Factores de riesgo maternos asociados con la muerte fetal tardía en el contexto santaclareño / Maternal risk factors associated with late fetal death in the Santa Clara context

Introducción: La muerte fetal es uno de los accidentes obstétricos más difíciles de enfrentar, tanto para la paciente y su familia como para el personal de salud que atiende a la gestante. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo maternos asociados con la muerte fetal tardía en el contexto santaclareño. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo en el municipio Santa Clara, provincia Villa Clara, en el período comprendido de enero de 2015 a diciembre de 2019. La población estuvo conformada por 71 gestantes con fetos muertos en una etapa tardía y sus productos; en el análisis y procesamiento de los datos, se usó el software SPSS versión 20 para Windows. Resultados: Existió predominio de gestantes multíparas (56,3 %), en edad reproductiva óptima (69 %) y con uno a tres factores de riesgo (71,8 %). Conclusiones: Los factores maternos asociados con mayor frecuencia a la muerte fetal tardía pueden agruparse en: los vinculados a las enfermedades crónicas, en primer lugar la hipertensión arterial y en segundo el hipotiroidismo, y los relacionados con las afecciones del tracto genital, entre las que prevalece la vaginitis.

Introduction: fetal death is one of the most difficult obstetric accidents to face, both for patients and their families as well as for the health personnel who take care of the pregnant women. Objective: to identify the maternal risk factors associated with late fetal death in the Santa Clara context. Methods: a descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study was carried out in Santa Clara municipality, Villa Clara province, from January 2015 to December 2019. The population consisted of 71 pregnant women with late fetal demise and their products; the SPSS software version 20.0 for Windows was used in the data processing and analysis. Results: multiparous pregnant women predominated (56.3%), in optimal reproductive age (69%) and from one to three risk factors (71.8%). Conclusions: the most frequently maternal factors associated with late fetal death can be grouped into those that were linked to chronic diseases, firstly arterial hypertension and secondly hypothyroidism, and those related to disorders of the genital tract, among which vaginitis prevails.

Experiências de luto parental após um natimorto: uma síntese temática no contexto da América Latina / Parental grieving experiences after stillbirth: a thematic synthesis in the context of Latin America

OBJETIVO: Sintetizar estudos qualitativos sobre as experiências de luto após um natimorto em pais que vivem na América Latina. MÉTODO: Revisão sistemática qualitativa realizada em quatro bases de dados eletrônica e que utilizou o Guideline Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the Synthesis of Qualitative Research (ENTREQ). A qualidade metodológica dos estudos incluídos foi avaliada usando o Critical Appraisal Skills Programme e uma síntese temática foi realizada. RESULTADOS: Um total de 110 estudos foram encontrados e quatro estudos eleitos com base nos critérios de elegibilidade. Quatro temas apresentam a experiência de luto parental: impacto, sofrimento e transformação após a morte fetal; preocupação com o corpo do bebê falecido; insatisfação com a qualidade da assistência em saúde; e família e religião como principais fontes de apoio. CONCLUSÃO: A natimortalidade na América Latina precisa ser explorada em pesquisas futuras e ainda é marcada pela desassistência no processo de luto.

OBJECTIVE: To synthesize qualitative studies on Latin American parents' grieving experiences after a stillbirth. METHOD: A systematic qualitative review was conducted in four electronic databases using the Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the Synthesis of Qualitative Research (ENTREQ) guideline. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme, and a thematic synthesis was performed. RESULTS: One hundred ten studies were found, and four were chosen based on the eligibility criteria. Four themes were identified concerning the experience of parental grieving: impact, suffering, and transformation after fetal death; preoccupation with the deceased baby's body; dissatisfaction with the quality of health care; and family and religion as the primary sources of support. CONCLUSION: Stillbirth in Latin America must be explored in future research, and a lack of assistance still marks the grieving process.

Association between low ambient temperature during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Extreme temperature events, including extreme cold, are becoming more frequent worldwide, which might be harmful to pregnant women and cause adverse birth outcomes. We aimed to investigate the association between exposure to low ambient temperature in pregnant women and adverse birth outcomes, such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and stillbirth, and to summarize the evidence herein.@*METHODS@#Relevant studies were searched in PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase electronic databases until November 2021. Studies involving low ambient temperature, preterm birth, birth weight, and stillbirth were included. The guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses were followed to conduct this study risk of bias and methods for data synthesis.@*RESULTS@#A total of 34 studies were included. First, pregnant women exposed to low ambient temperature had an increased risk of preterm birth (risk ratio [RR] 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.13). Subgroup analyses revealed that exposure during late pregnancy was more likely to induce preterm birth. In addition, only pregnant women exposed to <1st percentile of the mean temperature suffered increased risk of preterm birth. Moreover, pregnant women living in medium or hot areas were more prone to have preterm births than those in cold areas when exposed to low ambient temperatures. Asians and Blacks were more susceptible to low ambient temperatures than Caucasians. Second, pregnant women exposed to low ambient temperature had an increased risk of low birth weight (RR 1.07; 95% CI 1.03-1.12). Third, pregnant women had an increased risk of stillbirth while exposed to low ambient temperature during the entire pregnancy (RR 4.63; 95% CI 3.99-5.38).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Exposure to low ambient temperature during pregnancy increases the risk of adverse birth outcomes. Pregnant women should avoid exposure to extremely low ambient temperature (<1st percentile of the mean temperature), especially in their late pregnancy. This study could provide clues for preventing adverse outcomes from meteorological factors.@*REGISTRATION@#No. CRD42021259776 at PROSPERO ( https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ ).

Clinical analysis of 86 cases of acute fatty liver of pregnancy / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics and maternal and fetal prognosis of pregnant women with acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP). Methods: The clinical data of 86 AFLP pregnant women admitted to the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University from September 2017 to August 2022 were collected, and their general data, clinical characteristics, laboratory tests and maternal and fetal outcomes were retrospectively analyzed. Results: (1) General information: the age of the 86 pregnant women with AFLP was (30.8±5.4) years, and the body mass index was (21.0±2.5) kg/m2. There were 50 primiparas (58.1%, 50/86) and 36 multiparas (41.9%, 36/86). There were 64 singleton pregnancies (74.4%, 64/86) and 22 twin pregnancies (25.6%, 22/86). (2) Clinical characteristics: the main complaints of AFLP pregnant women were gastrointestinal symptoms, including epigastric pain (68.6%, 59/86), nausea (47.7%, 41/86), anorexia (46.5%, 40/86), vomiting (39.5%, 34/86). The main non-gastrointestinal symptoms were jaundice of skin and/or scleral (54.7%, 47/86), edema (38.4%, 33/86), fatigue (19.8%, 17/86), bleeding tendency (16.3%, 14/86), polydipsia or polyuria (14.0%, 12/86), skin itching (8.1%, 7/86), and 17.4% (15/86) AFLP pregnant women had no obvious symptoms. (3) Laboratory tests: the incidence of liver and kidney dysfunction and abnormal coagulation function in AFLP pregnant women was high, and the levels of blood ammonia, lactate dehydrogenase and lactic acid were increased, and the levels of hemoglobin, platelet and albumin decreased. However, only 24 cases (27.9%, 24/86) of AFLP pregnant women showed fatty liver by imageology examination. (4) Pregnancy outcomes: ① AFLP pregnant women had a high incidence of pregnancy complications, mainly including renal insufficiency (95.3%, 82/86), preterm birth (46.5%, 40/86), hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (30.2%, 26/86), gestational diabetes mellitus (36.0%, 31/86), fetal distress (24.4%, 21/86), pulmonary infection (23.3%, 20/86), disseminated intravascular coagulation (16.3%, 14/86), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (16.3%, 14/86), hepatic encephalopathy (9.3%, 8/86), and intrauterine fetal death (2.3%, 2/86). ② Treatment and outcome of AFLP pregnant women: the intensive care unit transfer rate of AFLP pregnant women was 66.3% (57/86). 82 cases were improved and discharged after treatment, 2 cases were transferred to other hospitals for follow-up treatment, and 2 cases (2.3%, 2/86) died. ③ Neonatal outcomes: except for 2 cases of intrauterine death, a total of 106 neonates were delivered, including 39 cases (36.8%, 39/106) of neonatal asphyxia, 63 cases (59.4%, 63/106) of neonatal intensive care unit admission, and 3 cases (2.8%, 3/106) of neonatal death. Conclusions: AFLP is a severe obstetric complication, which is harmful to mother and fetus. In the process of clinical diagnosis and treatment, attention should be paid to the clinical manifestations and laboratory tests of pregnant women, early diagnosis and active treatment, so as to improve maternal and fetal outcomes.

Perinatal risk factors for the occurrence of singleton apparently stillborn infants / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To identify the perinatal risk factors for the occurrence of singleton apparently stillborn infants.@*METHODS@#This was a case-control study. A total of 154 singleton neonates with gestational age ≥28 weeks and Apgar score of 0-1 who were subsequently successfully resuscitated in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University from January 2006 to December 2015 were enrolled as the case group (apparently stillborn group). A total of 616 singleton infants born from January 2006 to December 2015 (1-minute Apgar score >1) were randomly selected in a 1:4 ratio as the control group. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the perinatal risk factors for the occurrence of apparently stillborn infants.@*RESULTS@#The gestational age and birth weight in the apparently stillborn group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The incidences of fetal hydrops, cord prolapse, grade III meconium-stained amniotic fluid, placental abruption, breech presentation, severe pre-eclampsia, maternal general anesthesia at delivery, abnormal antenatal fetal heart monitoring and decreased fetal movement were significantly higher in the apparently stillborn group than those in the control group (P<0.05). The multivariate logistic analysis showed that the mother had general anesthesia at delivery (OR=34.520), decreased antenatal fetal movement (OR=28.168),placental abruption (OR=15.641), grade III meconium-stained amniotic fluid (OR=6.365), abnormal antenatal fetal heart monitoring (OR=5.739), and breech presentation (OR=2.614) were risk factors for the occurrence of apparently stillborn infants (P<0.05), while higher gestational age was a protective factor (OR=0.686, P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Attention needs to be paid to mothers with abnormal prenatal fetal heart monitoring, decreased fetal movement, preterm labor, placental abruption, breech presentation, grade III meconium-stained amniotic fluid, and general anesthesia. Preparations for resuscitation should be done to rescue apparently stillborn infants.

Percepção sobre o cuidado à perda gestacional: estudo qualitativo com casais brasileiros / Perceptions on pregnancy loss care: a qualitative study with brazilian couples / Percepción sobre la atención a la pérdida del embarazo: estudio cualitativo con parejas brasileñas

Este artigo analisou a percepção e os sentimentos de casais sobre o atendimento recebido nos serviços de saúde acessados em função de perda gestacional (óbito fetal ante e intraparto). O convite para a pesquisa foi divulgado em mídias sociais (Instagram e Facebook). Dos 66 casais que contataram a equipe, 12 participaram do estudo, cuja coleta de dados ocorreu em 2018. Os casais responderam conjuntamente a uma ficha de dados sociodemográficos e uma entrevista semiestruturada, realizada presencialmente (n=4) ou por videochamada (n=8). Os dados foram gravados em áudio e posteriormente transcritos. A Análise Temática indutiva das entrevistas identificou cinco temas: sentimento de impotência, iatrogenia vivida nos serviços, falta de cuidado em saúde mental, não reconhecimento da perda como evento com consequências emocionais negativas, e características do bom atendimento. Os achados demonstraram situações de violência, comunicação deficitária, desvalorização das perdas precoces, falta de suporte para contato com o bebê falecido e rotinas pouco humanizadas, especialmente durante a internação após a perda. Para aprimorar a assistência às famílias enlutadas, sugere-se qualificação profissional, ampliação da visibilidade do tema entre diferentes atores e reorganização dos serviços, considerando uma diretriz clínica para atenção ao luto perinatal, com destaque para o fortalecimento da inserção de equipes de saúde mental no contexto hospitalar.(AU)

This study analyzed couples' perceptions and feelings about pregnancy loss care (ante and intrapartum fetal death). A research invitation was published on social media (Instagram and Facebook) and data collection took place in 2018. Of the 66 couples who contacted the research team, 12 participated in the study by filling a sociodemographic questionnaire and answering a semi-structured interview in person (n=04) or by video call (n=08). All interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and examined by Inductive Thematic Analysis, which identified five themes: feelings of impotence, iatrogenic experiences in health services, lack of mental health care, not recognizing pregnancy loss as an emotionally overwhelming event, and aspects of good healthcare. Analysis showed experiences of violence, poor communication, devaluation of early losses, lack of support for contact with the deceased baby, and dehumanizing routines, especially during hospitalization after loss. Professional qualification, extended pregnancy loss visibility among different stakeholders, and reorganization of health services are needed to improve the care offered to grieving families, considering a clinical guideline for perinatal grief care with emphasis on strengthening the insertion of mental health teams in the hospital context.(AU)

Este estudio analizó las percepciones y sentimientos de parejas sobre la atención recibida en los servicios de salud a los que accedieron debido a la pérdida del embarazo (muerte fetal ante e intraparto). La invitación al estudio se publicó en las redes sociales (Instagram y Facebook). De las 66 parejas que se contactaron con el equipo, 12 participaron en el estudio, cuya recolección de datos se realizó en 2018. Las parejas respondieron un formulario de datos sociodemográficos y realizaron una entrevista semiestructurada presencialmente (n=4) o por videollamada (n=08). Los datos se grabaron en audio para su posterior transcripción. El análisis temático inductivo identificó cinco temas: Sentimiento de impotencia, experiencias iatrogénicas en los servicios, falta de atención a la salud mental, falta de reconocimiento de la pérdida como un evento con consecuencias emocionales negativas y características de buena atención. Los hallazgos evidenciaron situaciones de violencia, comunicación deficiente, desvalorización de las pérdidas tempranas, falta de apoyo para el contacto con el bebé fallecido y rutinas poco humanizadas, especialmente durante la hospitalización tras la pérdida. Para mejorar la atención a las familias en duelo, se sugiere capacitación profesional, ampliación de la visibilidad del tema entre los diferentes actores y reorganización de los servicios, teniendo en cuenta una guía clínica para la atención del duelo perinatal, enfocada en fortalecer la inserción de los equipos de salud mental en el contexto hospitalario.(AU)

Clinical analysis of 31 cases of fetal umbilical artery thrombosis / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective: To analyze the ultrasonic manifestations, clinical features, high risk factors and key points of pregnancy management in prenatal diagnosis of umbilical artery thrombosis (UAT). Methods: The data of 31 pregnant women of UAT diagnosed by prenatal ultrasonography and confirmed after birth from July 2017 to July 2022 at the Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine were retrospectively analyzed, including the maternal characteristics, pregnancy outcomes and fetal complications. In addition, the baseline data and pregnancy outcomes were compared in 21 patients who continued pregnancy after diagnosis of UAT. Of the 21 UAT cases that continued pregnancy, 10 cases were treated with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH; LMWH treatment group), while the other 11 patients had expectant treatment(expectant treatment group). Results: The age of the 31 pregnant women was (30.2±4.7) years, of which 5 cases (16%,5/31) were advanced age pregnant women. The gestational age at diagnosis was (32.9±4.0) weeks, and the gestational age at termination of pregnancy was (35.6±2.9) weeks. In 31 fetuses with UAT, 15 cases (48%) had fetal distress, 11 cases (35%) had fetal growth restriction, and 3 cases (10%) had intrauterine stillbirth. There were 28 cases of live births, including 26 cases by cesarean section and 2 cases by vaginal delivery. There were also 3 stillbirths, all delivered vaginally. Four neonates had mild asphyxia and two newborns had severe asphyxia. Among the 31 cases, 10 cases were terminated immediately after diagnosis, the gestational age at diagnosis was (35.9±2.9) weeks. Another 21 pregnancies continued, and their gestational age at diagnosis was (31.4±3.7) weeks. The median prolonged gestational age in LMWH treatment group was 7.9 weeks (4.6-9.4 weeks), and all were live births. The median prolonged gestational age in the expectant treatment group was 0.6 weeks (0.0-1.0 weeks), and 2 cases were stillbirths. There was a statistically significant difference in prolonged gestational age (P=0.002). Conclusions: Ultrasound is the preferred method for prenatal detection of UAT. Clinicians need to be vigilant for UAT when a newly identified single umbilical artery is detected by ultrasound in the second or third trimesters. The decision to continue or terminate the pregnancy depends on the gestational age and the condition of fetus. Attention should be paid to fetal movements as the pregnancy continues. The treatment of LMWH as soon as possible after diagnosis of UAT may improve the pregnancy outcome.

Experiencias del personal de enfermería ante la muerte perinatal / Experiences of the Nursing Personnel in the Face of Perinatal Death

Introducción: Los profesionales de la salud se encuentran preparados principalmente para recibir vida, por lo cual, brindar cuidados a las mujeres con pérdidas durante la gestación o al inicio de la vida se torna una tarea difícil, cargada de sentimientos y emociones. La muerte perinatal es una situación compleja que tiene un fuerte impacto en las mujeres-madres y en sus familias. Objetivo: Analizar la literatura existente referente a estudios sobre las experiencias del personal de enfermería ante una muerte perinatal. Métodos: Revisión sistemática de la literatura, se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed, EBSCO, CINAHL, Scopus, SciELO y Dianet de febrero a abril del 2020. Los términos de búsqueda utilizados fueron "mortinato", "muerte perinatal", "enfermería" y "experiencias". Se incluyeron artículos en idioma inglés y español, publicados de 2005 a 2020. Como estrategia de búsqueda se utilizó el diagrama de flujo Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), como resultado inicial se obtuvieron 476 artículos, de los cuales, 14 fueron seleccionados por cumplir los criterios de selección. Conclusiones: Las experiencias de los profesionales de enfermería que documentan los estudios recopilados y analizados enfatizan la necesidad de mejorar la formación profesional para acompañar el duelo, así como las estrategias de comunicación y acompañamiento. Las investigaciones reportan experiencias contradictorias, que van desde considerar las pérdidas perinatales como situaciones difíciles de tratar, hasta percepciones positivas que describen como un privilegio u honor el acompañamiento en esos momentos difíciles para las mujeres-madres y sus seres queridos(AU)

Introduction: Health professionals are primarily trained to receive life; therefore, providing care for women with offspring or newborn loss becomes a difficult task, fraught with feelings and emotions. Perinatal death is a complex situation with a strong impact on women-mothers and their families. Objective: To analyze the existing literature regarding studies on the experiences of the nursing personnel in the face of perinatal death. Methods: To carry out the systematic review of the literature, a search was made in the PubMed, EBSCO, CINAHL, Scopus, SciELO and Dianet databases, from February to April 2020. The search terms used were mortinato [stillbirth], muerte perinatal [perinatal death], enfermería [nursing] and experiencias [experiences]. Articles in English and Spanish, published from 2005 to 2020, were included. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flowchart was used as search strategy. As an initial result, 476 articles were obtained, fourteen of which were selected because they met the selection criteria. Conclusions: The experiences of nursing professionals documented in the collected and analyzed studies emphasize the necessity to improve professional training to accompany bereavement, as well as communication and accompaniment strategies. The analyzed researches report contradictory experiences, ranging from considering perinatal losses as difficult situations to deal with, to positive perceptions that describe, as a privilege or honor, accompaniment in these difficult moments for women-mothers and their loved ones(AU)

Hiperplasia estromal pseudoangiomatosa (HEP) de mama: a propósito de un caso / Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) of the breast: about a case

La hiperplasia pseudoangiomatosa estromal de la mama es una patología benigna de rara aparición en mujeres, que hoy en día sigue generando incertidumbre en cuanto a su manifestación y al tratamiento definitivo. Nuestro objetivo será detallar el manejo y los resultados obtenidos luego de tratar a una paciente con esta patología atendida en hospital público durante la pandemia, que presentó gigantomastia bilateral a expensas de crecimiento y simetrización de mama contralateral afectada por HEP durante su estado gravídico.

Pseudoangimatous stromal hyperplasia of the breast, is a pathology of rare appearance, in women, which today continues to generate uncertainty regarding its manifestation and definitive treatment. Our objective will be to detail the management and results obtained after treating a patient with this pathology in a public hospital during a pandemic. who presented bilateral gigantomastia at the expense of growth and symmetrization of the contralateral breast affected by HEP during her pregnancy.

Equivalência da escala de luto perinatal para escala de luto parental após a perda de um filho / Equivalencia de la escala de duelo perinatal para escala de duelo parental ante la pérdida de un hijo / Equivalence from the perinatal grief scale to the parental grief scale after the loss of a child

RESUMO Introdução: a manifestação mais comum do luto complicado é diante da morte de um filho. Neste contexto, observa-se a emergência da utilização de escalas direcionadas para pais na identificação do luto parenteral. Objetivo: realizar equivalência da Escala de Luto Perinatal para Escala de Luto Parental após a perda de um filho. Método: trata-se de um estudo metodológico, que envolve a coleta e análise dos dados através da equivalência linguística, semântica, cultural, conceitual e coloquial da escala de luto perinatal (EL Perinatal) para escala de luto parental (EL Parental) na língua portuguesa do Brasil. Resultados: para equivalência da EL Perinatal para EL Parental foi realizada a proposta de alteração da palavra "bebê" para "filho(a)" e as palavras do gênero feminino também foram possibilitadas para o gênero masculino na abordagem aos pais. O comitê de juízes especialistas participantes na adaptação transcultural e validação da EL Perinatal concordou em 100% das modificações. Conclusão: a proposta da EL Parental amplia a investigação do luto complicado para os pais que perderam seus filhos em todas as faixas etárias.

RESUMEN Introducción: la manifestación más común del duelo complicado es ante la muerte de un hijo. En este contexto, se observa la emergencia de la utilización de escalas dirigidas a padres en la identificación del luto parenteral. Objetivo: realizar equivalencia de la Escala de Luto Perinatal para Escala de Luto Parental después de la pérdida de un hijo. Método: se trata de un estudio metodológico, que involucra la recolección y el análisis de los datos a través de la equivalencia lingüística, semántica, cultural, conceptual y coloquial de la escala de luto perinatal (ELPerinatal) para escala de luto parental (ELParental) en la lengua portuguesa de Brasil. Resultados: para la equivalencia de ELPerinatal para ELParental fue realizada la propuesta de alteración de la palabra "bebé" para "hijo(a)" y las palabras del género femenino también fueron posibilitadas para el género masculino en el abordaje a los padres. El comité de jueces expertos que participaron en la adaptación transcultural y validación de ELPerinatal estuvieron el 100% de acuerdo con las modificaciones. Conclusión: la propuesta de ELParental amplía la investigación del luto complicado para los padres que perdieron a sus hijos en todas las edades.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The most common manifestation of complicated grief comes with the death of a child. In this context, there is an urgent need for using scales aimed at parents in order to identify parental grief. Objective: To establish an equivalence from the Perinatal Grief Scale to the Parental Grief Scale after the loss of a child. Method: This is a methodological study involving data collection and analysis by means of a linguistic, semantic, cultural, conceptual and colloquial equivalence from the perinatal grief scale (Perinatal GS) to the parental grief scale (Parental GS) in Brazilian Portuguese. Results: For the equivalence from the Perinatal GS to the Parental GS, one proposal, applied to Brazilian Portuguese, and bearing in mind that the latter is a language with gendered words, was to replace bebê (baby) with filho(a) (son/daughter), and both feminine and masculine words were used when referring to parents. The committee of expert judges participating in the cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Perinatal GS agreed on 100% of the changes. Conclusion: The proposal of the Parental GS expands the investigation of complicated grief for parents who have lost their children in all age groups.

A natimortalidade no município do Rio de Janeiro: um estudo dos fatores relacionados aos óbitos fetais com peso maior ou igual a 2.500g / Stillbirth in the city of Rio de Janeiro: a study of factors related to fetal deaths weighing 2, 500g or more

A natimortalidade atinge de forma indiscriminada todos os países, causando grande sofrimento às famílias, sendo uma tragédia que chega a 2,6 milhões de natimortos por ano no mundo. Trata-se, majoritariamente, de mortes evitáveis por melhorias na atenção a saúde durante a gestação e parto. Objetivo geral: Analisar a natimortalidade de fetos com peso maior ou igual a 2.500g no município do Rio de Janeiro (MRJ) de 2015 a 2019. Método: Estudo descritivo, de abordagem quantitativa utilizando as bases de dados do Sistema de Informação da Vigilância dos Óbitos Infantis e Fetais (SISINF) desenvolvido na Superintendência de Vigilância em Saúde da SMS/RJ e em uso desde 2015. Resultados: No período estudado foram identificados 873 natimortos com mães, majoritariamente, jovens (20-35 anos), com poucos anos de estudo, que viviam com companheiros, eram não brancas, moradoras das áreas mais pobres da cidade. Fizeram os pré-natais nos serviços públicos, tinham início e número de consultas adequados, foram classificadas como de risco habitual, fizeram os exames de primeiro trimestre e ignorados os de terceiro. Na história obstétrica não tinham precedentes desfavoráveis (abortos/natimortos/cesarianas) ao desenvolvimento saudável da gestação do natimorto. No recorte de 326 natimortos intra-hospitalar dos anos de 2018 e 2019, 78% foram classificados como evitáveis, tendo sido encontrado um percentual aumentado de baixa adesão aos tratamentos, poucas práticas coletivas de educação em saúde, baixo registro de participação do acompanhante no trabalho de parto e elevado percentual de não realização da ausculta dos batimentos cardíacos fetais no momento do acolhimento e classificação de risco. Nas classificações de evitabilidade da população, segundo a lista brasileira, identificou-se que 87,3% eram evitáveis, sendo 96,4% destas, como por falta de adequada atenção na gestação ou no parto. Conclusão: A natimortalidade de fetos com potencial de sobrevida, no MRJ, tem um caráter evitável por tecnologias/cuidados adequadas em saúde desde o pré-natal ao parto e controle das vulnerabilidades sociais.

Stillbirth affects all countries indiscriminately, causing great suffering to families, being a tragedy that reaches 2.6 million stillbirths per year in the world. These are mostly preventable deaths due to improvements in health care during pregnancy and childbirth. General objective: To analyze the stillbirth of fetuses weighing 2,500g or more in the city of Rio de Janeiro (MRJ) from 2015 to 2019. Method: Descriptive study with a quantitative approach using the databases of the Surveillance Information System of Infant and Fetal Deaths (SISINF) developed at the Superintendence of Health Surveillance of SMS/RJ and in use since 2015. Results: In the studied period, 873 stillbirths were identified with mothers, mostly young people (20-35 years old), with a few years of study, who lived with partners, were non-white, living in the poorest areas of the city. They had prenatal care in public services, had adequate start and number of consultations, were classified as usual risk, had the first trimester exams and the third trimester were ignored. In the obstetric history, there were no unfavorable precedents (abortions/stillbirths/cesarean sections) for the healthy development of the stillbirth pregnancy. In the cut of 326 in-hospital stillbirths from 2018 and 2019, 78% were classified as preventable, with an increased percentage of low adherence to treatments, few collective health education practices, low record of companion participation at work of delivery and high percentage of non-auscultation of fetal heartbeats at the moment of reception and risk classification. In the population avoidability classifications, according to the Brazilian list, it was identified that 87.3% were preventable, 96.4% of which were due to lack of adequate care during pregnancy or childbirth. Conclusion: The stillbirth of fetuses with potential for survival, in the MRJ, is preventable by appropriate technologies/health care from prenatal care to delivery and control of social vulnerabilities.

linical Audit of Stillbirths at a Faith-Based Secondary Health Centre in Ibadan, Nigeria: A Six-Year Review

Objective:The determine the prevalence of stillbirth and identify associated factors among parturients in a faith-based secondary health centre.Method:This was a retrospective audit of two hundred and twenty-five stillbirth deliveries at the Our Lady of Apostle Catholic Hospital at Oluyoro, OkeOffainIbadan, Nigeria,betweenstst1January2010, and 31December, 2015. Data was extractedfromhospitalrecordsforsociodemographiccharacteristics, obstetricfactors,complications, and outcomes of pregnancy. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20 and the level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results:The stillbirth rate was 27.75 per 1000 births. More than half (129; 57.4%) were macerated. The ratio of still birth rate among the booked and unbooked parturients was 1:21. The commoncausesofstillbirthswerehypertensivedisordersinpregnancy (24.9%), anaemia in pregnancy (20.4%); while the least were congenital anomalies (1.0%) and gestational diabetes mellitus (1.0%Conclusion: This study confirmed that most of the stillbirths were due to unsupervised or poorly supervised pregnancies. There is need to ensure quality antenatal care services for the early detection and management of risk factors in order to reduce the burden of stillbirths.

Assistência dos profissionais de saúde em situação de perda gestacional: revisão integrativa / Asistencia de profesionales de la salud en situación de pérdida del embarazo: revisión integrativa / Assistance provided by health professionals after a stillbirth: an integrative review

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a assistência dos profissionais de saúde em situação de perda gestacional. Método: realizou-se revisão integrativa da literatura, nas bases Lilacs via BVS, CINAHL e Medline via PubMed no mês de outubro de 2020. Incluíram-se estudos primários indexados em bases de dados, publicados nos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol, relacionados à temática de investigação e sem delimitação de recorte temporal. Resultados: a revisão abrangeu sete estudos. A análise crítica da revisão levou à organização, à síntese e à discussão dos resultados com os achados da literatura. Conclusão: quanto à assistência dos profissionais de saúde em situação de perda gestacional, observou-se falta de preparo emocional e técnico na assistência prestada às mães, familiares e pessoas próximas envolvidas na perda gestacional, o que reflete falhas na formação profissional acerca da temática. A literatura sinaliza a necessidade da abordagem sobre o tema durante o ensino acadêmico e estímulo a cursos de capacitação.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la asistencia de profesionales de la salud en situaciones de pérdida del embarazo. Método: se realizó una revisión integrativa de la literatura en las bases de datos Lilacs vía BVS, CINAHL y Medline vía PubMed en octubre de 2020. Se incluyeron estudios primarios indexados en bases de datos, publicados en inglés, portugués y español, relacionados con el tema de investigación y sin delimitación del marco temporal. Resultados: la revisión abarcó siete estudios. El análisis crítico de la revisión condujo a la organización, síntesis y discusión de los resultados con los hallazgos en la literatura. Conclusión: en cuanto a la atención de los profesionales de la salud en situaciones de pérdida del embarazo, hubo una falta de preparación emocional y técnica en la atención brindada a las madres, familiares y personas cercanas involucradas en la pérdida del embarazo, lo que refleja fallas en la formación profesional en el tema. La literatura indica la necesidad de abordar el tema durante la formación académica y fomentar los cursos de formación.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the assistance provided by health professionals after a stillbirth. Method: an integrative literature review was carried out in Lilacs databases via BVS, CINAHL, and Medline via PubMed in October 2020. Primary studies indexed in databases, published in English, Portuguese, and Spanish, linked to the research theme, and without a defined time frame were included. Results: the review covered seven studies. The critical analysis of the review led to the organization, synthesis, and discussion of the results with the findings in the literature. Conclusion: concerning the assistance of health professionals after a stillbirth, there was a lack of emotional and technical training in the care provided to mothers, family members, and close people involved in the stillbirth, which reflects failures in professional training on the subject. The literature points to the need to approach the theme throughout academic education and encourage training courses.

A perspectiva de profissionais de saúde sobre os partos de natimortos / La perspectiva de los profesionales de salud sobre partos de nacidos muertos / The perspective of healthcare professionals on birth of stillborn

Resumo Profissionais que atuam em hospitais/maternidades enfrentam muitos desafios no atendimento a mulheres que estão vivenciando óbitos fetais, isso porque o habitual nesses locais é lidar com nascimento e vida. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi compreender a perspectiva de profissionais de saúde sobre o parto e o pós-parto de mulheres com diagnóstico de óbito fetal. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa orientada pela perspectiva construcionista; foram realizadas entrevistas semidirigidas com profissionais que atuam em um hospital/maternidade do estado de São Paulo. A análise discursiva indicou que as/os profissionais de saúde se identificam com o luto das mulheres e das famílias, mas não conseguem se aproximar delas e oferecer intervenções terapêuticas para além da medicalização. Desse modo, é fundamental investir na formação profissional para lidar com a morte, nos cursos de graduação em saúde e nos de educação continuada, nas maternidades e casas de parto.

Resumen Los profesionales que trabajan en hospitales / maternidades enfrentan muchos desafíos en el cuidado de mujeres que están sufriendo muerte fetal, porque lo que se acostumbra en estos lugares es lidiar con el nacimiento y la vida. En este contexto, el objetivo de este estudio fue comprender la perspectiva de los profesionales de la salud sobre el parto y el puerperio de las mujeres diagnosticadas de muerte fetal. Es una investigación cualitativa guiada por la perspectiva construccionista, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a profesionales que laboran en un hospital / maternidad del estado de São Paulo. El análisis discursivo indicó que los profesionales de la salud se identifican con el duelo de las mujeres y las familias, pero son incapaces de acercarse a ellas y ofrecer intervenciones terapéuticas más allá de la medicalización. Por ello, es fundamental invertir en formación profesional para afrontar la muerte, en cursos de pregrado en salud y en educación continua, en maternidades y centros de nacimientos.

Abstract Professionals working in maternity hospitals face many challenges in the care of women who are experiencing fetal deaths, because the usual in these places is to deal with birth and life. In this context, the aim of this study was to understand the perspective of health professionals about the labor and postpartum of the women diagnosed with fetal death. This is a qualitative research guided by the constructionist perspective; semi-directed interviews were conducted with professionals working in a maternity hospital in the state of São Paulo. The discursive analysis indicated that health professionals understand the mourning of the women and families, but cannot approach them and offer therapeutic interventions beyond medicalization. This way, it is essential to invest in training actions to deal with death, in undergraduate health courses and in those of continuing education in maternity hospitals and birth centers.

Experiências de mulheres com doença falciforme que vivenciaram perdas gestacionais / Experiencias de mujeres con anemia falciforme que pasaron por pérdidas gestacionales / Experiences of women with sickle cell disease who experienced pregnancy losses

Resumo Objetivo Compreender as experiências das mulheres com doença falciforme diante de perdas gestacionais provocadas por aborto espontâneo e natimorto. Métodos Trata-se de estudo descritivo, exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvido com 20 mulheres diagnosticadas com doença falciforme e atendidas em um ambulatório de referência do município de Salvador-BA. A coleta dos dados foi realizada no período de julho a setembro de 2017, através de entrevista semiestruturada e a análise foi realizada utilizando-se o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Resultados Os resultados indicam 4 eixos centrais: o estado emocional das mulheres é alterado no processo do abortamento espontâneo; Após tudo preparado para o nascimento, veio a perda com o feto natimorto; O apoio do companheiro e da família, gera forças para suportar o processo de perda; A ausência de equipe qualificada e o racismo institucional intensificam os sentimentos no processo de perda. Conclusão Conclui-se que a dor vivida na experiência e a crise imediatamente instalada na vida dessas mulheres são pouco acolhidas pelo sistema de saúde e sentidas como não vistas pela sociedade. Elas sentem a necessidade de que exista mais alguém que compreenda sua dor e não apenas as que tenham passado por uma experiência igual.

Resumen Objetivo Comprender las experiencias de las mujeres con anemia falciforme ante pérdidas gestacionales provocadas por aborto espontáneo y mortinato. Métodos Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, exploratorio, con enfoque cualitativo, llevado a cabo con 20 mujeres diagnosticadas con anemia falciforme y atendidas en consultorios externos de referencia del municipio de Salvador, estado de Bahia. La recopilación de datos se realizó en el período de julio a septiembre de 2017 mediante entrevista semiestructurada, y el análisis se realizó utilizando el Discurso del Sujeto Colectivo. Resultados Los resultados indican cuatro ejes centrales: El estado emocional de las mujeres se ve alterado en el proceso del aborto espontáneo; Después de tener todo preparado para el nacimiento, ocurrió la pérdida con el feto mortinato; El apoyo del compañero y de la familia genera fuerzas para sobrellevar el proceso de la pérdida; La ausencia de un equipo calificado y el racismo institucional intensifican los sentimientos en el proceso de pérdida. Conclusión Se concluye que el dolor vivido durante la experiencia y la crisis inmediatamente instalada en la vida de estas mujeres tienen poca contención por parte del sistema de salud y parece que no son vistos por la sociedad. Ellas sienten la necesidad de que exista alguien más que comprenda su dolor, no solo las personas que pasaron por la misma experiencia.

Abstract Objective To understand the experiences of women with sickle cell disease in the face of pregnancy losses caused by spontaneous and stillborn abortion. Methods This is a descriptive, exploratory study with a qualitative approach, developed with 20 women diagnosed with sickle cell disease and treated at a reference clinic in the city of Salvador-BA. Data collection was carried out from July to September 2017, through semi-structured interviews and analysis was performed using the Discourse of the Collective Subject. Results The results indicate 4 central axes: Women's emotional status is altered in the process of spontaneous abortion; After everything was prepared for birth, loss came with a stillborn fetus; Partner and family support generates strength to support the loss process; The absence of a qualified team and institutional racism intensify feelings in the loss process. Conclusion It is concluded that the pain experienced in the experience and the crisis immediately installed in the lives of these women are little welcomed by the health system and felt as not seen by society. They feel the need for someone else who understands their pain and not just those who have had an equal experience.

Fetus in fetu: caso clínico estudiado con tomografía tridimensional / Fetus in Fetu: clinical case studied with three-dimensional tomography

Antecedentes: Fetus in fetu (FIF) es una rara anomalía congénita de gemelos monocigotos asimétricos, donde el gemelo parásito se desarrolla anormalmente dentro del cuerpo del gemelo huésped. Actualmente hay menos de 200 casos reportados a nivel mundial siendo este el segundo caso en Honduras. Caso clínico: Se reporta el caso de un paciente masculino, recién nacido a término en la sala de maternidad del Hospital San Felipe, quien a su nacimiento se observó distensión abdominal, hernia umbilical, hernia inguino-escrotal izquierda y tumoración en el hipocondrio izquierdo por lo que se decide realizar una radiografía anteroposterior toracoabdominal revelado un tumor en la región izquierda del abdomen con presencia de calcificaciones. Se refiriere al Hospital Escuela Universitario donde se le efectuó un ultrasonido abdominal total con reporte de masa heterogénea de 5 cm3 de volumen con componente cálcico en su interior, que tuvo que ser correlacionada con tomografía axial computarizada con reconstrucción 3D dando como resultado masa heterogenia con huesos axiales y apendiculares en su interior compatible con FIF. Se realizó intervención quirúrgica con resección de tumoración retroperitoneal y sus anexos sin secuelas ni complicaciones por lo cual se da alta médica. Conclusión: Aunque el FIF es una enfermedad muy rara, el tratamiento de elección será la resección de la masa y su pronóstico es favorable cuando la masa se ubica en el área retroperitoneal. Se puede observar que la tomografía tridimensional es una técnica de imagen útil para la diferenciación entre un FIF y un teratoma en el diagnóstico preoperatorio...(AU)

Malformaciones congénitas en óbitos fetales / Congenital malformations in fetal stillbirth

INTRODUCCIÓN. Las malformaciones congénitas son defectos estructurales o funcionales producidos en el desarrollo embrionario o fetal, de diversa etiología, algunas son prevenibles por lo que el diagnóstico prenatal es indispensable para determinar pronóstico y futuro obstétrico. OBJETIVO. Describir las malformaciones congénitas prevalentes en óbitos fetales y destacar la importancia de completar el diagnóstico prenatal. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo. De una población de 276 Historias Clínicas con diagnóstico de pérdidas fetales espontáneas, se tomó muestra de 41 con malformaciones congénitas del Centro Obstétrico, en el Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín, de enero 2017 a diciembre 2018. Criterios de inclusión: diagnóstico óbitos con malformaciones congénitas menores de 34 semanas de gestación identificadas por estudio ecográfico, cromosómico y de necropsia. Criterios de exclusión: óbitos con estudio de necropsia normal. Los datos se obtuvieron del sistema MIS-AS400. El análisis se realizó con el programa Microsoft Excel. RESULTADOS. Se encontró prevalencia de malformaciones congénitas en óbitos fetales del 14,85% (41; 276), el hidrops representó el 41,46% (17; 41), de estos en el 53% (9; 17) se hallaron malformaciones mayores y en el 47% (8; 17) otras malformaciones asociadas. Se encontraron 17 cariotipos, 76,47% (13; 17) fueron anormales y 23,52% (4; 17) normales. DISCUSIÓN. Las comorbilidades maternas y antecedentes familiares, fueron factores relevantes para la aparición de malformaciones congénitas cuya prevalencia aún se debe investigar en el Ecuador. CONCLUSIÓN. Se describieron malformaciones congénitas prevalentes y la importancia de realizar el control prenatal con estudios complementarios para precisar el diagnóstico y determinar el futuro obstétrico.

INTRODUCTION. Congenital malformations are structural or functional defects produced in embryonic or fetal development, of diverse etiology, some are preventable, so prenatal diagnosis is essential to determine prognosis and obstetric future. OBJECTIVE. Describe the prevalent congenital malformations in stillbirths and highlight the importance of completing the prenatal diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Observational, descriptive and retrospective study. From a population of 276 Clinical Histories with a diagnosis of spontaneous fetal losses, a sample of 41 with congenital malformations was taken from the Obstetric Center, at the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialty Hospital, from January 2017 to December 2018. Inclusion criteria: diagnosis of deaths with malformations congenital less than 34 weeks of gestation identified by ultrasound, chromosomal and necropsy study. Exclusion criteria: deaths with normal autopsy study. The data were obtained from the MIS AS400 system. The analysis was carried out with the Microsoft Excel program. RESULTS. The prevalence of congenital malformations in stillbirths was 14,85% (41; 276), hydrops represented 41,46% (17; 41), of these, 53% (9; 17) found major malformations and in 47% (8; 17) other associated malformations. 17 karyotypes were found, 76,47% (13; 17) were abnormal and 23,52% (4; 17) were normal. DISCUSSION. Maternal comorbidities and family history were relevant factors for the appearance of congenital malformations whose prevalence has yet to be investigated in Ecuador. CONCLUSION. Prevalent congenital malformations and the importance of carrying out prenatal control with complementary studies to clarify the diagnosis and determine the obstetric future were described.

Síndrome de tetraamelia: informe de un caso / Tetra-amelia syndrome: a case report

A still born male baby with tetra-amelia syndrome is reported, with craniofacial abnormalities and pulmonary agenesis. It presented complete absence of all four limbs in association with cleft lip and palate on the right side. The mother medical history revealed no remarkable details. The fetus died shortly after its birth. The embryonic correlation of the case is discussed. Proper health education, antenatal screening and genetic counseling can reduce the risk of such congenital anomalies.

Se informa el caso clínico de un mortinato del sexo masculine con el síndrome de tetraamelia, que mostró ausencia de las cuatro extremidades, unido a anomalías craneofaciales y agenesis pulmonar. Presentó ausencia total de las 4 extremidades unido a labio leporino, paladar hendido del lado derecho. Los antecedentes maternos no revelaron detalles considerable. El feto falleció poco después de su nacimiento. Se discute la correlación embriónica del caso. La educación para la salud adecuada, la pesquisa prenatal y el consejo genético pueden reducir el riesgo de estas anomalías congénitas.

"Descansar e dormir sem riscos": o Jornal do Médico (Portugal) e o desastre da talidomida, 1960-1962 / "Risk-free rest and sleep: " Jornal do Médico (Portugal) and the thalidomide disaster, 1960-1962

Resumo O artigo analisa como o periódico Jornal do Médico, editado na cidade do Porto, em Portugal, divulgou o desastre da talidomida. A pesquisa percorreu as páginas da fonte desde o início de 1960 até o final de 1962. Aqui, objetivam-se apontar e discutir duas questões interligadas: a morosidade em publicar matérias sobre os efeitos deletérios do medicamento, vendido no país sob a denominação Softenon®, e a construção discursiva da isenção da responsabilidade do médico no fenômeno da iatrogenia medicamentosa.

Abstract This article analyzes the way the Porto-based journal Jornal do Médico reported on the thalidomide disaster. The pages of the publication are researched from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1962 with the aim of identifying and discussing two interconnected questions: the delay in publishing news on the harmful effects of the drug, which was sold in the country under the brand name Softenon®, and the discursive construction of a lack of accountability on the part of physicians for the phenomenon of medication iatrogenesis.

Chromosomal microarray analysis for the causes of miscarriage or stillbirth / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To assess the value of chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) for the analysis of 824 samples from miscarriage or stillbirth.@*METHODS@#Copy number variations (CNVs) in the abortic chorionic villi or stillbirth tissues were detected by CMA.@*RESULTS@#All specimens were successfully analyzed, among which 381 (46.2%) were diagnosed with chromosomal abnormalities, which included 312 (81.9%) numerical abnormalities, 66 (17.3%) structural abnormalities and 3 (0.8%) uniparental disomies. Among numerical chromosomal abnormalities, aneuploidies was most common (92.0%), with trisomy 16 and 45,X accounting for 41 (13.1%) and 63 (20.2%) of the cases, respectively. Among the 66 structural chromosomal aberrations, there were 26 (39.4%) CNVs duplications, 20 (30.3%) CNVs deletions, and 20 (30.3%) CNVs duplication and deletions. 33 CNVs were predicted as have a high chance to lead to a disease.@*CONCLUSION@#CMA is a reliable, robust, and high-resolution method for the analysis of miscarriage or stillbirth samples. Numerical aberrations, in particular chromosomal aneuploides, are the main cause for spontaneous abortions and stillbirths.