Tratamiento mininvasivo de las complicaciones del traumatismo hepático cerrado / Minimally invasive management of blunt hepatic trauma complications

RESUMEN Antecedentes: el manejo no operatorio del traumatismo hepático cerrado es exitoso en el 95% de los pacientes hemodinámicamente normales. Las lesiones de alto grado presentan una tasa de complicaciones de hasta un 14%, y una mortalidad del 27% cuando requieren cirugía abierta. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo de informe de casos. Resultados: 3 casos con traumatismo hepático de alto grado. "A": manejo no operatorio inicial, lavado laparoscópico por hemoperitoneo sintomático, drenaje percutáneo de absceso hepático, recambio de catéter y CPRE, por fístula biliar persistente. "B": cirugía de control de daño inicial sin hepatectomía, drenaje percutáneo de absceso hepático y posterior recambio. "C": manejo no operatorio inicial, lavado laparoscópico por hemoperitoneo sintomático, posterior drenaje percutáneo de absceso hepático y recambio de drenajes. No presentaron mortalidad. Conclusión: estos casos resumen la utilización de las diferentes modalidades del manejo del traumatismo hepático cerrado y la posibilidad del manejo mininvasivo de las complicaciones.

ABSTRACT Background: Nonoperative management of blunt hepatic trauma is successful in 95% of hemodynamically stable patients. The complication rate of high-grade injuries is 14% and mortality reaches 27% when they require open surgery. Material and methods: We conducted a descriptive study of case reports. Results: Three cases of high-grade hepatic trauma are reported. "A": initial nonoperative management, laparoscopic lavage due to symptomatic hemoperitoneum, percutaneous drainage of liver abscess, catheter replacement and ERCP due to persistent biliary fistula. "B": initial damage control surgery without liver resections, percutaneous drainage of liver abscess and catheter replacement. "C": initial nonoperative management, laparoscopic lavage due to symptomatic hemoperitoneum, percutaneous drainage of liver abscess and catheter replacement. None of the patients died. Conclusion: These cases summarize the use of different management modalities of blunt hepatic trauma and the possibility of minimally invasive management of the complications.

Experiencia de un centro colombiano en el tratamiento endovascular de la hemorragia posparto que amenaza la vida / Experience of a Colombian center in the endovascular management of life-threatening postpartum hemorrhage

Resumen Introducción. La hemorragia posparto es la primera causa de morbimortalidad materna en el mundo y las laceraciones son la segunda causa en frecuencia. Su tratamiento temprano y apropiado es clave para obtener buenos resultados, y la oclusión endovascular de los vasos pélvicos se cuenta entre las opciones terapéuticas. Objetivo. Describir la experiencia del tratamiento con la 'embolización' (sic) arterial de los vasos pélvicos. Materiales y métodos. Se trató de un estudio retrospectivo del tipo de serie de casos basado en el registro institucional de la Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia, en el que se incluyeron las pacientes con hemorragia posparto atendidas entre el 1º de enero del 2011 y el 31 de octubre del 2016. Resultados. De las 430 pacientes con diagnóstico de hemorragia posparto, 11 fueron sometidas a la 'embolización' de los vasos pélvicos. De este grupo, 10 pacientes tuvieron parto vaginal con laceraciones vaginales complejas, y la mayoría (9 casos, 82 %) fue remitida por otras instituciones de menor complejidad después de 20,5 horas. Las arterias ocluidas frecuentemente fueron la vaginal superior y la pudenda interna. Ninguna paciente presentó complicaciones asociadas al procedimiento y solo dos presentaron sangrado recurrente. Tres pacientes requirieron histerectomía y ninguna murió. Conclusión. El manejo percutáneo es un método de tercera línea, seguro y efectivo para el control de los sangrados de difícil manejo en las pacientes con hemorragia posparto por desgarros perineales complejos. Estos resultados son similares a los reportados en la literatura científica mundial disponible hasta la fecha.

Abstract Introduction: Postpartum hemorrhage is a world-leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Lacerations are the second most frequent cause. Early management with appropriate treatment is essential to obtain adequate outcomes; the endovascular occlusion of pelvic vessels is among the management options. Objective: To describe the management experience with the arterial embolization of pelvic vessels. Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective case series study based on the institutional registry of Fundación Valle del Lili (Cali, Colombia), which included patients with postpartum hemorrhage admitted between January 1st, 2011 and October 31st, 2016. Results: Out of 430 patients diagnosed with PPH, 11 were subject to embolization of pelvic vessels. Within our group, 10 patients had a vaginal delivery with severe vaginal lacerations; most of them (9 cases, 82%) were referred from other lower-complexity institutions after 20.5 hours. Occlusion was more frequent in the superior vaginal and the internal pudendal arteries. No patients showed complications associated with the procedure and only 2 showed recurrent bleeding while 3 required a hysterectomy, but no deaths occurred. Conclusion: Percutaneous management is a safe and effective third-line method for difficult-management bleedings control in patients with postpartum hemorrhage after a severe perineal tear. These results are similar to case reports published in the worldwide literature available to date.

Frequência de lesões perineais nos partos vaginais após implementação do Programa de Humanização do Parto / Perineal injuries frequency in vaginal deliveries after the implementation of Childbirth Humanization Program

Há controvérsia quanto ao uso da episiotomia por não existir consenso sobre sua realização. O objetivo foi encontrar fatores de risco envolvidos nas lesões perineais, em uma maternidade de baixo risco, bem como estudar a evolução do uso da episiotomia nos quatro primeiros anos de implementação do Programa de Humanização do Parto. Foi feita uma avaliação retrospectiva analítica, qualitativa, entre os anos de 2014 e 2017, com uma amostra de 4.303 gestantes. Percebeu-se que houve relação significativa entre a ocorrência de laceração perineal e o uso de indutores do parto. Quanto à realização da episiotomia, houve relação significativa com os fatores de risco: primiparidade, indução, posição de litotomia e uso do fórceps. Houve também aumento significativo na ocorrência de lacerações ao longo dos quatro anos, com aumento das lesões leves. A frequência da episiotomia também mostrou diferença significativa, porém, sem manter constância com o passar do tempo.(AU)

There is controversy regarding the use of episiotomy, as there is no consensus about its performance. The objective was to find risk factors involved in perineal lesions in a low-risk maternity hospital, as well as to study the evolution of the use of episiotomy in the first four years of the implementation of the Humanization of Childbirth Program. Was made a retrospective analytical evaluation, qualitative, between 2014 and 2017, with a sample of 4.303 pregnant women. It was perceived that there was a significant relationship between the occurrence of perineal laceration and the use of induction of Childbirth. Regarding the episiotomy, there was a significant relationship with risk factors: primiparity, induction, lithotomy position and use of forceps. There was also a significant increase in the occurrence of lacerations over the four years, with an increase in mild injuries. The frequency of episiotomy may also be significant, however, without keeping up with the passage of time.(AU)

Distócia de ombro / Shoulder dystocia

A Distócia de Ombro é definida, de acordo com os Colégios Americano e Britânico de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, como parto que necessita de manobras obstétricas adicionais, após falência da tração da cabeça fetal para liberar os ombros. Apesar de sua baixa incidência, é uma complicação com importante morbidade para o recém nascido e que pode levar a intercorrências maternas, sendo entretanto passível de ser evitada. Esse artigo de revisão se propõe a sumarizar a epidemiologia, fisiopatologia, conduta e complicações, enfocando os fatores de risco e as manobras mais utilizadas, dada a importância de ambos na prevenção dessa complicação. (AU)

The Shoulder Dystocia is defined, according to British and American Colleges of Obstetrics and Gynecology, as delivery which requires additional obstetric maneuvers after failure of traction of the fetal head to release the shoulders. Despite its low incidence, it is a complication with significant morbidity for the newborn and wich can lead to maternal complications. Despite of this, is able to be avoided. This review aims to summarize the epidemiology, pathophysiology, management and complications, focusing on risk factors and the most commonly used maneuvers, due to the importance of both in preventing this complication. (AU)

Ligature of external carotid artery as an optional technique in a patient with von Willebrand disease

The von Willebrand disease (vWD) is a hereditary coagulopathy. There is no gender predilection. Clinically characterized by mucocutaneous bleeding, especially nose bleeding, menorrhagia and bleeding after trauma. This article reports a case of a 52-year-old Caucasian male patient with vWD, who presented with extensive bleeding in the tongue after a lacerating injury caused by accidental biting, and describes some clinical, pathological and treatment aspects of vWD. After repeated attempts to suture the wound and replace clotting factors, a decision was made to perform the ligature of the external carotid artery ipsilateral to the injury. There was favorable resolution of the case, with a good aspect of the scar 2 months after ligation. This case reinforces that it is extremely important to make a thorough review of medical history of all patients, searching for possible bleeding disorders or previous family history.

A doença de von Willebrand (DvW) é uma coagulopatia hereditária. Não há predileção por sexo. Clinicamente caracteriza-se por hemorragias mucocutâneas, sobretudo nasais, menorragias e hemorragias pós-trauma. Este artigo relata um caso clínico de DvW em paciente de 52 anos de idade, leucoderma, do sexo masculino, que apresentou extensa hemorragia em bordo lateral de língua após ferimento lacerante, além de descrever alguns aspectos clínicos, patológicos e terapêuticos da DvW. Após repetidas tentativas de sutura do ferimento e reposição dos fatores de coagulação, optou-se pela ligadura da artéria carótida externa ipsilateral ao ferimento, com resolução favorável do caso, notando-se bom aspecto cicatricial 2 meses após a ligadura. Este caso reforça que é de extrema importância a realização de anamnese criteriosa, buscando-se identificar possíveis distúrbios hemorrágicos prévios ou antecedentes familiares.

Life threatening liver laceration with arteria; hemorrhage complicating percutaneous treatment of hepatic hydatid cyst

We present a 76-year-old woman known to have a large right hepatic lobe hydatid cyst which recurred twice after surgical excision. CT-guided percutaneous alcohol ablation was conducted to scleroses the cyst, but the procedure was complicated by parenchyma liver laceration and active arterial hemorrhage from a branch of the right hepatic artery. Bleeding was controlled by both endovascular and surgical interventions. Liver laceration with arterial hemorrhage is a rare not previously reported serious complication of percutaneous treatment of hepatic hydatid cyst that may be potentially life-threatening

A Case of Epithelial Inclusion Cyst of Iris

To report on an epithelial inclusion cyst of the iris that was successfully treated with needle aspiration and Ab externo laser photocoagulation. A 6-year-old boy was treated for a 6.0 mm fluid-filled cyst in the anterior chamber of the right eye. Thirteen months previously, he had undergone primary closure of a 6 mm full-thickness corneal laceration. The subsequent cyst was diagnosed as an epithelial inclusion cyst of the iris. His vision decreased to finger-count at 30 cm as the cyst grew over the pupil. We performed needle aspiration of the cyst and Ab externo laser photocoagulation of the cyst wall. The treated lesion was completely removed. The patient's visual acuity recovered to 20/40 without complications. There was no recurrence as determined by slit lamp examination up to 6 months after treatment. Needle aspiration and Ab externo laser photocoagulation can be used to effectively treat epithelial inclusion cysts of the iris.

Upper Eyelid Retraction After Periorbital Trauma

We report four unusual cases of upper eyelid retraction following periorbital trauma. Four previously healthy patients were evaluated for unilateral upper eyelid retraction following periorbital trauma. A 31-year-old man (Case 1) and a 24-year-old man (Case 2) presented with left upper eyelid retraction which developed after blow-out fractures, a 44-year-old woman (Case 3) presented with left upper eyelid retraction secondary to a periorbital contusion that occurred one week prior, and a 56-year-old man (Case 4) presented with left upper eyelid retraction that developed 1 month after a lower canalicular laceration was sustained during a traffic accident. The authors performed a thyroid function test and orbital computed tomography (CT) in all cases. Thyroid function was normal in all patients, CT showed an adhesion of the superior rectus muscle and superior oblique muscle in the first case and diffuse thickening of the superior rectus muscle and levator complex in the third case. CT showed no specific findings in the second or fourth cases. Upper eyelid retraction due to superior complex adhesion can be considered one of the complications of periorbital trauma.