Mordeduras de ofidios en mano pediátrica y sus complicaciones locales / Snake bites in pediatric hand and their local complications / Mordidas de serpentes de mão pediátricas e suas complicações locais

Introducción: el envenenamiento por mordedura de ofidios es reconocido como un problema de salud pública según la Organización Mundial de la Salud. La baja incidencia sumada a la diversidad de presentaciones clínicas, edades, topografías afectadas, así como los diferentes protocolos en la bibliografía existente sobre algunos aspectos del tratamiento, hacen difícil el manejo sistematizado de estos pacientes. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre mordedura de serpientes en pacientes pediátricos con afectación en mano y miembro superior, haciendo hincapié en la conducta frente las complicaciones loco-regionales. Por importancia y frecuencia destacamos al síndrome compartimental, las flictenas y las infecciones. Metodología: se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en MedLine/PubMed con las palabras clave: "Snake Bite hand Children" y "Snake Bite compartimental syndrome". Se incluyeron los artículos publicados en los últimos 10 años (2012 al 2022). Resultados: la búsqueda de artículos ante las palabras "Snake Bite hand Children" resultó en 20 articulos y la busqueda ante las palabras "Snake Bite compartimental syndrome" derivó en 34. Luego de aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión se obtuvieron 30 artículos para el análisis. Conclusiones: la población pediátrica se encuentra más expuesta a las mordeduras por serpientes y a su vez a presentar lesiones más severas. El tratamiento del síndrome compartimental continúa siendo un tema de debate. El veneno inoculado puede simular un síndrome compartimental que puede revertir sin fasciotomías con el tratamiento adecuado. Igualmente, ante síntomas y signos claros de síndrome compartimental se sugiere realizar fasciotomías frente a las graves secuelas potenciales. Ante la aparición de flictenas, el destechado cuidadoso de la misma es un tratamiento adecuado. La mayoría de los autores coinciden con el tratamiento profiláctico con antibioticoterapia.

Introduction: Ophidian bite poisoning is recognized as a public health problem by the World Health Organization. The low incidence added to the diversity of clinical presentations, ages, affected topographies, as well as the different protocols in the existing literature on some aspects of treatment, make the systematized management of these patients difficult. The aim of this work is to carry out a systematic review of the literature on snakebite in pediatric patients with hand and upper limb involvement, with emphasis on the management of loco-regional complications. In terms of importance and frequency, we highlight compartment syndrome, phlyctenas and infections. Methodology: a literature search was carried out in MedLine/PubMed with the keywords: "Snake Bite hand Children" and "Snake Bite compartment syndrome". Articles published in the last 10 years (2012 to 2022) were included. Results: the search for articles with the words "Snake Bite hand Children" resulted in 20 articles and the search for the words "Snake Bite compartment syndrome" resulted in 34 articles. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 articles were obtained for the analysis. Conclusions: the pediatric population is more exposed to snake bites and in turn to present more severe lesions. The treatment of compartment syndrome continues to be a subject of debate. Inoculated venom can simulate a compartment syndrome that can be reversed without fasciotomies with proper treatment. Likewise, in the presence of clear symptoms and signs of compartment syndrome, fasciotomies are suggested because of the serious sequelae generated. In the event of the appearance of phlyctenas, careful unroofing of the phlyctenas would be an appropriate treatment. Most authors agree with prophylactic treatment with antibiotic therapy.

Introdução: O envenenamento por mordidas ofídias é reconhecido como um problema de saúde pública pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. A baixa incidência, juntamente com a diversidade de apresentações clínicas, idades, topografias afetadas, bem como os diferentes protocolos da literatura existente sobre alguns aspectos do tratamento, tornam difícil o gerenciamento sistemático desses pacientes. O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre mordida de cobra em pacientes pediátricos com envolvimento de mãos e membros superiores, com ênfase no gerenciamento de complicações loco-regionais. Em termos de importância e freqüência, destacamos a síndrome compartimental, as flectenas e as infecções. Metodologia: foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica no MedLine/PubMed com as palavras-chave: "Snake Bite hand Children" e "Snake Bite compartment syndrome". Os artigos publicados nos últimos 10 anos (2012 a 2022) foram incluídos. Resultados: a busca de artigos usando as palavras "Snake Bite hand Children" resultou em 20 artigos e a busca das palavras "Snake Bite compartment syndrome" resultou em 34 artigos. Após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram obtidos 30 artigos para análise. Conclusões: a população pediátrica está mais exposta às picadas de cobra e, por sua vez, a lesões mais graves. O tratamento da síndrome compartimental continua a ser motivo de debate. O veneno inoculado pode simular uma síndrome de compartimento que pode ser revertida sem fasciotomias com tratamento apropriado. Da mesma forma, se houver sinais e sintomas claros de síndrome compartimental, são sugeridas fasciotomias por causa das severas seqüelas. Se as flectenas aparecerem, o desenrolamento cuidadoso das flectenas seria um tratamento apropriado. A maioria dos autores concorda com o tratamento profilático com a antibioticoterapia.

Boletim informativo de toxicologia: acidentes ofídicos / Toxicology Fact Sheet: Snakebites

Os acidentes por animais peçonhentos, especialmente os acidentes ofídicos, foram incluídos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) na lista das doenças tropicais negligenciadas que acometem, na maioria das vezes, populações pobres que vivem em áreas rurais, devido à gravidade constituem um problema de saúde pública. O sucesso no tratamento do paciente para que os mesmos não gerem sequelas graves, podendo chegar ao óbito, requer atendimento de forma rápida, com o uso adequado do soro específico quando necessário para cada espécie de serpentes e na quantidade recomendada. Em Goiás as principais serpentes que causam acidente são dos gêneros: Bothrops (jararacas), Crotalus (cascavéis) e Micrurus (coral), são considerados acidentes graves que demandam o uso de soros antivenenos específicos

Accidents by venomous animals, especially snakebites, were included by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the list of neglected tropical diseases that affect, most of the time, poor people living in rural areas, due to the seriousness of a public health problem. . Successful treatment of the patient so that they do not generate serious sequelae, which can lead to death, requires quick care, with the appropriate use of specific serum when necessary for each species of snakes and in the recommended amount. In Goiás, the main snakes that cause accidents are of the genera: Bothrops (jararacas), Crotalus (rattlesnakes) and Micrurus (coral), are considered serious accidents that require the use of specific antivenom serums

Construction and validation of an educational booklet to provide care for snakebite victims / Construcción y validación de una cartilla educativa para la atención de víctimas de ofidismo / Construção e validação de cartilha educativa para prestação de cuidados às vítimas de ofidismo

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the process of construction and validation of an educational booklet for the care of snakebite victims. Methods: Methodological research on the process of building and validating an educational booklet. The construction was developed based on Echer's theoretical framework with validation performed by thirteen judges, from January to April 2019. The items evaluated were the following: structure and appearance; objectives and relevance using the Likert scale. For the validation analysis, the Content Validity Index (CVI) was used, with a cut-off point higher than 0.78. Results: The booklet contained the following items: Presentation, Snakebite Accidents: What they are, Incidence in Brazil, Santa Casa de Sobral, Types Genus, Signs and Symptoms, Prevention, Immediate Conduct, Severity and Treatment, In-Hospital Care and, finally, References. None of the items evaluated presented a value below the minimum agreement adopted. The global mean of the CVI was 0.94, confirming the validation of the booklet with the judges. The evaluators also made suggestions, which were accepted. Conclusions: The construction of the material clarified the best care and prevention strategies and its objectives, appearance, structure, and relevance were considered to be in agreement from the validation.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir el proceso de construcción y validación de una cartilla educativa para la atención de víctimas de ofidismo. Métodos: Investigación metodológica sobre el proceso de construcción y validación de una cartilla educativa. La construcción se desarrolló en base al marco teórico de Echer, con validación a cargo de trece jueces, entre enero y abril de 2019. Los ítems evaluados fueron los siguientes: estructura y aspecto; objetivos y relevancia, con utilización de la escala Likert. Para el análisis de validación, se utilizó el Índice de Validez del Contenido (IVC), con un punto de corte superior a 0,78. Resultados: La cartilla contenía los ítems de Presentación, Accidentes por enfermedad: Qué son, Incidencia en Brasil, Santa Casa de Sobral, Tipos de géneros, Signos y síntomas, Prevención, Conducta inmediata, Gravedad y tratamiento, Atención hospitalaria y, finalmente, Referencias. Ninguno de los ítems evaluados presentó un valor por debajo del acuerdo mínimo adoptado. La media global del IVC fue de 0,94, lo que confirma la validación de la cartilla por los jueces. Los evaluadores también hicieron sugerencias, que fueron aceptadas. Conclusiones: La construcción del material presentó las mejores estrategias de atención y prevención, y sus objetivos, aspecto, estructura y relevancia se consideraron acordes, a partir de la validación.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever o processo de construção e validação de uma cartilha educativa para a prestação de cuidados às vítimas de ofidismo. Métodos: Pesquisa metodológica do processo de construção e validação de uma cartilha educativa. A construção foi desenvolvida a partir do referencial teórico de Echer, sendo a validação realizada por treze juízes, de janeiro a abril de 2019. Os itens avaliados foram: estrutura e aparência; objetivos e relevância, utilizando-se da escala tipo Likert. Para a análise da validação, utilizou-se o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC), com recomendação de ponto de corte superior a 0,78. Resultados: A cartilha continha os itens Apresentação, Acidentes Ofídicos: O que são, Incidência no Brasil, Santa Casa de Sobral, Tipos de Gêneros, Sinais e Sintomas, Prevenção, Condutas Imediatas, Gravidade e Tratamento, Cuidados Intra-hospitalar, e por fim as Referências. Nenhum dos itens avaliados apresentou valor abaixo da concordância mínima adotada. A média global do IVC foi de 0,94, ratificando a validação da cartilha junto aos juízes. Os avaliadores também realizaram sugestões, as quais foram acatadas. Conclusões: A construção do material clarificou as melhores estratégias de cuidado e prevenção, sendo seus objetivos, sua aparência, estruturação e relevância considerados concordantes a partir da validação.

Acción antiofídica de extractos de Myrsine guianensis, Jatropha curcas y Zanthoxylum monogynum / Antiophidic activity of extracts from Myrsine guianensis, Jatropha curcas and Zanthoxylum monogynum

Objetivo: evaluar la inhibición de los venenos de las serpientes Bothrops alternatus y Bothrops moojeni por los extractos vegetales de Jatropha curcas, Myrsine guianensis y Zanthoxylum monogynum, en relación con las actividades coagulante, fosfolipasa y hemorrágica. Métodos: Los extractos vegetales se obtuvieron a partir del liofilizado de hojas de Jatropha curca, Myrsine guianensis y Zanthoxylum monogynum. Se realizaron ensayos de inhibición in vitro con un grupo de control positivo (10 μg de veneno crudo), grupos experimentales que recibieron una mezcla del veneno con cada uno de los extractos, en concentraciones de 5 a 500 μg y un grupo de control negativo (500 μg de extracto). Se realizaron ensayos in vivo con grupos de ratones Balb/c (n = 4). A los ratones del grupo de control positivo se les inyectó solamente el veneno (25 μg); a los de los grupos experimentales, una mezcla del veneno con cada uno de los extractos, en concentraciones de 25 a 500 μg; y a los del grupo de control negativo, solamente extracto (500 μg). Resultados: Jatropha curcas y Myrsine guianensis inhibieron significativamente la actividad fosfolipasa a partir de la proporción 1:0,5 (veneno:extracto). Por otro lado, las actividades coagulante y hemorrágica, fueron inhibidas expresivamente a partir de las proporciones 1:1 y 1:5 con Myrsine guianensis y Jatropha curcas, respectivamente. Las actividades fosfolipasa y coagulante fueron inhibidas con Zanthoxylum monogynum a partir de las proporciones 1:5 y 1:10, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Los extractos analizados inhibieron los venenos de Bothrops alternatus y Bothrops moojeni debido a la presencia de moléculas con posibles propiedades antiofídicas(AU)

Objective: Evaluate the inhibition of venoms from the snakes Bothrops alternatus and Bothrops moojeni by plant extracts from Jatropha curcas, Myrsine guianensis and Zanthoxylum monogynum in terms of coagulant, phospholipase and hemorrhagic activities. Methods: The plant extracts were obtained by lyophilization of leaves of Jatropha curca, Myrsine guianensis and Zanthoxylum monogynum. In vitro inhibition tests were performed with a positive control group (10 μg of crude venom), experimental groups receiving a mixture of the venom with each of the extracts at concentrations of 5 to 500 μg, and a negative control group (500 μg of extract). In vivo tests were performed with Balb/c mice (n = 4). The mice in the positive control group were injected only the venom (25 μg), the experimental groups received a mixture of the venom with each of the extracts at concentrations of 25 to 500 μg, and the negative control group received only extract (500 μg). Results: Jatropha curcas and Myrsine guianensis significantly inhibited phospholipase activity at a 1:0.5 (venom:extract) proportion. Coagulant and hemorrhagic activities were markedly inhibited at 1:1 and 1:5 proportions with Myrsine guianensis and Jatropha curcas, respectively. Phospholipase and coagulant activities were inhibited with Zanthoxylum monogynum at 1:5 and 1:10 proportions, respectively. Conclusions: The extracts analyzed inhibited the venoms from Bothrops alternatus and Bothrops moojeni due to the presence of molecules with possible antiophidic properties(AU)

Ethnomedicinal plants used for snakebite treatments in Ethiopia: a comprehensive overview

Traditional medicine plays an important role in the daily lives of people living in rural parts of Ethiopia. Despite the fact that Ethiopia has a long history of using traditional medicinal plants as an alternative medicine source, there is no checklist compiling these plants used for snakebite treatment. This review collected and compiled available knowledge on and practical usage of such plants in the country. A literature review on medicinal plants used to treat snakebites was conducted from 67 journal articles, PhD dissertation and MSc theses available online. Data that summarize scientific and folk names, administration methods, plant portion used for treatment and method of preparation of recipes were organized and analyzed based on citation frequency. The summarized results revealed the presence of 184 plant species distributed among 67 families that were cited for treating snakebite in Ethiopia. In this literature search, no single study was entirely dedicated to the study of traditional medicinal plants used for the treatment of snakebite in Ethiopia. Most of the species listed as a snakebite remedy were shrubs and climbers (44%) followed by herbs (33%) and trees (23%). Fabaceae was the most predominant family with the greatest number of species, followed by Solanaceae and Vitaceae. Remedies are mainly prepared from roots and leaves, through decoctions, infusions, powders and juices. Most remedies were administered orally (69%). The six most frequently mentioned therapeutically important plants were Nicotiana tabacum, Solanum incanum, Carissa spinanrum, Calpurnia aurea, Croton macrostachyus and Cynodon dactylon. Authors reviewed the vegetal substances involved in snakebite management and their action mode. In addition to screening the biologically active ingredients and pharmacological activities of these plant materials, future studies are needed to emphasize the conservation and cultivation of important medicinal plants of the country.(AU)

Antivenom therapy: efficacy of premedication for the prevention of adverse reactions

Antivenoms or antitoxins have been effectively used for more than a century. During this time, these products have always proven to be highly effective in the treatment of infections and envenomations. However, antivenoms did not exhibit good safety results in their initial applications. After many improvements, antivenoms have substantially better safety profiles but still have some side effects. Due to the occurrence of adverse reactions, the practice of using premedication with the intent to decrease side effects has become accepted or mandatory in many countries. The drugs used for premedication belong to the histamine H1 antagonist, glucocorticoid and catecholamine groups. Currently, this practice is being questioned due to low or controversial efficacies in clinical assays. In this article, we discuss the causes of adverse reactions, the mechanisms of drugs that block the undesired effects and the results obtained in clinical trials. Although these three families of drugs could have positive effects on reducing adverse reactions, only adrenaline has demonstrated positive results in clinical assays.(AU)

Delayed double reading of whole blood clotting test (WBCT) results at 20 and 30 minutes enhances diagnosis and treatment of viper evenomation

The whole blood clotting test (WBCT) is a simple test of coagulation that is often used in the assessment, diagnosis, and therapeutic monitoring of snakebite patients in sub-Saharan Africa. WBCT requires only a clean glass tube and several milliliters of venous blood and is ideal for use in poorly equipped health centers throughout the rural areas where 95% of snakebites occur. However, questions surrounding the accuracy and reliability of the test remain unanswered due to variations in testing conditions and a lack of comparative research with which to validate them. This is the first study to evaluate WBCT results at both 20-min (WBCT20) and 30-min (WBCT30) reading times in the same group of snakebite patients. Methods In order to define the best reading time, the authors compared the results of serial WBCT evaluation at both 20 and 30 min after collection in 23 patients treated for snake envenomation in Bembèrèkè, northern Benin. Results WBCT results were identical at both reading times in patients without coagulopathy or when coagulation was restored permanently following a single dose of antivenom. Out of 17 patients with coagulopathy, 14 showed discrepancies between WBCT20 and WBCT30 results in at least one pair of serial evaluations. These could be completely contradictory results (e.g. normal clot at WBCT20 and no clot at WBCT30) or a marked difference in the quality of the clot (e.g. no clotting activity at WBCT20 and an unstable partial clot at WBCT30). WBCT discrepancies were encountered most frequently in three situations: initial normalization of hemostasis following antivenom therapy, detection of a secondary resumption of coagulopathy, or final restoration of hemostasis after a secondary resumption had occurred. Conclusions This study suggests that the WBCT is robust and that a sequential reading should improve the diagnosis and monitoring of venom-induced coagulopathies. It also indicates the possibility of discrepancies in the sensitivity of WBCT20 and WBCT30 for detecting the resolution or reoccurrence of coagulopathy and identifies how these findings, if confirmed, may be used to increase the efficacy and efficiency of antivenom treatment in the field.(AU)

Associação de plasma sanguíneo ao tratamento de envenenamento botrópico em equino: relato de caso / Plasma blood associated with the treatment of bothropic poisoning in equine: case report

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo relatar um caso de envenenamento botrópico em um equino, fêmea, seis anos de idade, da raça Quarto de Milha, pesando 460kg, que foi atendido no hospital veterinário da FCAV/Unesp, Campus de Jaboticabal, SP. No exame clínico, observou-se aumento bilateral de narina, com extrema sensibilidade ao toque, presença das marcas da presa da serpente na região rostral de focinho, mucosas róseas com petéquias. No exame de sangue, pôde-se detectar alteração no tempo de coagulação sanguínea (>30 minutos). O animal permaneceu internado, sendo instituída a seguinte terapia: soro antiofídico polivalente, transfusão de plasma sanguíneo equino, fluidoterapia intensa, flunixin meglumine e sulfa associado ao trimetoprim. A associação da transfusão de plasma sanguíneo equino ao tratamento convencional foi de extrema importância para correção da coagulopatia causada pelo acidente ofídico. A égua apresentou melhora clínica e resolução do quadro de envenenamento após cinco dias da internação.(AU)

This study aims to report a case of blood plasma association with the treatment of bothrops poisoning in an equine, female, six years of age, Quarter Horses, weighing 460 kg, which was served in the veterinary hospital of the FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal/SP. Clinical examination showed bilateral increase in nostrils, with great sensitivity to touch, presence of snake prey marks the rostral region of the snout, mucous rosy and with petechiae. Blood samples showed changes in blood clotting time (> 30 minutes). The animal remained in hospitalization with the following treatment: polyvalent antivenom, blood plasma transfusion, intensive fluid therapy, flunexim meglumine and sulfa associated with trimethoprim. The association of transfusion equine blood plasma to conventional treatment was extremely important for correction of coagulopathy caused by snakebite. The mare showed clinical improvement and resolution of poisoning symptoms after five days of hospitalization.(AU)

La medicina complementaria en el tratamiento de las enfermedades tropicales desatendidas: accidentes ofídicos / Complementary Medicine in treatment of neglected tropical diseases: Ophidian accidents

De acuerdo a la Organización Mundial de la Salud más de 1 billón de personas distribuidas en 149 países son afectadas por enfermedades tropicales desatendidas, ocasionando cuantiosos daños económicos, sociales y psicológicos a las personas afectadas, así como un elevado gasto estatal. El envenenamiento por mordedura de serpiente es una de las más desatendidas: se estima que anualmente de los casi 5 millones de mordeduras de serpiente que ocurren a nivel mundial, la mitad genera envenenamientos que ocasionarían entre 94-125 mil muertes, 400 mil amputaciones y otras secuelas severas. Por ello se realizó una búsqueda en Pubmed para identificar publicaciones en los que se hayan usado terapias complementarias o tradicionales o alguno de sus componentes. De los 142 artículos, 18 artículos fueron seleccionados por tratarse de estudios in-vivo para identificar el efecto antiofídico de los compuestos. Los estudios seleccionados se enfocaron en evaluar el efecto antihemorrágico (13/18), anti-edematoso (11/18), anti-necrotizante (5/18) y de reducción de letalidad (4/18). Se estudió el efecto de los compuestos en veneno de Bothrops atrox (6/18), Bothrops jararaca (5/18), Bothrops asper (3/18), Bothrops jararacussu (2/18), Bothrops erythromelas (2/18), Bothrops paulensis (1/18), Crotalus adamanteus (1/18), Crotalus durissus terrificus (1/18), y Lachesis muta (1/18). De las 24 plantas evaluadas, se encontró mayor cantidad de publicaciones sobre el efecto terapéutico de Bellucia dichotoma, Connarus favosus, Plathymenia reticulata, Jatropha gossypiifolia y Renealmia alpinia.

FabAV antivenin use after copperhead snakebite: clinically indicated or knee-jerk reaction?

Abstract Background Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab (Ovine) (FabAV) antivenin is commonly recommended after pit viper snakebites. Because copperhead envenomations are usually self-limited, some physicians are reluctant to use this costly treatment routinely, while others follow a more liberal approach. We hypothesized that, in practice, only patients with evidence of significant (moderate or severe) copperhead envenomation [those with snakebite severity score (SSS) > 3] receive FabAV and examined a large cohort to determine the relationship between clinical findings and FabAV administration. Methods All data from patients evaluated for copperhead snakebite at a rural tertiary referral center from 5/2002 to 10/2013 were compiled. Demographics, transfer status, antivenin use, and clinical findings were collected; SSS was calculated. The relationships among FabAV use, clinical findings, and SSS were analyzed using t-test, chi-square, and Pearson’s coefficient (p < 0.05 was significant). Results During the study period, 318 patients were treated for copperhead snakebite; 44 (13.8 %) received antivenin. Median dose was four vials (range: 1–10; IQR: 4,6). There were no deaths. Most patients receiving FabAV (63.6 %) were admitted. With regard to demographics and symptoms, only the degree of swelling (moderate vs. none/mild; p < 0.01) and bite location (hand/arm vs. leg: p < 0.0001) were associated with FabAV use. A SSS > 3, indicating moderate or severe envenomation, was only very weakly correlated with antivenin use (r = 0.217;p < 0.0001). The majority of patients with SSS > 3 (65.8 %) did not receive antivenin while most patients who did receive antivenin (70.5 %) had SSS ≤ 3 (indicating mild envenomation). Conclusions Considerable variation occurs in antivenin administration after copperhead snakebite. Use of FabAV appears poorly correlated with patients’ symptoms. This practice may expose patients to the risks of antivenin and increasing costs of medical care without improving outcomes. Guidelines used for treating other pit viper strikes, such as rattlesnake or cottonmouth snakebite may be too liberal for copperhead envenomations. Our data suggests that most patients with mild or moderate envenomation appear to do well independent of FabAV use. We suggest, for patients with copperhead snakebite, that consideration be given to withholding FabAV for those without clinical evidence of severe envenomation until prospective randomized data are available.

A snakebite caused by a bushmaster (Lachesis muta): report of a confirmed case in State of Pernambuco, Brazil

ABSTRACTWe report a case of envenomation caused by a bushmaster ( Lachesis muta) in a male child in State of Pernambuco, Brazil. The victim showed discrete local manifestations, but presented altered blood coagulation 2 hours after the bite. Ten ampoules of bothropic-lachetic antivenom therapy were administered, and 48 hours later, the patient showed discrete edema, pain, and ecchymosis around the bite and normal blood coagulation. The patient was discharged 5 days after the envenomation. The prompt administration of specific treatment was important for the favorable outcomes observed.

Envenoming by coral snakes (Micrurus) in Argentina, during the period between 1979-2003 / Envenenamento por cobras corais na Argentina durante o período 1979-2003

Envenomation by coral snakes (Micrurus sp.) is one of the most dangerous injuries in America and it is considered as a serious medical emergency, however bites by these snakes appear to be rare. We analyzed epidemiological data, clinical signs and antivenom use in Argentina during the period between 1979-2003. During this period of study 46 non-fatal Micrurus bites were reported. The majority of cases were men from 31 to 40 years old. Bites occurred primarily in spring and summer. Most cases were reported from the northeast and northwest provinces of the country. The bites were mostly located on hands or feet and occurred mostly during agricultural activities and so mainly involved farmers. Only four cases occurred as a result of handling snakes. The median time it took for antivenom to be administrated was 60 minutes after the bite, and the median number of vials applied was 2. Local pain was mentioned and edema was reported in 41% of patients. All patients recovered without sequelae. This study showed a low incidence of Micrurus bites and low severity of envenomation. However, although no deaths have been reported during the last 30 years, given the toxicity of the venom of Micrurus snakes, the risk of severe envenomation should be considered.

O envenenamento por corais (Micrurus sp.) é um dos mais perigosos na América e considerado uma emergência médica grave ainda que acidentes por estas serpentes pareçam raros. Analisamos dados epidemiológicos e clínicos e o uso de soro antiofídico, durante o período de 1979-2003. As comunicações indicam 46 acidentes por Micrurus, aproximadamente dois casos anuais, sem registro. A maioria dos casos ocorreu em homens de idade entre 31 e 40 anos, principalmente no período de primavera e verão e provenientes do noroeste e nordeste do país. Os acidentes na sua maioria ocorreram em mãos e pés, durante atividades agrícolas envolvendo trabalhadores rurais. Apenas quatro acidentes foram relacionados a manejo dos animais. Em todos os casos analisados houve descrição de dor local e em 41% dos pacientes houve edema. Por paciente foram administradas, em média, duas ampolas. O tempo médio de aplicação do soro foi de 60 minutos. Em todos os casos a recuperação foi favorável sem presença de sequelas. Neste estudo foi possível observar uma baixa incidência de acidentes e baixa severidade nos envenenamentos. Apesar de que não aconteceram mortes nos últimos 30 anos, dado a toxicidade do veneno das cobras corais, o risco de envenenamento severo deveria ser considerado.

Venenos de serpiente: de la investigación al tratamiento / Snake venoms: from research to treatment

El presente trabajo ofrece una breve visión de cómo se ha enfrentado el problema del ofidismo en Costa Rica, y en especial, de cómo la investigación científica y tecnológica ha contribuido a tal fin. Se resumen los orígenes de la lucha antiofídica en el país y de la creación del Instituto Clodomiro Picado en la Universidad de Costa Rica, en 1970. Se describen las primeras etapas de su labor y la evolución de distintas líneas de investigación sobre serpientes, venenos y antivenenos, que por espacio de cuatro décadas han contribuido a que en el país y en la región centroamericana, existan recursos terapéuticos adecuados y suficientes para enfrentar el ofidismo.

Pulsed ultrasound therapy accelerates the recovery of skeletal muscle damage induced by Bothrops jararacussu venom

We studied the effect of pulsed ultrasound therapy (UST) and antibothropic polyvalent antivenom (PAV) on the regeneration of mouse extensor digitorum longus muscle following damage by Bothrops jararacussu venom. Animals (Swiss male and female mice weighing 25.0 ± 5.0 g; 5 animals per group) received a perimuscular injection of venom (1 mg/kg) and treatment with UST was started 1 h later (1 min/day, 3 MHz, 0.3 W/cm², pulsed mode). Three and 28 days after injection, muscles were dissected and processed for light microscopy. The venom caused complete degeneration of muscle fibers. UST alone and combined with PAV (1.0 mL/kg) partially protected these fibers, whereas muscles receiving no treatment showed disorganized fascicules and fibers with reduced diameter. Treatment with UST and PAV decreased the effects of the venom on creatine kinase content and motor activity (approximately 75 and 48%, respectively). Sonication of the venom solution immediately before application decreased the in vivo and ex vivo myotoxic activities (approximately 60 and 50%, respectively). The present data show that UST counteracts some effects of B. jararacussu venom, causing structural and functional improvement of the regenerated muscle after venom injury.

Envenomation by Micrurus coral snakes in the Brazilian Amazon region: report of two cases / Envenenamento por coral do gênero Micrurus na Amazônia brasileira: relato de dois casos

Two cases of proven coral snake bites were reported in Belém, Pará State, Brazil. The first case was a severe one caused by Micrurus surinamensis. The patient required mechanical ventilation due to acute respiratory failure. The second case showed just mild signs of envenomation caused by Micrurus filiformis. Both patients received specific Micrurus antivenom and were discharged without further complications. Coral snake bites are scarcely reported in the Amazon region and there is a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations, varying from extremely mild to those which may rapidly lead to death if the patient is not treated as soon as possible.

Dois acidentes por coral verdadeira são descritos em Belém, Pará. O primeiro caso foi decorrente de envenenamento por Micrurus surinamensis, no qual a vítima necessitou ventilação mecânica por insuficiência respiratória. O segundo, causado por Micrurus filiformis, apresentou apenas manifestações leves. Ambos os pacientes receberam soro antielapídico específico e evoluíram sem complicações. Acidentes por coral verdadeira na região Amazônica são raramente descritos e podem cursar com um largo espectro de alterações, que variam desde quadros de envenenamento muito leves até manifestações com risco de óbito.

Poisoning due to Philodryas olfersii (Lichtenstein, 1823) attended at Restauração Hospital in Recife, State of Pernambuco, Brazil: case report / Envenenamento por Philodryas olfersii (Lichtenstein, 1823) atendido no Hospital da Restauração do Recife, Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil: relato de caso

Few papers have been published on snake bites caused by Philodryas olfersii. We report here the first case identified at the Centro de Assistência Toxicológica do Hospital da Restauração, Recife, State of Pernambuco. This case was described based on medical protocols, interviewing the patient and identifying the animal that caused the bite. The patient presented pain, heat, erythema, edema and ecchymosis, without other laboratory abnormalities or coagulation disorders. The treatment consisted of administration of eight ampoules of antibothropic serum, and post-administration allergenic reactions were observed. The importance of bites by opistoglyph snakes needs to be reconsidered in research and at specialized treatment centers.

Existem poucas publicações de acidentes ofídicos causados pela espécie Philodryas olfersii. Relatamos aqui o primeiro caso identificado no Centro de Assistência Toxicológica do Hospital da Restauração, Recife, Estado de Pernambuco. A descrição do caso foi realizada com base nos protocolos médicos, entrevista com o paciente e identificação do animal causador do acidente. O paciente apresentou dor, calor, eritema, edema e equimose, sem outras alterações laboratoriais ou distúrbios da coagulação. O tratamento executado mediante a administração de oito ampolas de soro antibotrópico apresentou reações alergênicas pós-administração. A relevância dos acidentes por serpentes opistóglifas deve ser reconsiderada na pesquisa e nos centros de tratamento especializados.

Perfil epidemiológico dos acidentes ofídicos no município de Juiz de Fora-MG no período de 2002-2007 / Epidemiologic profile of snakebite in Juiz de Fora - MG

Os acidentes causados por serpentes peçonhentas representam problema de Saúde Pública, especialmente em países tropicais. Este estudo retrospectivo-descritivo estabeleceu o perfil dos acidentes causados por serpentes, ocorridos no período de janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2007, no município de Juiz de Fora/MG, notificados pela vigilância Epidemiológica local. Os dados foram analisados como auxílio do software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences(SPSS) versão 14.0. Para o georreferenciamento dos dados,foi utilizada uma base cartográfica no formato shapeflie(shp) da zona urbana de Juiz de Fora inserida no softwareArcGIS 9.2. Foram notificados 294 acidentes, dos quaisa maioria na zona rural (64,3%), no período de outubro a março de cada ano (71,0%). Os indivíduos acometido seram principalmente do sexo masculino (76,8%), na faixa etária entre 16 e 60 anos (57,8%) . O gênero Bothrops foi o responsável por 68,0% dos casos, sendo os membros inferiores os mais atingidos (64,3%). Quanto ao tratamento, a soroterapia foi aplicada na maioria dos casos (71,3%) e de maneira satisfatória. Juiz de Fora apresentou um número elevado de acidentes neste período, apesar de se tratar de um município com predominância de população urbana.

Accidents caused by poisonous snakes are still a publichealth problem, especially in tropical countries. This retrospective descriptive study established the profile ofaccidents caused by snakes occurring from January 2002 to December 2007, in Juiz de Fora / MG, reported by local epidemiologic surveillance. Data were analyzed using version14.0 of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences(SPSS) software. A shapeflie (shp) cartographic base of theurban area of Juiz de Fora was inserted into the softwareArcGIS 9.2 software for georeferencing of the data. 294accidents were reported, the majority in rural areas (64.3%)in the period from October to March of each year (71.0%).The affected individuals were primarily male (76.8%) andaged between 16 and 60 years (57.8%). The genus Bothropswas responsible for 68.0% of cases and the lower limbswere the most affected site (64.3%). Antivenom was satisfactorily applied in most cases (71.3%). Juiz de Fora hada high number of accidents in this period, although it is acity with a predominantly urban population.

Snake bite envenomation: experience at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh

We surveyed the records of 21 of the 28 snakebite victims seen at King Fahad National Guard Hospital in Riyadh over the 20-year period 1986-2005. The most common symptoms were local pain and swelling and the most common signs oedema and tenderness. Neurotoxicity was not noted in any case. Coagulopathy was recorded for 14/21 patients [66.7%] and 5/19 [26.4%] had leukocytosis. All patients were given tetanus toxoid [100%] and 20 [95.2%] received antivenom. Blood products were administered in 2 cases and prophylactic antibiotics in 10 [47.6%]. No allergic reaction to antivenom was reported