Receitas padronizadas da alimentação escolar indígena de Mato Grosso do Sul / Recettes normalisées de l'alimentation scolaire indigène du Mato Grosso do Sul

Diante das dificuldades em padronizar fichas técnicas de preparações culinárias por parte dos profissionais atuantes na alimentação escolar, o CECANE/UFMS se propôs em realizar a elaboração de um receituário padrão. Tal documento tem o objetivo de auxiliar no planejamento, organização e execução do preparo das refeições nas escolas, de modo que este receituário se constitua como um instrumento de auxílio para melhor execução do PNAE nas escolas indígenas. Acompanhando o cenário nacional, a população indígena de Mato Grosso do Sul vem sofrendo com a insegurança alimentar e nutricional devido à carência de ingestão de proteínas, vitaminas e minerais, ocasionada pela redução do consumo de alimentos in natura e pelo aumento da oferta e acesso a alimentos industrializados com alto teor de açúcares, gorduras e aditivos alimentares. Essa situação é causada pela mudança dos hábitos alimentares ocasionada pela influência da população não-indígena, pela diminuição das terras indígenas, mudanças climáticas e escassez de alimentos (CHAMORRO; COMBÈS, 2015). Nesse contexto, o suporte governamental manifesto por meio da implantação de programas sociais e políticas públicas de alimentação e nutrição são ferramentas de extrema importância para combate à fome, garantia do direito à alimentação adequada e saudável, assim como a manutenção das tradições indígenas (CHAMORRO; COMBÈS, 2015). Dentre as ferramentas governamentais existentes para promover a Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) no âmbito escolar, o PNAE desponta como um programa federal bem consolidado que viabiliza recursos financeiros para a alimentação dos estudantes e para ações de Educação Alimentar e Nutricional (EAN) nas comunidades (BRASIL, 2020). Os ditos materiais desenvolvidos pelo CECANE/UFMS visam tratar de temas tais quais o acesso aos alimentos de forma igualitária, bem como apoiar o desenvolvimento sustentável por meio do incentivo à compra de diferentes gêneros alimentícios produzidos pela agricultura familiar e pelos empreendedores familiares rurais, principalmente aqueles das comunidades tradicionais indígenas e quilombolas. Como disposto na legislação em relação aos cardápios escolares, seu planejamento e execução devem ser feitos pelo Responsável Técnico (RT) do PNAE, priorizandose a utilização de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados, respeitando as necessidades nutricionais das respectivas faixas etárias, os hábitos alimentares locais, e atendendo às especificidades culturais das comunidades tradicionais, além de defender a sustentabilidade, sazonalidade e diversidade agrícola da região (BRASIL, 2020).

Correlations of circulating peptide YY and ghrelin with body weight, rate of weight gain, and time required to achieve the recommended daily intake in preterm infants

The objective was to elucidate the relationships between serum concentrations of the gut hormone peptide YY (PYY) and ghrelin and growth development in infants for potential application to the clinical observation index. Serum concentrations of PYY and ghrelin were measured using radioimmunoassay from samples collected at the clinic. For each patient, gestational age, birth weight, time required to return to birth weight, rate of weight gain, time required to achieve recommended daily intake (RDI) standards, time required for full-gastric feeding, duration of hospitalization, and time of administration of total parenteral nutrition were recorded. Serum PYY and ghrelin concentrations were significantly higher in the preterm group (N = 20) than in the full-term group (N = 20; P < 0.01). Within the preterm infant group, the serum concentrations of PYY and ghrelin on postnatal day (PND) 7 (ghrelin = 1485.38 ± 409.24; PYY = 812.37 ± 153.77 ng/L) were significantly higher than on PND 1 (ghrelin = 956.85 ± 223.09; PYY = 545.27 ± 204.51 ng/L) or PND 3 (ghrelin = 1108.44 ± 351.36; PYY = 628.96 ± 235.63 ng/L; P < 0.01). Both serum PYY and ghrelin concentrations were negatively correlated with body weight, and the degree of correlation varied with age. Serum ghrelin concentration correlated negatively with birth weight and positively with the time required to achieve RDI (P < 0.05). In conclusion, serum PYY and ghrelin concentrations reflect a negative energy balance, predict postnatal growth, and enable compensation. Further studies are required to elucidate the precise concentration and roles of PYY and ghrelin in newborns and to determine the usefulness of measuring these hormones in clinical practice.

Factores dietéticos y su relación con el apetito en niños menores de dos años con desnutrición leve

La desnutrición está condicionada por una serie de factores, entre ellos los dietéticos que comprenden apetito, conductas y hábitos alimentarios, lo que planteó el siguiente objetivo: describir los factores dietéticos y su relación con el apetito en niños menores de dos años con desnutrición leve. El estudio fue correlacional, la muestra quedo constituida por todos los niños menores de dos años (n=168) con diagnóstico de desnutrición leve primaria que asistieron a la consulta del Centro de Atención Nutricional Infantil Antímano, CANIA, durante el período 2000-2008. Los resultados señalaron: consumo de energía y macronutrientes inferior al requerimiento individual, consumo de hierro <85% del requerimiento según Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) en más del 50% de la niños; la frecuencia de consumo semanal para vegetales (57%) y misceláneos (66%) fue inadecuada; más del 60% tuvo un consumo inadecuado de fórmulas lácteas y leche completa, 9% recibió lactancia materna exclusiva durante los 6 primeros meses de vida; 64% no tuvo lugar fijo para alimentarse; en la interacción del niño con el cuidador durante las comidas más de la mitad de los niños se mostraron rebeldes y los cuidadores permisivos. La adecuación de proteínas, frecuencia de consumo de vegetales y leche completa, tipo de preparación, identificación de rechazos y preferencias, lugar y duración de las comidas, interacción del niño y del cuidador durante la alimentación tuvieron asociación significativa con el apetito; si se considera este ultimo como una guía y se actúa para modificar los hábitos y conductas inadecuadas se generaría un impacto sobre el apetito del niño que pudiera mejorar su ingesta de alimentos y prevenir la desnutrición.

Dietary factors and their relation to appetite in children under two years with mild malnutrition. Malnutrition is conditioned by a series of factors, among them the dietary factors, which include appetite, eating behaviors and habits. In order to assess these factors, the following objective was pursued: describe the dietary factors and their relation to appetite in children under two years of age with mild malnutrition. A correlational study was conducted. The sample consisted of all children under two years of age (n=168) diagnosed with primary (mild) malnutrition, who attended consultation at the Centro de Atención Nutricional Infantil Antímano, CANIA, during the period 2000 - 2008. The results showed: intake of energy and macronutrients was lower than the individual requirement; iron intake <85% of the requirement, in accordance with the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) in over 50% of the sample; weekly consumption of vegetables (57%) and miscellaneous (66%) was inadequate; inadequate intake of formula and whole milk in more than 60%; 9% were exclusively breastfed during the first six months; 64% lacked a regular eating place; in child-caregiver interaction during mealtimes, more than half of the children showed rebellious behavior and caregivers were permissive. Protein adequacy, vegetable and whole milk consumption frequency, preparation type, identification of refusals and preferences, place and duration of meals, and child-caregiver interaction at mealtimes were significantly associated with appetite; if we consider this last one as a guide and we try to modify inadequate eating behaviors and habits, we will generate an impact over the child appetite that could improve the food consumption and prevent malnutrition.

Necesidades nutricionales en la prediabetes / Nutritional needs in prediabetes

La dieta constituye uno de los pilares básicos del tratamiento de la prediabetes porque reduce el riesgo de desarrollar diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM 2), así como la enfermedad coronaria y cerebrovascular. Podemos considerar a la prediabetes como una fase preclínica y bioquímica detectable en la historia natural de la DM 2, y por eso, intervenir en esa etapa, permite hacer prevención primaria y secundaria sobre la entidad. Los cambios en el estilo de vida en personas en riesgo pueden prevenir o retrasar la aparición e inicio de la DM 2, lo cual ha sido bien documentado en los estudios de su prevención. Se deben tener en cuenta algunos elementos, como: brindar una amplia educación nutricional, evitar todo tipo de dieta que no esté debidamente balanceada, que las recomendaciones dietéticas sean flexibles para que el plan de comidas no cree problemas en la vida cotidiana, que las recomendaciones dietéticas sean en gran medida similares a las de las personas no diabéticas, garantizar un consumo energético acorde con el peso corporal y gasto energético diario para mantener un peso corporal normal o lo más cercano posible a lo normal, restringir la ingestión de grasas ricas en ácidos grasos saturados así como de alimentos ricos en colesterol, sustituir los carbohidratos refinados por los de absorción lenta o complejos que por lo general son ricos en fibra dietética, así como moderar el consumo de sal y desestimular el consumo de alcohol(AU)

Nutritional assessment of preschool children in Sinai governorates

This study was carried out during November and December 2005 to the non-urban areas related to five main cities in Sinai. Clusters of house-holds were selected among which 517 children 2-5 years were included. To identify and estimate the magnitude of health and nutritional problems. The study comes as a first step to the lovely gained Egyptian land Sinai after the year 1982. The basic data are needed to the policy maker to implement health and nutrition strategies accordingly. The study reported that Bedouins preschoolers living in Sinai are facing many health and nutritional problems. The overall prevalence of stunting was 39.5% with more or less the same prevalence among north and south governorates. This figure reflects malnutrition over a long period. The overall prevalence of underweight was [38.5%] with more or less the same percentage among north and south governorates. This figure denotes a consequence of inadequate food and/or illnesses lasting for a relatively long period. The overall prevalence of wasting was less frequent as 18.8% with more or less the same percentage among north and south governorates. Night blindness prevalence was 0.8% while that of Bitot spots was 2.9%. Prevalence of vitamin A disorder VADD was higher significantly in North governorate compared to south. First degree goiter was prevalent among 5% and second degree among 0.2% North Sinai shows significantly more affection. The over all prevalence of anemia in Sinai governorate was 59.3%. North Sinai showed significantly more prevalence of anemia compared to south Sinai [p=0.009]. The morbidity of the Bedouins children during the last month of the survey was assessed. Gastroenteritis as a preschool morbid was prevalent among 21.9% of children. Respiratory infection whether upper or lower was prevalent among 39.1% of children. Fever as a symptom of infection whether gastroenteritis, respiratory, or other was prevalent among 37.7%. Measles at a certain time period previous to the study was prevalent among 1.4%. This high prevalence of morbidity affect the health and nutritional status of the young children and predispose to severe malnutrition. Our results revealed that the Bedouins children are facing severe malnutrition status. Urgent interventions to improve their nutritional and health status is mandatory