de 2008. Resultados: Los microorganismos más frecuentemente aislados fueron los bacilos gramnegativos en 54% de los pacientes; seguidos por las cocáceas grampositivas en 38,4%. La fuente de infección fue secundaria a un foco conocido en 67%, desconocido en 24% y asociada a catéter intravascular en 9%. Los microorganismos más frecuentemente aislados fueron: Escherichia coli 46%, Staphylococcus coagulasa negativa 16%, Klebsiella pneumoniae 8,9% y Staphylococcus aureus 7,8%. Staphylococcus aureus fue sensible a meticilina en 82% de los pacientes (46/56). La mortalidad global fue de 25%. Los factores asociados con mayor mortalidad fueron: edad, puntaje SOFA y puntaje APACHE II. Conclusiones: En nuestro estudio, los microorganismos más frecuentemente aislados en pacientes que cursaron con bacteriemia fueron los bacilos gramnegativos, a diferencia de lo reportado en países desarrollados. La mortalidad general es alta y los factores asociados con riesgo de muerte fueron: la edad y los mayores puntajes de gravedad.

Peritonitis fúngica por Rhodotorula mucilaginosa en una paciente en diálisis peritoneal automatizada: revisión de la literatura / Fungal peritonitis due to Rhodotorula mucilaginosa in a patient with automated peritoneal dialysis: literature review

Fungal peritonitis is a major complication of peritoneal dialysis associated with high mortality. Most survivors have a high rate of abandonment of peritoneal dialysis. We report a case of fungal peritonitis due to an unusual agent. An 83 year-old woman, with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and multiple episodes of bacterial peritonitis associated to technical flaws in the implementation of automated peritoneal dialysis, was admitted due to abdominal pain and cloudy peritoneal fluid. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was identified in the peritoneal fluid by MALDI-TOF. She was treated with catheter removal and oral posaconazole for 14 days showing clinical resolution and non-recurrence.

La peritonitis fúngica es una complicación mayor de la diálisis peritoneal, con una alta mortalidad asociada y la mayoría de los sobrevivientes presentan una alta tasa de abandono de diálisis peritoneal como terapia de reemplazo renal. Se presenta un caso de peritonitis fúngica por un agente infrecuente. Mujer de 83 años, diabética con múltiples episodios de peritonitis bacteriana asociada a fallas técnicas en la ejecución de diálisis peritoneal automatizada, ingresa por cuadro clínico de dolor abdominal y líquido peritoneal turbio. Se confirmó la presencia de Rhodotorula mucilaginosa en líquido peritoneal mediante MALDI-TOF. Fue tratada con retiro del catéter y posaconazol oral por 14 días, presentando una evolución favorable.

Tratamiento endovascular exitoso de aneurisma de aorta torácica secundario a infección de catéter de arteria umbilical en un recién nacido pretérmino / Successful endovascular treatment of thoracic aortic aneurysm secondary to infection of the umbilical artery catheter in preterm infants

Los aneurismas aórticos en la población pediátrica son poco frecuentes. El uso de catéteres de arteria umbilical en neonatos se ha asociado a infección y en algunas oportunidades a formación de aneurismas aórticos. La reparación quirúrgica de estos aneurismas es una forma de terapia; sin embargo, la intervención percutánea con stents pudiese proveer una vía alternativa de tratamiento con menores complicaciones. El objetivo de este reporte es dar a conocer el alcance terapéutico de un procedimiento híbrido, en el que el desarrollo de la técnica quirúrgica y percutánea en conjunto ofrece otra alternativa terapéutica menos invasiva que la cirugía vascular abierta, para la reparación de aneurismas aórticos o de sus ramas principales. Caso clínico: Recién nacido de pretérmino, 30 semanas, peso 1.335 g. Se instaló catéter en arteria umbilicar que se retiró a los 14 días por infección. Evolucionó con sepsis a Staphylococcus aureus. Ecocardiograma y angiotac confirman AAT, se manejó mediante procedimiento híbrido, cirugía e instalación endovascular de 2 stents recubiertos (Atrium V12 XR Medical Corp, Hudson, NH). Los controles clínicos post procedimiento como la ecotomografía abdominal confirmaron el éxito del tratamiento. Conclusión: El procedimiento endovascular de reparación de aneurisma de la aorta en recién nacidos prematuros puede ser considerado en el momento de decir la terapéutica de esta enfermedad y podría evitar los riesgos asociados a cirugía abierta. Sin embargo, obliga a un seguimiento y control durante el crecimiento del paciente por la eventual necesidad de redilatar los stents implantados. Se desconoce cómo será la evolución de los procedimientos endovasculares neonatales en el futuro.

Aortic aneurysms (AA) in the paediatric population are uncommon. The use of umbilical catheters in neonates has been associated with infections and, on some occasions, the formation of aortic aneurysms. The surgical repair of these aneurysms is one type of treatment; however, percutaneous intervention with stents could provide an alternative treatment route, with fewer complications. The aim of this report is to present the therapeutic scope of a hybrid procedure, in which the combined surgical and percutaneous technique offers a less invasive alternative to open surgery for the repair of aortic aneurysms or their main branches. Clinical case: The case concerns a pre-term newborn of 30 weeks weighing 1,335 g. An umbilical catheter was introduced, which was withdrawn at 14 days due to an infection. It developed as Staphylococcus aureus with sepsis. The echocardiogram and Angio-CT confirmed AA, which were managed using a hybrid procedure of surgery and the endovascular implantation of 2 coated stents (Atrium V12 XR Medical Corp, Hudson, NH). The post-procedure clinical follow-ups, including abdominal echo-tomography, confirmed the success of the treatment. Conclusion: The endovascular aortic aneurysm repair procedure in premature newborns may be considered when deciding treatment of this disease, and could avoid the risks associated with open surgery. However, follow-up and monitoring is required while the patient grows up, due to the possibility that the implanted stents require re-dilating. The outcomes of neonatal endovascular procedures in the future are unknown.