Aplicación de PCR a partir de cultivo en la identificación de subespecies del complejo Mycobacterium Tuberculosis / The use of culture-based PCR for the identification of subspecies of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex

Los métodos diagnósticos clásicos de tuberculosis (TB) se basan en la utilización de baciloscopía y cultivo. La identificación del agente etiológico desde la positivización del cultivo requiere entre 10 y 15 días, mientras que el empleo de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) disminuye el tiempo a 24 h, lo que permite no solo identificar las subespecies del complejo Mycobacterium tuberculosis (CMTB) sino también diferenciarlas de otras especies ambientales clínicamente importantes (MOTT) facilitando el diagnóstico y tratamiento. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la utilidad de la PCR en la identificación temprana de las micobacterias pertenecientes al CMTB, a partir de cultivos positivos, de pacientes con sospecha de TB, atendidos en un hospital pediátrico de alta complejidad, durante un período de cuatro años. A cada muestra, se le realizó baciloscopía y cultivo en medio líquido. A los cultivos positivos, una inmunocromatografía lateral (TBIDR) y luego PCR. El 4,6% del total de muestras (510/11.162) pertenecientes a 198 pacientes presentó cultivos positivos. Cuatrocientos veintiseis (84%) correspondieron a muestras respiratorias. El rendimiento de la baciloscopía directa fue del 41% (194/470). Cuatrocientos treinta y ocho (86%) resultaron M. tuberculosis, 21 (4%) Mycobacterium bovis, 7 (1%), M. bovis-BCG y 44 (9%) MOTT. La utilización de medios de cultivos líquidos junto con el empleo de PCR favorecen una rápida orientación microbiológica y constituye una estrategia útil para optimizar el manejo clínico de estas infecciones, desde el punto de vista terapéutico y epidemiológico, especialmente en pediatría (AU)

Classical diagnostic methods for tuberculosis (TB) are based on the use of smear microscopy and culture. The identification of the etiological agent from positive culture requires 10 to 15 days, while the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reduces the time to 24 h, which allows not only to identify the subspecies of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) but also to differentiate them from clinically important environmental mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT), facilitating diagnosis and treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of PCR in the early identification of mycobacteria belonging to the MTC, from positive cultures of patients with suspected TB seen in a pediatric tertiary hospital over a 4-year period. For each sample, smear microscopy and culture in liquid medium was performed. Positive cultures were subjected to lateral immunochromatography (TBIDR) and then PCR. Of the total number of samples (510/11,162) belonging to 198 patients, 4.6% showed positive cultures; 426 (84%) were respiratory samples. The direct smear microscopy yield was 41% (194/470). Overall, 438 (86%) were found to be M. tuberculosis, 21 (4%) Mycobacterium bovis, 7 (1%), M. bovis-BCG, and 44 (9%) MOTT. The use of liquid culture media together with the use of PCR favors a rapid microbiological orientation and is a useful strategy to optimize the clinical management of these infections, from a therapeutic and epidemiological point of view, especially in children (AU)

Characterization of clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from indigenous peoples of Colombia / Caracterización de aislamientos clínicos de Mycobacterium tuberculosis de pueblos indígenas de Colombia

ABSTRACT Introduction: Tuberculosis continues to be a public health priority. Indigenous peoples are vulnerable groups with cultural determinants that increase the risk of the disease. Objective: To determine molecular epidemiology and phenotypical features and of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from indigenous people in Colombia during the period from 2009 to 2014. Materials and methods: We conducted an analytical observational study; we analyzed 234 isolates to determine their patterns of sensitivity to antituberculosis drugs and their molecular structures by spoligotyping. Results: The isolates came from 41 indigenous groups, predominantly the Wayúu (13.10%) and Emberá Chamí (11.35%). We found 102 spoligotypes distributed among seven genetic families (37.2% LAM, 15.8% Haarlem, 8.1% T, 3.4% U, 2.6% S, 2.1% X, and 0.9%, Beijing). The association analysis showed that the non-clustered isolates were related to prior treatment, relapse, orphan spoligotypes, and the Beijing family. The H family presented an association with the Arhuaco and Camëntŝá indigenous groups, the U family was associated with the Wounaan group, and the T family was associated with the Motilón Barí group. Conclusions: This is the first national study on M. tuberculosis characterization in indigenous groups. The study evidenced that diagnosis in indigenous people is late. We described 53% of orphan patterns that could be typical of the Colombian indigenous population. The high percentage of grouping by spoligotyping (62%) could indicate cases of active transmission, a situation that should be corroborated using a second genotyping marker. A new Beijing spoligotype (Beijing-like SIT 406) was identified in Colombia.

RESUMEN Introducción. La tuberculosis es prioridad de salud pública. Los pueblos indígenas son vulnerables debido a los factores culturales determinantes que aumentan el riesgo de tuberculosis. Objetivo. Determinar la epidemiologia molecular y las características fenotípicas de los aislamientos de Mycobacterium tuberculosis de pueblos indígenas de Colombia entre 2009 y 2014. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio observacional analítico; se analizaron 234 aislamientos para determinar la sensibilidad a los fármacos antituberculosos y la estructura molecular usando spoligotyping. La información epidemiológica se recolectó utilizando el formato único de vigilancia de micobacterias. Resultados. Los aislamientos provenían de 41 grupos indígenas, principalmente los wayúu (13,10 %) y emberá chamí (11,35 %). Se encontraron 102 genotipos distribuidos en siete familias genéticas (37,2 %, LAM; 15,8 %, Haarlem; 8,1 %, T; 3,4 %, U; 2,6 %, S; 2,1 %, X, y 0,9%, Beijing). El análisis de asociación mostró que los aislamientos no agrupados se asociaron con el tratamiento previo, las recaídas, los genotipos huérfanos y la familia Beijing. La familia H presentó una asociación con los grupos indígenas arhuaco y camëntŝá, la familia U se asoció con el grupo wounaan y la familia T con el grupo motilón barí. Conclusiones. Este es el primer estudio nacional de caracterización de M. tuberculosis en grupos indígenas. Se evidenció que el diagnóstico en indígenas es tardío, y que 53 % de los patrones huérfanos podrían ser típicos de la población indígena colombiana. El alto porcentaje de agrupamiento por spoligotyping (62%) podría indicar casos de transmisión activa, una situación que debe ser corroborada usando un segundo marcador de genotipificación. Se identificó un nuevo genotipo (Beijing-like SIT 406) en Colombia.

Comparison of GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay and LED-FM microscopy for the diagnosis of extra pulmonary tuberculosis in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

ABSTRACT GeneXpert is one of the recent technological instruments used to diagnose tuberculosis in a short span of time. In this study, the performance of GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) was compared with light-emitting diode Fluorescent Microscopy (LED-FM) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A total of 737 EPTB samples were collected from tuberculosis (TB) suspected patients. Out of these samples, male to female ratio was 53% (n = 390) to 47% (n = 347) respectively. The sensitivity and specificity was 73% and 100% for GeneXpert, while 40% and 100% for LED-FM microscopy. This shows that the sensitivity of GeneXpert is 40-50%, higher than LED-FM microscopy. GeneXpert also detected low number of bacilli as compared to LED-FM microscopy.

Comparative study of RFLP-IS6110 and MIRU-VNTR from Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Abstract DNA genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been widely applied in the understanding of disease transmission in many countries. The purpose of this study was to genotype the strains of M. tuberculosis isolated in patients with new tuberculosis (TB) cases in Minas Gerais, as well as to compare the similarity, discriminatory power, and agreement of the clusters between the IS6110 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorfism (RFLP) and 12 loci Variable Number Tandem Repeat - Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units (MIRU-VNTR) techniques. It was observed that 32% (66/204) of the isolated strains in the RFLP-IS6110 and 50.9% (104/204) of the isolated strains in the MIRU-VNTR presented a similarity of equal to or above 85%. The RFLP-IS6110 and MIRU-VNTR proved to contain a high discriminatory power. The similarity index resulting from the RFLP showed no recent transmission. Good agreement was observed between the techniques when clusters were detected; however, the best epidemiological relationship was found when using the RFLP-IS6110.

A systematic review of East African-Indian family of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Brazil

ABSTRACT Introduction: The Mycobacterium tuberculosis East African-Indian (EAI) spoligotyping family (belonging to lineage 1, Indo-Oceanic, defined by the region of deletion RD239) is distributed worldwide, but is more prevalent in Southeast Asia, India, and East Africa. Studies in Latin America have rarely identified EAI. In this study, we describe the occurrence of the EAI family in Brazil. Methods: EAI was identified in a systematic literature review of genetic diversity studies pertaining to M. tuberculosis in Brazil, as well as in a survey conducted in Salvador, Bahia, located in the northeastern region of this country. Results: The EAI6-BGD1 spoligotyping family and the EAI5 Spoligotype International Type (SIT) 1983 clade were the most frequently reported, with wide distribution of this particular clade described in Brazil. The distribution of other EAI spoligotyping patterns with broader worldwide distribution was restricted to the southeastern region of the country. Conclusions: EAI may be endemic at a low frequency in Brazil, with some clades indicating increased fitness with respect to this population.

In vitro antimicrobial efficacy of a fixed-dose combination of RHZE against M. tuberculosis

ABSTRACT The use of drugs in fixed-dose combination (FDC) is now recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. FDC uses different drugs against tuberculosis (TB) in a single tablet for phase-intensive therapeutic intervention. This therapy aims to optimize treatment, to prevent inappropriate use of drugs, and to prevent the emergence of new resistant strains. This study aims to evaluate the susceptibility of clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis against rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. The antimicrobials were tested separately and in associations according to FDC. This was used for broth microdilution method, which was compared to the proportions method previously considered as the gold standard. In antimicrobials testing alone, several strains were resistant to one, two, or three drugs. However, when applied to association of drugs in FDC, there was no antimicrobial resistance. The results strengthen the FDC's concept, which aims to unite the four anti-TB drugs to combat bacterial resistance.

Resistencia primaria a fármacos anti-tuberculosos en Chile 2011-2012 / Primary resistance to anti tuberculosis drugs in Chile 2011-2012

This publication presents the results of the Chilean initial study of resistance to first line anti-tuberculous drugs. The study was carried out between 2011 and 2012 by the National Reference Laboratory of the Institute of Public Health, as part of the Drug Surveillance Resistance in tuberculosis (TB) promoted by the World Health Organization. Methodology: Cross-sectional study performed using cluster sampling, representative of the entire country as recommended by the World Health Organization. Susceptibility testing to isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide was performed through the proportion method or Wayne's enzymatic method, as appropriate. Results: 594 susceptibility tests were performed, showing an overall level of TB drug resistance of 8.6% and a prevalence of multidrug resistance of 1.3%. Indeed, the study showed a decrease in streptomycin resistance and an increase of isoniazid resistance in both mono-resistance and accumulated resistance compared to previous studies. No cases of mono-resistance to rifampicin were detected. Conclusion: An increased resistance to anti-TB drugs in Chile is observed, which despite being still low, is no less worrisome. Since 2014 the monitoring of drug resistance to TB is universally performed to avoid sub - diagnosis and treat each case according to the susceptibility profile.

Esta publicación presenta los resultados del estudio de resistencia inicial a fármacos anti-tuberculosos de primera línea realizado entre los años 2011 y 2012 en Chile por el Laboratorio de Referencia Nacional del Instituto de Salud Pública, estudio que forma parte de la vigilancia de la fármaco-resistencia en tuberculosis (TBC) promovida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Metodología: Estudio transversal realizado mediante un muestreo por conglomerado, representativo de todo el país según recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se realizó prueba de susceptibilidad a isoniacida, rifampicina, estreptomicina, etambutol y pirazinamida a través del método de las proporciones o método enzimático de Wayne según corresponda. Resultados: Se realizó test de susceptibilidad a 594 casos de TBC, observándose una resistencia inicial global de 8,6% y una prevalencia de multi-resistencia de 1,3%. Además destaca la caída en la resistencia a estreptomicina y el aumento de la resistencia a isoniacida, tanto en mono-resistencia como en resistencia acumulada para ambos fármacos comparada con los estudios anteriores. No se observaron casos de mono-resistencia a rifampicina. Conclusión. Se observa un aumento de la resistencia a fármacos anti-tuberculosos en Chile la que, a pesar de ser aún baja, no deja de ser preocupante. Desde el año 2014 la vigilancia de fármaco-resistencia para TBC se hace en forma universal, de modo de evitar el sub-diagnóstico y realizar un tratamiento de acuerdo al perfil de susceptibilidad de cada caso.

Avaliação da atividade antimicobacteriana da lignana diidrocubebina extraída da Piper cubeba e de seus derivados semissintéticos / Evaluation of antimycobacterial activity of dihydrocubebin lignan extracted from Piper cubeba and its semisynthetic derivatives

RESUMO: A atividade antimicobacteriana de diidrocubebina (1), uma lignana dibenzilbutanodioica obtida a partir de extrato etanólico de sementes da Piper cubeba, e seus derivados foram avaliados in vitro contra três diferentes cepas de Mycobacterium utilizando o método de microdiluição. Dentre as lignanas avaliadas 3 e 4 foram as mais ativas, exibindo valores de CIM de 62,5 µg/mL contra M. avium e M. tuberculosis, respectivamente. Os derivados 2-6 obtidos por síntese parcial possuem diferentes substituintes nos carbonos 9 e 9 ', que alteram polaridade, solubilidade e limitam as rotações livres entre C8-C8' em relação de material (1) de partida. As diferenças estruturais entre estes compostos podem fornecer informações importantes sobre a relação estrutura-atividade antimicobacteriana do esqueleto dibenzilbutanodioico, obtido a partir de fonte natural, como um possível alvo para o desenvolvimento de drogas mais potentes contra a tuberculose

ABSTRACT: Evaluation of antimycobacterial activity of dihydrocubebin lignan extracted from Piper cubeba and its semisynthetic derivatives. The antimycobacterial activity of the dihydrocubebin (1), a dibenzylbutanedioiclignan obtained from ethanolic extract of Piper cubeba seeds, and its derivatives were examined in vitro against three different strains of Mycobacterium using amicrodilution method. Among the lignans evaluated, the 3 and 4 samples were the most active ones, displaying MIC values of 62.5 µg/mL against M. avium and M. tuberculosis, respectively. The derivatives 2-6, obtained for partial synthesis, had different substituents in the carbons 9 and 9', fact thatalters the polarity, solubility and restricts the free rotations between the bonds C8-C8' in relation to the starting material (1). The structural differences among these compounds provide important information about the antimycobacterial structure-activity relationship of the dibenzylbutanodioic skeleton, obtained from natural source, such as a possible target for the development of more powerful drugs against tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis population structure and molecular epidemiological analysis in Sucre municipality, Miranda state, Venezuela / Estructura poblacional y análisis epidemiológico molecular de Mycobacterium tuberculosis en el municipio Sucre, estado Miranda, Venezuela

Sucre municipality is a large, densely populated marginal area in the eastern part of Caracas, Venezuela that consistently has more cases of tuberculosis than other municipalities in the country. To identify the neighborhoods in the municipality with the highest prevalence of tuberculosis, and determine whether the Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain distribution in this municipality is different from that previously found in the western part of Caracas and the rest of Venezuela, we collected data on all tuberculosis cases in the municipality diagnosed in 2005-6. We performed two separate molecular epidemiological studies, spoligotyping 44 strains in a first study, and spoligotyping 131 strains, followed by MIRU-VNTR 15 on 21 clustered isolates in the second. With spoligotyping, the most common patterns were Shared International Type SIT17 (21%); SIT42 (15%); SIT93 (11%); SIT20 (7%); SIT53 (6%), a distribution similar to other parts of Venezuela, except that SIT42 and SIT20 were more common. MIRU-VNTR 15 showed that six of seven SIT17 strains examined belonged to a large cluster previously found circulating in Venezuela, but all of the SIT42 strains were related to a cluster centered in the neighborhoods of Unión and Maca, with a MIRU-VNTR pattern not previously seen in Venezuela. It appears that a large percentage of the tuberculosis in the Sucre municipality is caused by the active transmission of two strain families centered within distinct neighborhoods, one reflecting communication with the rest of the country, and the other suggesting the insular, isolated nature of some sectors.

El municipio Sucre es un área densamente poblada del este de Caracas, Venezuela, con más casos de tuberculosis que otros municipios del país. Para establecer las áreas en el municipio Sucre con la mas alta prevalencia de tuberculosis y determinar sí la distribución de cepas de Mycobacterium tuberculosis es diferente de las encontradas previamente en el Oeste de Caracas y el resto de Venezuela, se recolectaron los datos de todos los casos diagnosticados de tuberculosis en el municipio en el 2005-6. Además, se aplicaron dos estudios de epidemiología molecular, el primero con 44 aislados en 2006 y el segundo con 131 aislados del 2006 al 2011, todos caracterizados por spoligotyping. Fue aplicada la técnica MIRU VNTR15 sobre 21 aislados agrupados. Con spoligotyping, los patrones encontrados fueron SIT17 (21%); SIT42 (15%); SIT93 (11%); SIT20 (7%); SIT53 (6%), presentando una distribución similar en otras partes de Venezuela, con la diferencia de que el SIT42 y el SIT20 fueron comunes en el municipio. MIRU VNTR15 mostró que seis de las siete cepas SIT17 pertenecían a un gran grupo encontrado previamente en Venezuela, mientras las cepas SIT42, estaban relacionados a un grupo concentrado en los Barrios Unión y Maca, con un patrón MIRU VNTR no visto previamente en Venezuela. Los resultados indicarían que un gran porcentaje de tuberculosis en el municipio Sucre es causada por transmisión activa de dos familias, una reflejando comunicación con el resto del país, y otra sugiriendo que es un aislado propio de algunos Barrios del municipio.

Multiplex-PCR for differentiation of Mycobacterium bovis from Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex

We evaluated a multiplex-PCR to differentiate Mycobacterium bovis from M. tuberculosis Complex (MTC) by one step amplification based on simultaneous detection of pncA 169C > G change in M. bovis and the IS6110 present in MTC species. Our findings showed the proposed multiplex-PCR is a very useful tool for complementation in differentiating M. bovis from other cultured MTC species.

Correlations between major risk factors and closely related Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates grouped by three current enotyping procedures: a population-based study in northeast Mexico

The characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) patients related to a chain of recent TB transmissions were investigated. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates (120) were genotyped using the restriction fragment length polymorphism-IS6110 (R), spacer oligotyping (S) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats (M) methods. The MTB isolates were clustered and the clusters were grouped according to the similarities of their genotypes. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients between the groups of MTB isolates with similar genotypes and those patient characteristics indicating a risk for a pulmonary TB (PTB) chain transmission were ana- lysed. The isolates showing similar genotypes were distributed as follows: SMR (5%), SM (12.5%), SR (1.67%), MR (0%), S (46.67%), M (5%) and R (0%). The remaining 35 cases were orphans. SMR exhibited a significant correlation (p < 0.05) with visits to clinics, municipalities and comorbidities (primarily diabetes mellitus). S correlated with drug consumption and M with comorbidities. SMR is needed to identify a social network in metropolitan areas for PTB transmission and S and M are able to detect risk factors as secondary components of a transmission chain of TB.

Mycobacteria mobility shift assay: a method for the rapid identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria

The identification of mycobacteria is essential because tuberculosis (TB) and mycobacteriosis are clinically indistinguishable and require different therapeutic regimens. The traditional phenotypic method is time consuming and may last up to 60 days. Indeed, rapid, affordable, specific and easy-to-perform identification methods are needed. We have previously described a polymerase chain reaction-based method called a mycobacteria mobility shift assay (MMSA) that was designed for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) species identification. The aim of this study was to assess the MMSA for the identification of MTC and NTM clinical isolates and to compare its performance with that of the PRA-hsp65 method. A total of 204 clinical isolates (102 NTM and 102 MTC) were identified by the MMSA and PRA-hsp65. For isolates for which these methods gave discordant results, definitive species identification was obtained by sequencing fragments of the 16S rRNA and hsp65 genes. Both methods correctly identified all MTC isolates. Among the NTM isolates, the MMSA alone assigned 94 (92.2%) to a complex or species, whereas the PRA-hsp65 method assigned 100% to a species. A 91.5% agreement was observed for the 94 NTM isolates identified by both methods. The MMSA provided correct identification for 96.8% of the NTM isolates compared with 94.7% for PRA-hsp65. The MMSA is a suitable auxiliary method for routine use for the rapid identification of mycobacteria.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis belonging to family LAM and sublineage RD Rio: common strains in Southern Brazil for over 10 years

A sublineage of Mycobacterium tuberculosis called RD Rio was described in 2007. Although only recently described, this strain may have been present previously in the population, and its identification in clinical isolates will elucidate bacterial transmission dynamics and host-pathogen interactions. This study evaluated the clonal diversity of the RD Rio sublineage in clinical isolates from Rio Grande-RS obtained between 1998 and 2001. Among the 45 samples analyzed by the MIRU-VNTR method, there were six clusters with two samples each and 33 orphan strains with unique pattern. The strains were distributed across several different lineages including LAM (34.04%), X (14.89%), Haarlem (12.77%), UgandaI (10.64%), S (4.26%), NEW-1 (2.13%) and Cameroon (2.13%); 14.89% of the strains matched to multiple lineages. RD Rio strains were present in 28.9% of the samples and 81.25% of the identified strains belonged to the LAM family. The high clonal diversity observed in this study is a constant feature in this region. The RD Rio sublineage has been in Rio Grande-RS since 1998. The continued monitoring of RD Rio in clinical isolates will enhance the understanding of its epidemiological significance.

Characterisation of pks15/1 in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Mexico

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectocontagious respiratory disease caused by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. A 7 base pair (bp) deletion in the locus polyketide synthase (pks)15/1 is described as polymorphic among members of the M. tuberculosis complex, enabling the identification of Euro-American, Indo-Oceanic and Asian lineages. The aim of this study was to characterise this locus in TB isolates from Mexico. One hundred twenty clinical isolates were recovered from the states of Veracruz and Estado de Mexico. We determined the nucleotide sequence of a ± 400 bp fragment of the locus pks15/1, while genotypic characterisation was performed by spoligotyping. One hundred and fifty isolates contained the 7 bp deletion, while five had the wild type locus. Lineages X (22%), LAM (18%) and T (17%) were the most frequent; only three (2%) of the isolates were identified as Beijing and two (1%) EAI-Manila. The wild type pks15/1 locus was observed in all Asian lineage isolates tested. Our results confirm the utility of locus pks15/1 as a molecular marker for identifying Asian lineages of the M. tuberculosis complex. This marker could be of great value in the epidemiological surveillance of TB, especially in countries like Mexico, where the prevalence of such lineages is unknown.

Identification of mycobacteria isolated at University Hospital of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Identificação de micobactérias isoladas no Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

This study evaluated the prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) in relation to the total number of cases of mycobacterial infections detected in patients admitted at the University Hospital of Santa Maria from 2008 to 2010. From the positive samples for the genus Mycobacterium, 67% belonged to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and 33% of them were classified as NTM. This investigation aims to contribute to the epidemiology of mycobacterioses, inasmuch as patients infected by NTM require distinctive treatment and monitoring in comparison with those infected by MTBC.

Foi avaliada a prevalência de micobactérias não tuberculosas (MNT) em relação ao total de casos de micobacterioses identificadas em pacientes do Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria, entre os anos de 2008 e 2010. Entre as amostras positivas para o gênero Mycobacterium, 67% eram do complexo Mycobacterium tuberculosis (CMTB) e 33% foram classificadas como MNT. Este estudo procura contribuir com a epidemiologia das micobacterioses, uma vez que os pacientes infectados por MNT necessitam de tratamento e acompanhamento diferenciado dos infectados pelo CMTB.

A Simple and Efficient Multiplex PCR Assay for the Identification of Mycobacterium Genus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex to the Species Level

PURPOSE: The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex comprises M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and M. africanum, and causes tuberculosis in humans and animals. Identification of Mycobacterium spp. and M. tuberculosis complex to the species level is important for practical use in microbiological laboratories, in addition to optimal treatment and public health. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A novel multiplex PCR assay targeting a conserved rpoB sequence in Mycobacteria spp., as well as regions of difference (RD) 1 and RD8, was developed and evaluated using 37 reference strains and 178 clinical isolates. RESULTS: All mycobacterial strains produced a 518-bp product (rpoB), while other bacteria produced no product. Virulent M. tuberculosis complex strains, M. tuberculosis, M. bovis and M. africanum, produced a 254-bp product (RD1), while M. bovis BCG, M. microti and nontuberculous mycobacteria produced no RD1 region product. Additionally, M. tuberculosis and M. africanum produced a 150-bp product (RD8), while M. bovis and M. bovis BCG produced a 360-bp product (deleted form of RD8). M. microti and nontuberculous mycobacteria produced no RD8 region product. This assay identified all Mycobacterium spp. and all M. tuberculosis complex strains to the species level. CONCLUSION: The multiplex PCR assay of the present study could be implemented as a routine test in microbiology laboratories, and may contribute to more effective treatment and surveillance of tuberculosis stemming from the M. tuberculosis complex.

Incidence of tuberculous and non-tuberculous mycobacteria, differentiated by multiplex PCR, in clinical specimens of a large general hospital

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and non-tuberculous mycobacterial isolates in the routine setting of a large general hospital using an "in-house" multiplex polymerase chain reaction method and to establish a paradigm for the definitive identification of mycobacteria isolated using semi-automated equipment. METHODS: Established tests, including polymerase chain reaction restriction enzyme analysis, PNB, and NAP inhibition tests as the gold standard, showed 100% agreement with an IS6110/hsp65 multiplex polymerase chain reaction when used to identify stock strains (n = 117). RESULTS: In a subsequent study, 8,790 clinical specimens producing 476 isolates were evaluated with multiplex PCR and also showed 100% agreement in identification using PRA-polymerase chain reaction as the gold standard. The application of this technique to routine analysis was demonstrated in this study. A method was established with the initial application of multiplex PCR for all positive liquid cultures and the subsequent identification of non-tuberculous mycobacteria by polymerase chain reaction restriction enzyme analysis. In total, 77% of isolates belonged to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, and 23% were non-tuberculous mycobacteria. CONCLUSIONS: Several non-tuberculous mycobacterial species were identified, primarily M. avium, but other potentially pathogenic species were also frequently observed, including M. fortuitum, M. abscessus, and M. kansasii. The expeditious communication of these data to the clinical staff was fundamental for the diagnosis of clinical cases. Even in settings where tuberculosis is of major importance, the incidence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria infection is substantial.

A pilot study to determine genetic polymorphism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Central India.

This study was carried out to identify predominant spoligotypes responsible for transmission and prevalence of tuberculosis in central India since there is no data available about the genetic biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from patients with tuberculosis in this region. 35 strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were subjected to spoligotyping according to the standard protocol. A total of 25 strains out of the 35 (71.42%) could be grouped in to 6 clusters. The largest cluster comprised 8 isolates. Unique (Non-clustered) spoligotypes were seen in 10 isolates, Nine strains did not match the data base (Spol DB-4 data base). The results indicate that there may be a number of orphan strains unique to this geographical area. Further studies on a larger sample size derived from this area would help us delineate the epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in this area.

Identificação de Mycobacterium bovis em cepas micobacterianas isoladas espécimes clínicos humanos em um complexo hospitalar na cidade do Rio de Janeiro / Identification of Mycobacterium bovis among mycobacterial isolates from human clinical specimens at a university hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Entre 2005 e 2006, 8.121 espécimes clínicos enviados ao Laboratório de Micobactérias do Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho/Instituto de Doenças do Tórax, no Rio de Janeiro, RJ, foram inoculados em meio Löwenstein-Jensen contendo glicerol e piruvato. Desses espécimes, 79 isolados de micobactérias tiveram crescimento somente em meio com piruvato, sendo selecionados para a identificação presuntiva de Mycobacterium bovis. Esses isolados foram submetidos à identificação por testes bioquímicos, amplificação por PCR com primers específicos (Rv0577 e Rv1510) e teste de suscetibilidade à pirazinamida. Todas as cepas apresentaram padrões fenotípicos e genotípicos de M. tuberculosis, não sendo detectado M. bovis.

In 2005 and 2006, 8,121 clinical specimens submitted to the Mycobacteriology Laboratory of the Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital/Thoracic Diseases Institute, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were inoculated on Löwenstein-Jensen medium containing glycerol and pyruvate. There were 79 mycobacteria isolates that presented growth only on pyruvate-containing medium, and those isolates were selected for the presumptive identification of Mycobacterium bovis. The selected isolates were screened with biochemical tests, PCR amplification (with the specific primers Rv0577 and Rv1510), and pyrazinamide susceptibility tests. All of the strains isolated showed specific phenotypical and genotypical patterns characteristic of M. tuberculosis, and no M. bovis strains were detected.