Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 de inicio en paciente joven: implicancias en la población chilena / Young-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus: implications in the chilean population

La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), habitualmente asociada a adultos en edad media y adulto mayor, ha presentado un aumento en su incidencia en pacientes menores de 40 años, lo que se conoce como DM2 de inicio en paciente joven. Varios estudios sugieren que este tipo de diabetes presenta no sólo un deterioro más rápido de las células beta-pancreáticas en comparación con la DM2 de inicio más tardío, sino que también un mayor riesgo de complicaciones que pacientes con DM Tipo1, lo que sugiere una variable independiente de los años de exposición a la enfermedad y por tanto, un fenotipo más agresivo. Por otra parte, hay evidencia que afirma que existen grupos poblacionales en mayor riesgo de desarrollar esta patología, particularmente ciertas etnias. En el presente trabajo se exponen los principales hallazgos de una reciente revisión del tema y se los compara con los datos nacionales disponibles. Dada la alta prevalencia de DM2 en la población chilena y la escasa cantidad de estudios epidemiológicos de calidad que permitan conocer nuestro panorama con mayor precisión, es que se destaca la importancia de estos últimos para poder tomar medidas de salud pública adecuadas.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM), commonly associated with the middle to old aged adults group, has shown an increase in incidence in patients younger than 40 years old, which is known as young-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus. Several studies suggest that this type of diabetes not only exhibits a faster deterioration of the beta-pancreatic cells in comparison with type 1 diabetes mellitus patients, but also a greater risk of complications not regarding the time of exposure to the disease, therefore a more aggressive phenotype. Otherwise, there is evidence which asserts that some population groups are in mayor risk of developing this disease, especially certain ethnics. In this work it is exposed the main findings of a recent review of the subject and it is contrasted with available national data. Given the high prevalence of T2DM in the chilean population and the little amount of epidemiological high-quality studies that allows us to know our outlook with greater precision, it is highlighted the need for them in order to make adequate public health decisions.

CX3CR1 contributes to streptozotocin-induced mechanical allodynia in the mouse spinal cord / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy experience debilitating pain that significantly affects their quality of life (Abbott et al., 2011), by causing sleeping disorders, anxiety, and depression (Dermanovic Dobrota et al., 2014). The primary clinical manifestation of painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is mechanical hypersensitivity, also known as mechanical allodynia (MA) (Callaghan et al., 2012). MA's underlying mechanism remains poorly understood, and so far, based on symptomatic treatment, it has no effective therapy (Moore et al., 2014).

Spinal P2X7R contributes to streptozotocin-induced mechanical allodynia in mice / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is a diabetes mellitus complication. Unfortunately, the mechanisms underlying PDN are still poorly understood. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-gated P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) plays a pivotal role in non-diabetic neuropathic pain, but little is known about its effects on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced peripheral neuropathy. Here, we explored whether spinal cord P2X7R was correlated with the generation of mechanical allodynia (MA) in STZ-induced type 1 diabetic neuropathy in mice. MA was assessed by measuring paw withdrawal thresholds and western blotting. Immunohistochemistry was applied to analyze the protein expression levels and localization of P2X7R. STZ-induced mice expressed increased P2X7R in the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord during MA. Mice injected intrathecally with a selective antagonist of P2X7R and P2X7R knockout (KO) mice both presented attenuated progression of MA. Double-immunofluorescent labeling demonstrated that P2X7R-positive cells were mostly co-expressed with Iba1 (a microglia marker). Our results suggest that P2X7R plays an important role in the development of MA and could be used as a cellular target for treating PDN.

Neuropatía precoz: Importancia de la evaluación neurofisiológica en el sindrome metabólico con o sin disregulación glucémica / Early neuropathy. Importance of neurophysiological assessment in cases of metabolic syndrome with or without hyperglycemia

La neuropatía periférica y autonómica es una de las complicaciones más comunes en pacientes con diabetes. La lesión nerviosa comienza tempranamente, en aquellos con diabetes mellitus de tipo II puede comenzar antes de la disregulación glucémica, en la etapa del síndrome metabólico. En un primer momento puede ser asintomática, por lo que es fundamental la realización de técnicas electrofisiológicas para su detección temprana, para implementar medidas terapéuticas que impidan su progresión. Se presentan nueve casos, tres con síndrome metabólico y alteración del metabolismo de la glucosa, uno con síndrome metabólico sin hiperglucemia y cinco con alteración del metabolismo de la glucemia sin otros criterios diagnósticos de síndrome metabólico. Todos estaban asintomáticos y el examen neurológico fue normal. Se realizaron técnicas de detección de neuropatía periférica temprana (razón sural/radial, ondas F, reflejo H, respuestas simpáticas de la piel, período silente cutáneo y variabilidad del intervalo RR). Ocho pacientes tuvieron neuropatía autonómica cardíaca incipiente y uno neuropatía autonómica establecida. Ocho presentaron neuropatía somática incipiente (siete con alteración de la razón sural/radial, y uno con alteración de las ondas F). Un paciente tuvo alteración sublínica de las fibras finas (alteración de las respuestas simpáticas de la piel y del período silente cutáneo). Es importante la detección de la neuropatía temprana antes de su manifestación clínica ya que existen tratamientos para detenerla e incluso revertirla.

Fatores associados a alteração da percepção sensorial tátil nos pés de pacientes com diabetes mellitus / Facrors associated with altered tactile sensory perception in the feet of patients with diabetes mellitus

A alteração na percepção sensorial tátil é a complicação neurológica e microvascular mais prevalente da diabetes mellitus, sendo frequentemente subnotificada e subtratada, o que pode levar a um aumento no risco de morbidade e mortalidade. É um problema que antecede a neuropatia diabética, uma das principais causas de ulcerações e amputações. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar sinais, sintomas e fatores etiológicos da alteração da percepção sensoril tátil em pacientes com diabetes mellitus. Foi conduzido estudo metodológico em duas etapas: revisão integrativa da literatura e validação clínica com estudo transversal de abordagem quantitativa. A revisão integrativa da literatura foi realizada no período de agosto a setembro de 2016, nas principais bases de dados nacionais e internacionais, utilizando os descritores: neuropatias diabéticas, tato, percepção tátil, transtornos da percepção, distúrbios somatossensoriais e enfermagem. De 1371 publicações identificadas, obteve-se uma amostra de 23 estudos que subsidiaram, com as variáveis pertinentes, o instrumento de coleta de dados da etapa clínica. As publicações ocorreram entre 1992 e 2015, com maior produção nos Estados Unidos, com 17,3%. Os estudos (56,5%) foram do tipo transversal, prevalecendo nível de evidência IV (56,5%). A pesquisa clínica foi desenvolvida no ambulatório de endocrinologia do hospital de referência no Município de Campina Grande/PB, no período de maio a outubro de 2017. Foi realizado estudo piloto para determinar a confiabilidade entre avaliadores na coleta de dados utilizando na análise o coeficiente Kappa. O instrumento de coleta de dados continha aspectos sociodemográficos, dados clínicos gerais, a história clínica do diabetes mellitus e avaliação clínica dos pés através de teste do monofilamento de Semmes-Weinstein, teste de sensibilidade dolorosa, teste de sensibilidade vibratória com o diapasão e reflexo aquileu. Foram incluídos no estudo 224 pacientes. A prevalência global de alteração da percepção sensorial tátil foi de 53,1%. Na análise multivariada foi identificado que sexo feminino (p=0,019), diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (p=0,002), úlcera prévia (p=0,001), sensação de queimação (p=0,003), rachaduras e fissuras (p=0,017), calosidades (p=0,033) e pé de Charcot (p=0,019) foram associados à presença de alteração da percepção sensorial tátil. Constatou-se uma alta prevalência de alteração na percepção sensorial tátil entre os diabéticos. A identificação precoce de sinais, sintomas e fatores etiológicos podem subsidiar o enfermeiro no planejamento de intervenções baseadas em evidência na prevenção de ulcerações e amputações futuras.(AU)

The change in tactile sensory perception is the most prevalent neurological and microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, often under-reported and under-treated, which may lead to an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. It is a problem that predates diabetic neuropathy, a major cause of ulceration and amputation. The objective of this study was to analyze the signs, symptoms and etiological factors of altered tactile sensory perception in patients with diabetes mellitus. A methodological study was conducted in two stages: integrative literature review and clinical validation with a cross - sectional quantitative approach. The integrative literature review was carried out from August to September 2016, in the main national and international databases, using the descriptors: diabetic neuropathies, touch, tactile perception, perceptual disorders, somatosensory disorders and nursing. Of 1371 publications identified, a sample of 23 studies was obtained that subsidized, with the pertinent variables, the instrument of data collection of the clinical stage. The publications occurred between 1992 and 2015, with higher production in the United States, with 17.3%. The studies (56.5%) were of the transverse type, with a level of evidence IV (56.5%). The clinical research was carried out in the endocrinology outpatient clinic of the reference hospital in the city of Campina Grande / PB, from May to October 2017. A pilot study was conducted to determine the reliability among raters in the data collection using the Kappa coefficient . The data collection instrument contained sociodemographic aspects, general clinical data, clinical history of diabetes mellitus and clinical evaluation of the feet through the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test, pain sensitivity test, vibration sensitivity test with tuning fork, and aquileu reflex . A total of 224 patients were included in the study. The overall prevalence of altered tactile sensory perception was 53.1%. In the multivariate analysis, the female gender (p = 0.019), type 2 diabetes mellitus (p = 0.002), previous ulcer (p = 0.001), burning sensation (p = 0.003), cracks and fissures (p = 0.033) and Charcot's foot (p = 0.019) were associated with the presence of altered tactile sensory perception. There was a high prevalence of alteration in the tactile sensorial perception among diabetics. Early identification of signs, symptoms, and etiological factors may support nurses in the planning of evidence-based interventions for the prevention of future ulcerations and amputations.(AU)

Ankle-brachial index and diabetic neuropathy: study of 225 patients / Index tornozelo-braquial e neuropatia diabética: estudo de 225 pacientes

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate neuropathic pain and peripheral vascular disease in diabetics and compare this with the length of time since diagnosis in type 1, and type 2 diabetes. Methods A cross-sectional study with 225 diabetics chosen from their responses on the DN4 questionnaire, who were then evaluated with the ankle-brachial index (ABI), separating type 1 diabetes from type 2 diabetes. Results A higher incidence of neuropathic pain in those over 60 years of age showed an ABI > 1.3. Neuropathic pain was related to an abnormal ABI in 144 patients (64.2%). A statistically significant value was obtained in type 2 diabetes patients with more than 10 years from disease onset, 69 with altered ABI and 25 with normal ABI. There was an altered ABI (< 0.9) observed in 33% of type 1 diabetes patients and in 67% of type 2 diabetes patients. Conclusion The ABI test in type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes patients is important even in those who are asymptomatic. A diagnosis of more than 10 years prior, regardless of the presence of neuropathic pain or ischemic signs, altered the ABI.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar dor neuropática e doença vascular periférica em diabéticos e comparar com, tempo de diagnóstico de diabetes tipo 1(DM 1) e diabetes tipo 2(DM2). Métodos Estudo de corte transversal onde, 225 diabéticos responderam ao questionário (DN4) sendo submetidos ao índice tornozelo-braquial (ITB). Resultados predomínio de dor neuropática foi em pacientes acima de 60 anos com (DM2), com um ITB > 1,3 nesta população; assim a dor neuropática foi relacionada com o ITB anormal em 144 pacientes, total de 64,2%. Um valor estatisticamente significativo foi com (DM2).Um ITB alterado (< 0,9) em 33% no (DM 1) e em 67% (DM 2). Totalizando 132 indivíduos com alterações no ITB. Conclusão O teste ITB é útil em pacientes com DM 1 e DM 2 quando a dor neuropática é suspeita, mesmo em assintomáticos. E o tempo prolongado de diabetes (> 10 anos), independentemente da presença de dor ou sinais isquêmicos, alterou o ITB.

The prevention of diabetic foot ulceration: how biomechanical research informs clinical practice

ABSTRACT Background Implementation of interprofessional clinical guidelines for the prevention of neuropathic diabetic foot ulceration has demonstrated positive effects regarding ulceration and amputation rates. Current foot care recommendations are primarily based on research regarding the prevention of ulcer recurrence and focused on reducing the magnitude of plantar stress (pressure overload). Yet, foot ulceration remains to be a prevalent and debilitating consequence of Diabetes Mellitus. There is limited evidence targeting the prevention of first-time ulceration, and there is a need to consider additional factors of plantar stress to supplement current guidelines. Objectives The first purpose of this article is to discuss the biomechanical theory underpinning diabetic foot ulcerations and illustrate how plantar tissue underloading may precede overloading and breakdown. The second purpose of this commentary is to discuss how advances in biomechanical foot modeling can inform clinical practice in the prevention of first-time ulceration. Discussion Research demonstrates that progressive weight-bearing activity programs to address the frequency of plantar stress and avoid underloading do not increase ulceration risk. Multi-segment foot modeling studies indicate that dynamic foot function of the midfoot and forefoot is compromised in people with diabetes. Emerging research demonstrates that implementation of foot-specific exercises may positively influence dynamic foot function and improve plantar stress in people with diabetes. Conclusion Continued work is needed to determine how to best design and integrate activity recommendations and foot-specific exercise programs into the current interprofessional paradigm for the prevention of first-time ulceration in people with Diabetes Mellitus.

Clinical variables associated with depression in patients with type 2 diabetes / Características clínicas associadas à depressão em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2

SummaryBackground:the aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between type 2 diabetes (T2DM), depression and depressive symptoms and their clinical impact on T2DM.Methods:the authors evaluated 214 outpatients, 105 with diabetes (T2DM group) and 109 non-diabetics (control group), with ages ranging between 50 and 75 years (T2DM group 65.1 ± 5.6 years, control group 63.4 ± 5.8 years). Use of antidepressant treatment or score ≥ 16 on the Beck depression inventory (BDI) was considered depression. Complications of diabetes and total symptom score (TSS) for peripheral neuropathy were reported by patients.Results:diabetes group had a higher frequency of depression (35.2%) compared to controls (21.1%) (p=0,021), with 2.4 times increased risk of depression. The presence of depressive symptoms was also higher in T2DM group (mean BDI 9.5 ± 8.8 versus 6.9 ± 6.2; p=0.039). Symptoms of diabetic neuropathy were higher in depressed subjects. The metabolic control and presence of complications in T2DM group were not associated with depression.Conclusion:T2DM led to an increased risk of depression, but this did not influence the metabolic control or the presence of other complications.

ResumoObjetivo:avaliar a relação entre diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), depressão e sintomas depressivos e seu impacto no controle clínico do DM2.Métodos:foram avaliados 214 pacientes ambulatoriais, 105 com DM2 e 109 não diabéticos, com idade entre 55 e 75 anos (grupo DM2 65,1±5,6 anos e grupo controle 63,4±5,8 anos). Considerou-se depressão o uso de tratamento antidepressivo ou escore ≥16 no inventário de Beck (BDI). Complicações do DM2 e escore total de sintomas (TSS) para neuropatia periférica foram questionados aos pacientes.Resultados:o grupo DM2 apresentou maior frequência de depressão (35,2%) em relação aos controles (21,1%) (p=0,021), com um risco 2,4 vezes maior de apresentar depressão. A presença de sintomas depressivos também foi superior no grupo DM2 (média BDI 9,5±8,8 versus 6,9±6,2; p=0,039). Os sintomas de neuropatia diabética foram superiores nos depressivos. O controle metabólico e a presença de complicações no grupo DM2 não foram associados à depressão.Conclusão:o DM2 determinou um maior risco de depressão; porém, essa associação não influenciou o controle metabólico e a presença de outras complicações da doença.

Risk factors for Charcot foot

Objective Diabetes mellitus is the main cause of Charcot neuroarthropathy and is clinically classified as follows: Charcot foot, acute Charcot foot (ACF) when there is inflammation, and inactive Charcot foot when inflammatory signs are absent. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for ACF in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Materials and methods A matched case-control study was conducted to assess the factors associated with acute Charcot foot from February 2000 until September 2012. Four controls for each case were selected 47 cases of ACF and 188 controls without ACF were included. Cases and controls were matched by year of initialization of treatment. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate matched odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).Results In multivariate analysis, patients having less than 55 years of age (adjusted OR = 4.10, 95% CI = 1.69 – 9.94), literate education age (adjusted OR = 3.73, 95% CI = 1.40 – 9.92), living alone (adjusted OR = 5.84, 95% CI = 1.49 – 22.86), previous ulceration (adjusted OR = 4.84, 95% CI = 1.62 – 14.51) were at increased risk of ACF. However, peripheral arterial disease (adjusted OR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.05 – 0.52) of 6.25 (1.92 – 20.0) was a protective factor.Discussion The results suggest that PCA in type 2 diabetes primarily affects patients under 55 who live alone, are literate, and have a prior history of ulcers, and that peripheral arterial disease is a protective factor. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2015;59(3):226-30.

Complicações crônicas do diabetes / Chronic diabetes complications

As complicações crônicas do diabetes mellitus (DM) são decorrentes principalmente do controle inadequado, do tempo de evolução e de fatores genéticos da doença. As complicações crônicas microvasculares englobam a nefropatia diabética, a retinopatia diabética e a neuropatia diabética. As complicações crônicas macrovasculares, como o próprio nome diz, são resultantes de alterações nos grandes vasos e causam infarto agudo do miocárdio, acidente vascular cerebral e doença vascular periférica. O risco relativo de morte devido a complicações vasculares é três vezes maior nos pacientes com DM do que na população restante com as doenças cardiovasculares (DCVs), sendo responsáveis por até 80% dos óbitos em portadores de DM. Nesses pacientes o risco de infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) é semelhante àquele observado em pessoas sem DM que já tiveram um IAM prévio...

The complications from chronic diabetes mellitus (DM) are resulting from inadequate control, time evolution and disease genetics factors. The chronic microvascular complications include diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy and diabetic neuropathy. The chronic microvascular complications, as name says itself, are resulting from large-vessels adjustments and it causes acute myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident and peripheral arterial disease as well. The relative risk of death due vascular complications is three times bigger in patients with DM than in remaining people with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) which are responsible for until 80% of obituaries in DM carriers. In these patients, the risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is similar to that observed in people who do not have DM and who had previous IAM...

Síndrome de mano diabetica / Diabetic hand

La diabetes mellitus (DBT) es un desorden metabólico producto de una deficiencia absoluta o relativa de insulina. Este trastorno tiene consecuencias de importancia en varios órganos y sistemas del cuerpo. Es bien conocido que la DBT está asociada con una cantidad de manifestaciones cutáneas y osteoarticulares. La más común de estas características afecta al pie (síndrome de pie diabético); sin embargo, similares lesiones se pueden observar en la mano (síndrome de mano diabética), generalmente asociadas a una larga evolución de la enfermedad, malos controles glicémicos y complicaciones microvasculares. En este artículo se realiza una revisión de la literatura para actualizar el diagnóstico y la terapéutica de manifestaciones musculo-esqueléticas en la mano de pacientes con DBT: movilidad articular limitada, contractura de Dupuytren, tenosinovitis del flexor (dedo en gatillo), infección por síndrome de mano diabética tropical, ulceración neuropática periférica, síndrome del túnel carpiano, neuropatía cubital y neuropatía en piel y uñas.

Diabetes mellitus (DBT) is a metabolic disorder caused by absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. This disorder has importance consequences in various organs and systems. It is well known that DBT is associated with cutaneous and osteoarticular manifestations; the most common of these complications affects the foot (diabetic foot syndrome). However, similar lesions can be observed in the hand (diabetic hand syndrome), usually associated with long standing disease, poor glycemic control and microvascular complications. This article makes a review of the literature to update diagnosis and therapy ofmusculoskeletal manifestations in patients with diabetic hand syndrome: limited joint mobility, Dupuytren’s contracture, trigger finger, tropical diabetic hand, peripheral neuropathic ulceration, carpal tunnel syndrome, cubital neuropathy, and skin and nail changes.

Study of Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction in Type II Diabetes Mellitus.

Autonomic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus which may affect major systems like cardiovascular system that may cause early death in diabetics. In our study attempt was made to asses different cardiovascular autonomic function parameters like change of blood pressure from supine to standing posture (postural BP changes) and ratio of longest and shortest R-R interval during deep expiration and inspiration respectively (E/I ratio) on ECG in type 2 diabetics and age sex matched non diabetic controls. Level of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) were also measured in the same subjects. Diabetics were subdivided into <5 years and >5 years groups. Findings were compared between diabetics and the controls and also between the subgroups of diabetics. Correlation between glycaemic control , duration of disease and autonomic function parameters were tested. We found, a significant difference in postural BP changes and E/I ratios between diabetics and the controls, no significant correlation could be found out between glycaemic control or duration of disease and autonomic function parameters. Therefore, our study concludes that diabetes may lead to autonomic dysfunction that may cause postural hypotension and altered E/I ratio irrespective of the duration of disease and glycemic control.

Características clínicas y frecuencia de complicaciones crónicas en personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 de diagnóstico reciente / Clinical characteristics and frequency of chronic complications in people with newly diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

La caracterización clínica de las personas con diabetes es esencial para efectuar su evaluación de forma integral y ofrecer un tratamiento médico individualizado. Objetivo: identificar las características clínicas y la frecuencia de complicaciones crónicas en personas con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 de diagnóstico reciente en la provincia Granma. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal y descriptivo con pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 ingresados en el Centro de Atención al Diabético de Bayamo, Granma, en el período comprendido entre enero de 2011 a julio de 2012. El universo estuvo constituido por los 683 pacientes que ingresaron durante esa etapa en la institución. Representaron la muestra los 150 diabéticos tipo 2 que tenían menos de 6 meses de padecer la enfermedad. Resultados: la edad media fue de 49,2 años. Predominaron los diabéticos con antecedentes familiares de Diabetes Mellitus (60,6 por ciento), con sobrepeso y obesidad (90 por ciento) e hipertensos (62 por ciento). Al momento del diagnóstico 43 (28,7 por ciento) casos presentaron complicaciones crónicas: 9 (6 por ciento) retinopatía diabética, 16 (10,6 por ciento) polineuropatía diabética, 11 (7,3 por ciento) cardiopatía isquémica, 4 (2,6 por ciento) ictus y 13 (8,6 por ciento) enfermedad arterial periférica. A 7 pacientes se les diagnosticó más de una complicación. Conclusiones: la Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 frecuentemente se presenta en nuestro medio en personas mayores de 45 años, con antecedentes familiares de diabetes y asociada a la obesidad y la hipertensión arterial. Las complicaciones crónicas de la diabetes están presentes en un porcentaje elevado de casos al momento del diagnóstico inicial de dicha enfermedad...

Clinical characterization of people with diabetes mellitus is essential to carry out its comprehensive evaluation and indicate an individualized medical treatment. Objective: to identify the clinical characteristics and the frequency of chronic complications in people with newly diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Granma Province. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus who were admitted to The Diabetes Care Center in Bayamo, Granma, from January 2011 to July 2012. The universe was composed of the 683 patients who were admitted to this institution during this period of time. The sample was represented by the 150 Type 2 diabetics who have been suffering from this disease for less than 6 months. Results: the mean age was 49, 2 years. The diabetics who had family antecedents of Diabetes Mellitus (60, 6 percent), the ones who were overweight and obese (90 percent) and the hypertensive ones (62 percent), predominated in the study. At the moment of the diagnosis, 43 cases (28,7 percent) presented the following chronic complications: 9 had diabetic retinopathy (6 percent), 16 had diabetic polyneuropathy (10, 6 percent), 11 had ischemic heart disease (7,3 percent), 4 suffered from stroke (2,6 percent) and 13 presented peripheral arterial disease (8,6 percent). 7 patients were diagnosed with more than one complication. Conclusions: type 2 Diabetes Mellitus frequently occurs in people over 45 years, with family antecedents of diabetes mellitus associated to obesity and hypertension. Chronic complications of diabetes are present in a high percent of cases at the moment of the initial diagnosis of the disease...

Prevalencia de neuropatía periférica en diabéticos tipo 2 en el primer nivel de atención / Prevalence of peripheral neuropathy among primary care type 2 diabetic patients

Background: Neuropathy is a common complication of diabetic patients. Aim: To determine the prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in Type 2 diabetic patients attended at a family medicine unit. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional assessment of 348 type 2 diabetic patients aged 34-89 years (60% females) with a disease duration of 5 to 15 years. Peripheral neurological status was evaluated using The Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument, a tool that includes a self-assessment of symptoms and a physical examination. Results: Diabetic neuropathy was found in 240patients (69%). The prevalence in males and females was 72 and 67% respectively. The prevalence in patients with a disease duration of 5, 10 and 15 years, was 59, 69 and 77%, respectively. Fifty percent of patients with neuropathy complained of dry skin, 2% had ulcers, 43% had an abnormal perception of vibration and 29% had an abnormal monofilament test. Conclusions: The overall prevalence of peripheral neuropathy in this group of patients was 69% and was directly associated with the duration of the disease.

Recurrent diabetic myonecrosis: A rare complication of a common disease.

Spontaneous aseptic diabetic muscle infarction (DMI) is one of the rare complications of diabetes. We report a case of type 2 diabetes mellitus with advanced microvascular complications presenting with severe muscular pain. She was diagnosed as DMI on the basis of clinical presentation, radiological and histopathological investigations. She was managed conservatively. During 18 months of follow up, she had good improvement but subsequently other muscle groups were involved suggesting recurrent DMI.

Complicações microvasculares e disfunção autonômica cardíaca em pacientes com diabete melito tipo 1 / Microvascular complications and cardiac autonomic dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 / Complicaciones microvasculares y disfunción autonómica cardíaca en pacientes con diabetes mellittus tipo 1

FUNDAMENTO: A presença de neuropatia autonômica cardíaca (NAC) em pacientes com diabete melito (DM) está associada a aumento da mortalidade e a complicações crônicas microvasculares do diabete. OBJETIVO: Investigar uma possível associação entre achados sugestivos de NAC durante a realização do teste ergométrico (TE) e nefropatia e retinopatia em pacientes com DM tipo 1. MÉTODOS: Realizamos um estudo transversal com 84 pacientes com DM tipo 1. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à avaliação clínica e laboratorial e realizaram TE, sendo que aqueles que apresentaram achados sugestivos de isquemia miocárdica foram excluídos da análise dos dados (n = 3). A avaliação de complicações microvasculares (retinopatia e nefropatia) foi realizada na amostra. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes com nefropatia e aqueles com retinopatia atingiram uma frequência cardíaca (FC) durante o pico de exercício (FC máxima) menor e apresentaram aumento menor da FC em relação ao repouso (ΔFC pico) quando comparados com aqueles sem estas complicações. Esses pacientes também apresentaram menor redução da FC no segundo e 4º minutos após o final do teste (ΔFC recuperação dois e 4 minutos). Após realização de análise multivariada com controle para os possíveis fatores de confusão, os ΔFC recuperação em dois e 4 minutos, FC máxima e o ΔFC pico permaneceram significativamente associados à retinopatia; e os ΔFC recuperação no segundo e 4º minutos permaneceram associados à presença de nefropatia. CONCLUSÃO: O TE pode ser considerado um instrumento adicional para a detecção precoce de NAC e para identificar pacientes em maior risco para complicações microvasculares do diabete.

BACKGROUND: The presence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with increased mortality and chronic microvascular complications of diabetes. OBJECTIVE: To investigate a possible association between specific findings of CAN during exercise testing (ET) and nephropathy and retinopathy in patients with type 1 DM. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 84 patients with type 1 DM. All patients underwent clinical laboratory evaluation and performed ET, and those who presented findings suggesting myocardial ischemia were excluded from data analysis (n = 3). The assessment of microvascular complications (retinopathy and nephropathy) was performed in the sample. RESULTS: Patients with nephropathy and those with retinopathy achieved a lower heart rate (HR) at peak exercise (HR max) and smaller increase in HR in relation to rest (Peak ΔHR) compared with those without these complications. These patients also had a smaller reduction in HR in the second and 4th minutes after the end of the test (ΔHR recovery 2 and 4 minutes). After performing a multivariate analysis with control for possible confounding factors, the ΔHR recovery in two and four minutes, maximum HR and Peak ΔHR remained significantly associated with retinopathy; and ΔHR recovery in the second and 4th minutes remained associated with the presence of nephropathy. CONCLUSION: The ET can be considered an additional tool for early detection of CAN and to identify patients at increased risk for microvascular complications of diabetes.

BACKGROUND: LA presencia de neuropatía autonómica cardíaca (NAC) en pacientes con diabetes mellittus (DM) está asociada a aumento de la mortalidad y a complicaciones crónicas microvasculares de diabetes. OBJECTIVE: Investigar una posible asociación entre hallazgos sugestivos de NAC durante la realización de la prueba ergométrica (PE) y nefropatía y retinopatía en pacientes con DM tipo 1. METHODS: Realizamos un estudio transversal con 84 pacientes con DM tipo 1. Todos los pacientes fueron sometidos a evaluación clínica y laboratorial y llevaron a cabo PE, siendo que aquellos que presentaron hallazgos sugestivos de isquemia miocárdica fueron excluidos del análisis de los datos (n = 3). La evaluación de complicaciones microvasculares (retinopatía y nefropatía) se realizó en la muestra. RESULTS: Los pacientes con nefropatía y aquellos con retinopatía alcanzaron una frecuencia cardíaca (FC) durante el nivel máximo de ejercicio (FC máxima) menor y presentaron aumento menor de FC con relación al reposo (ΔFC pico) cuando comparados con aquellos sin estas complicaciones. Estos pacientes también presentaron una menor reducción de la FC en el segundo y 4º minutos tras el final de la prueba (ΔFC recuperación 2 y 4 minutos). Tras la realización de análisis multivariado con control para los posibles factores de confusión, los ΔFC recuperación en dos y 4 minutos, FC máxima y el ΔFC pico permanecieron significativamente asociados a la retinopatía; y los ΔFC recuperación en el segundo y 4º minutos permanecieron asociados a la presencia de nefropatía. CONCLUSION: Se puede considerar la PE como un instrumento adicional para la detección precoz de NAC y para identificar pacientes en un mayor riesgo para complicaciones microvasculares de la diabetes.

Effects of L-glutamine supplementation on the myenteric neurons from the duodenum and cecum of diabetic rats / Efeitos da suplementação com L-glutamina sobre os neurônios mioentéricos do duodeno e jejuno de ratos diabéticos

CONTEXT: Peripheral neuropathy is one of the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus and is directly related to gastrointestinal consequences of the disease. Myenteric neurons are affected in some pathological conditions such as diabetic neuropathy. The imbalance between cellular antioxidants and free radicals, leading to an increase in oxidative stress, is considered one of the main factors responsible for neuronal damages in diabetes. Drugs that reduce the oxidative stress may play a significant role in the treatment of neurological complications of diabetes mellitus. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of L-glutamine supplementation on the myenteric neurons from the cecum and duodenum of Wistar rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. METHODS: The animals were divided in four groups (n = 5): non-treated normoglycemics, normoglycemics treated with L-glutamine, non-treated diabetics and diabetics treated with L-glutamine from the 4th day of diabetes induction on. The amino acid L-glutamine was added to their diet at 1 percent. Giemsa's technique was employed to stain the myenteric neurons. We determined the cell body area of 500 neurons in each group studied. The quantitative analysis was performed by sampling in an area of 16.6 mm² in the cecum and 3.6 mm² in the duodenum of each animal. RESULTS: After the supplementation with L-glutamine in the duodenum, we observed a preservation of neuronal density in groups normoglycemic and diabetic (P<0.05). We also observed a preservation of the cell bodies area in diabetic animals (group treated with L-glutamine) (P<0.05). In the cecum, that preservation was not evident. CONCLUSION: Supplementation with L-glutamine (1 percent) promoted a neuroprotective effect on the myenteric neurons from the duodenum of rats, both in terms of natural aging and of diabetes mellitus.

CONTEXTO: Os neurônios entéricos são afetados em condições patológicas, como a neuropatia diabética. A neuropatia periférica é uma das complicações crônicas do diabetes mellitus e está diretamente relacionada com as manifestações gastrointestinais da doença. O desequilíbrio entre antioxidantes celulares e radicais livres, com o consequente aumento do estresse oxidativo, é considerado um dos principais responsáveis pelas alterações neuronais provocadas pelo diabetes. Drogas que reduzem o estresse oxidativo podem ter papel relevante no tratamento das complicações neurológicas do diabetes mellitus. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com L-glutamina sobre os neurônios mioentéricos do ceco e duodeno de ratos Wistar com diabetes mellitus induzido pela estreptozootocina. MÉTODOS: Os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos (n = 5): normoglicêmicos, normoglicêmicos suplementados com L-glutamina, diabéticos, diabéticos suplementados com L-glutamina a partir do 4º dia da indução do diabetes. O aminoácido L-glutamina foi adicionado à ração na quantidade de 1 por cento. A técnica de Giemsa foi utilizada para evidenciar os neurônios mioentéricos. Foram avaliadas as áreas de corpos celulares de 500 neurônios em cada grupo estudado. A análise quantitativa foi realizada em uma área de 16,6 mm² no ceco e 3,6 mm² no duodeno de cada animal. RESULTADOS: Após suplementação com L-glutamina verificou-se no duodeno a preservação da densidade neuronal tanto nos animais normoglicêmicos quanto nos animais diabéticos (P<0,05), e também o restabelecimento da área do corpo celular nos animais diabéticos (P<0,05). No ceco esta preservação e restabelecimento não foram evidenciados. CONCLUSÃO: A suplementação com L-glutamina (1 por cento) teve efeito neuroprotetor sobre os neurônios mioentéricos do duodeno tanto em condições de envelhecimento natural como no diabetes mellitus.

Asociación de la neuropatía autonómica cardiovascular y el intervalo QT prolongado con la morbimortalidad cardiovascular en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Association of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and prolonged QT interval with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Con el objetivo de evaluar la relación entre la neuropatía autonómica cardiovascular (NACV) y el intervalo QT corregido (QTc) con la morbimortalidad cardiovascular en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, se realizó el seguimiento a 5 años de 67 pacientes que acudieron a consulta externa del Servicio de Endocrinología. Se presentaron eventos cardiovasculares en 16 pacientes; el 82 por ciento completó el seguimiento y se encontró que el intervalo QTc prolongado fue la única variable que se asoció de forma significativa a morbimortalidad cardiovascular en el análisis de regresión logística múltiple (RR: 13,56; IC 95 por ciento: 2,01-91,36) (p=0,0074).

In order to evaluate the relationship between cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and corrected QT interval (QTc) with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, we followed up for 5 years 67 patients attending the outpatient Endocrinology Service. 82 percent completed follow-up and cardiovascular events occurred in 16 patients. We found that long QTc interval was the only variable significantly associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the multiple logistic regression analysis (RR: 13.56, 95 percent CI: 2.01-91.36) (p = 0.0074).