Self-medication associated with toothache: a systematic literature review / Automedicação associada à dor de dente: uma revisão sistemática da literatura / Automedicación asociada al dolor de dientes: una revisión sistemática de la literatura

Introduction: Self-medication consists of selecting and using medication without a poprescription or guidance from a healthcare professional. This practice has been widely reported worldwide, which has contributed to a series of adverse health outcomes, such as delayed diagnosis, worsening of clinical conditions, drug interactions, intoxication, and adverse reactions, which tend to compromise patient safety. Objective:To analyze the prevalence of self-medication associated with toothache, the main factors associated with self-medication in dental patients, as well as outline the profile of medications used by these individuals, the preferred route of administration, and the main sources of medication.Methodology:Asystematic review was developed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Relevant articles published in the last ten years, without limitations of language were searched using the following descriptors/MeSHterms and keywords: "self-medication" and (toothache or "dental pain") not Child. Results:The initial search returned 61 manuscripts. Fourteen papers, all cross-sectional studies, were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review.Conclusions:The prevalence of self-medication for toothache ranged from 6.5% to 100.0%. Cultural and economic factors, barriers to access, the high cost of dental treatments, lack of time and money, and the perception that dental problems are not a serious problem are among the main factors associated with the practice. Regarding the drugs used, the most used classes were paracetamol, especially anti-inflammatory drugs, particularly ibuprofen, and analgesics administered orally (AU).

Introdução:A automedicação consiste na escolha e uso de medicamentos sem prescrição ou orientação de um profissional de saúde. Essa prática tem sido amplamente divulgada em todo o mundo, o que tem contribuído para uma série de desfechos adversos à saúde, como atraso no diagnóstico, piora do quadro clínico, interações medicamentosas, intoxicações e reações adversas, que tendem a comprometer a segurança do paciente. Objetivo:Analisar a prevalência da automedicação associada à dor de dente, os principais fatores associados à automedicação em pacientes odontológicos, bem como traçar o perfil dos medicamentos utilizados por esses indivíduos, a via preferencial de administração e as principais fontes de medicação. Metodologia:Uma revisão sistemática foi desenvolvida de acordo com os itens de relatório preferidos para revisões sistemáticas e meta-análises (PRISMA). Foram pesquisados artigos relevantes publicados nos últimos dez anos, sem limitação de linguagem, utilizando os seguintes descritores/MeSHterms e palavras-chave: "self-medication" e (toothache or "dental pain") não Child. Resultados:A busca inicial encontrou61manuscritos. Quatorze artigos, de delineamento transversal,foram considerados elegíveis e incluídos para a revisão.Conclusões:A prevalência de automedicação para dor de dente variou de 6,5% a 100,0%. Fatores culturais e econômicos, barreiras de acesso, alto custo dos tratamentos odontológicos, falta de tempo e dinheiro e a percepção de que os problemas odontológicos não são um problema grave estão entre os principais fatores associados à prática. Em relação aos medicamentos utilizados, as classes mais utilizadas foram o paracetamol, principalmente os anti-inflamatórios, principalmente o ibuprofeno, e os analgésicos por via oral (AU).

Introducción: La automedicación consiste en seleccionar y utilizar medicamentos sin receta ni orientación de un profesional sanitario. Esta práctica ha sido ampliamente reportada a nivel mundial, lo que ha contribuido a una serie de resultados adversos para la salud, como retraso en el diagnóstico, empeoramiento de las condiciones clínicas, interacciones medicamentosas, intoxicaciones y reacciones adversas, que tienden a comprometer la seguridad del paciente.Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia de automedicación asociada al dolor de muelas, los principales factores asociados a la automedicación en pacientes odontológicos, así como delinear el perfil de medicamentos utilizados por estos individuos, la vía de administración preferida y las principales fuentes de medicación. Metodología: Se desarrolló una revisión sistemática de acuerdo con los Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Se buscaron artículos relevantes publicados en los últimos diez años, sin limitaciones de idioma, utilizando los siguientes descriptores/MeSHterms y palabras clave: "self-medication" y (toothache or "dental pain") not Child. Resultados: La búsqueda inicial arrojó 61 manuscritos. Catorce artículos, todos estudios transversales, fueron elegibles para su inclusión en la revisión sistemática.Conclusiones: La prevalencia de automedicación para el dolor de muelas osciló entre 6,5% y 100,0%. Los factoresculturales y económicos, las barreras de acceso, el alto costo de los tratamientos dentales, la falta de tiempo y dinero, y la percepción de que los problemas dentales no son un problema grave se encuentran entre los principales factores asociados con la práctica. En cuanto a los fármacos utilizados, las clases más utilizadas fueron el paracetamol, especialmente los antiinflamatorios, especialmente el ibuprofeno, y los analgésicos por vía oral (AU).

How Brazilian oral health care workers face COVID-19: surveillance, biosafety, and education strategies

Aim: To investigate surveillance, biosafety, and education strategies of Brazilian oral health care workers (OHCWs) during the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study covering OHCWs from a single multicenter research centre. A self-administered and validated online questionnaire was used for data collection, including the following variables: sociodemographic, medical history, biosafety, professional experience, surveillance, and education. Results: The sample consisted of 644 OHCWs (82.5% dentists, 13.2% dental assistants and 4.3% technicians), most without comorbidities (84.8%), from the public (51.7%) and private (48.3%) health systems, in 140 cities of a southern state. The most prominent measures of surveillance were waiting room distancing and visual alerts, symptom assessment, and availability of guidelines on COVID-19. Regarding biosafety measures, the lowest adherence was related to intraoral radiographs (2.7±1.4; 95%CI: 2.6­2.9), use of dental dams (2.1±1.4; 95%CI: 2.0­2.2), and availability of high-power suction systems (2.5±1.7; 95%CI: 2.3­2.6). Among OHCWs, 52.6% received guidance on measures to take during dental care in the workplace. Continuing education was mainly through documents from non-governmental health authorities (77.4%). Conclusion: Surveillance and biosafety measures were adopted, but activities that reduce the spread of aerosols had less adherence. These findings underscore the importance of considering dental practices, and surveillance and education strategies to formulate policies and relevant support to address health system challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. A coordinated action of permanent education by policymakers is necessary

Cost-related variables in the public purchase of dental materials for endodontic application: 10-year analysis

Aim: This study analyzed public procurements for different endodontic materials used in the Brazilian public health system and evaluated the variables related to their cost. Methods: A time-series study was performed by screening materials for endodontic application in the public Brazilian Databank of Healthcare Prices from 2010 to 2019. Data were categorized according to material composition and clinical application. The collated variables were used in a multiple linear regression model to predict the impact of unit price in procurement processes. Results: A total of 5,973 procurement processes (1,524,693 items) were evaluated. Calcium hydroxides were found in 79% of the observations (4,669 processes). Prices drop each year by US$1.87 while MTAs and epoxy resins are increasingly purchased at higher prices (US$50.87; US$67.69, respectively). The microregion, the procurement modality, and the type of institution had no influence on unit prices in the adjusted model (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Calcium hydroxide-based materials were the cheapest and most frequently purchased endodontic materials in the public health care system. Novel formulations are being implemented into clinical practice over time and their cost may be a barrier to the broad application of materials such as MTAs, despite their effectiveness

Os desafios e as potencialidades da saúde bucal na Estratégia Saúde da Família: uma análise dos processos de trabalho / Challenges and potentialities of oral health in the Family Health Strategy: an analysis of work processes

Resumo A saúde bucal foi inserida no Programa Saúde da Família por meio da Portaria do Ministério da Saúde nº 1.444/2000, mas somente após a publicação da Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal houve uma reorganização das práticas e ações em saúde bucal. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os principais desafios e potencialidades dos processos de trabalho em saúde bucal no âmbito da Estratégia Saúde da Família. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa realizada com as Equipes de Saúde Bucal e a Coordenação de Saúde Bucal do município de Coreaú, Ceará, Brasil, totalizando 11 participantes. A coleta das informações ocorreu entre abril e agosto de 2019, a partir de grupo focal, diário de campo e entrevista semiestruturada. Utilizou-se a Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin, sendo realizadas triangulação e interpretação das informações definidas em cinco categorias: organização do processo de trabalho; educação em saúde; interprofissionalidade e prática colaborativa; gestão participativa e satisfação dos usuários. Concluiu-se que, no processo de trabalho, a maior problemática é a marcação dos atendimentos em saúde bucal. As potencialidades identificadas foram a inserção da Odontologia na Estratégia Saúde da Família e a integração da equipe de saúde bucal com o efetivo interesse de transformação das práticas.

Abstract Oral health was included in the Family Health Program through Ministry of Health Ordinance No. 1444/2000, but only after the publication of the National Oral Health Policy was there a reorganization of oral health practices and actions. This study aimed to identify the main challenges and potential of the oral health work processes within the scope of the Family Health Strategy. This research has a qualitative approach carried out with the Oral Health and Oral Health Coordination Teams in the municipality of Coreaú, Ceará, Brazil, totaling 11 participants. Information was collected between April and August 2019 from a focus group, field diary and semi-structured interviews. Bardin's Content Analysis was used, with triangulation and interpretation of the information defined in five categories: organization of the work process; health education; inter-professionality and collaborative practice; participatory management and user satisfaction. It was concluded that in the work process the biggest problem is the scheduling of oral health care. The potentialities identified were the insertion of Dentistry in the Family Health Strategy and the integration of the oral health team with the effective interest in transforming practices.

Race in public health dentistry: a critical review of the literature

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To carry out a critical review of the literature on the use of race, color, and ethnicity in the field of public health dentistry. METHODS A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE via PubMed for articles published between 2014 and 2019. Using a data extraction form, we collected information on (1) bibliographic characteristics of the selected papers; (2) race, color, and ethnicity of the study participants and their sociodemographic profiles; and (3) the extent to which the original publications followed the recommendations by Kaplan and Bennett (2003) on the use of race, color, or ethnicity in biomedical research. RESULTS Our initial search identified 2,032 articles, 53 of which were selected for full-text examination and assessment following pre-established eligibility criteria. Around 60% (n = 32) of the included studies did not justify the use of race, color, or ethnicity in their analyses, and 9% (n = 5) took these variables as indicators of the participants' genetic makeup. On the other hand, 68% (n = 36) of the reviewed papers considered race, color, and ethnicity as risk markers - not risk factors - for adverse oral health outcomes, whereas 80% (n = 42) adjusted racial/ethnic inequities for a range of socioeconomic and demographic factors in statistical models. Only one study (2%) explicitly took race, color, or ethnicity as a contextually dependent dimension of the participants' identities. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that research on oral health inequities is often based on reductionist and stigmatizing conceptions of race, color, or ethnicity. Such harmful misconceptions should be replaced with anti-racist narratives in order to effectively address racial oral health inequities.

Série temporal da produção odontológica no Sistema Único de Saúde, Brasil, 2008-2018 / Serie temporal de producción dental en el Sistema Único de Salud de Brasil, 2008-2018 / Time series of the production of dental procedures in the Brazilian National Health System, Brazil, 2008-2018

Objetivo: Analisar a realização de procedimentos odontológicos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), no Brasil e suas regiões geopolíticas, entre 2008 e 2018. Métodos: Estudo de série temporal, com dados do Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais dos SUS. Foram calculadas taxas anuais de procedimentos odontológicos (por 100 mil habitantes), globais e por categorias de procedimentos e regiões. Utilizou-se a regressão de Prais-Winsten para analisar as tendências temporais e foram calculadas variações percentuais anuais (VPA). Resultados: Tendências decrescentes foram encontradas para o Brasil, em ações coletivas (VPA= -13,5%; IC95% -21,1;-5,2), ações preventivas individuais (VPA= -6,2%; - IC95% -7,7;-4,8), restaurações (VPA= -7,3%; IC95% -10,5;-3,9) e exodontias (VPA= -6,9; IC95% -10,5;-3,1). Endodontia e periodontia apresentaram tendências estacionárias para a maioria das regiões e o Brasil. Procedimentos protéticos apresentaram tendência ascendente em todas as regiões e no Brasil (VPA= 16,9%; IC95% 9,1;25,2). Conclusão: A produção odontológica no SUS apresentou decréscimo no período 2008-2018; à exceção de procedimentos protéticos, cuja produção aumentou.

Objetivo: Analizar el desempeño de procedimientos dentales en el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) en Brasil y regiones, 2008 - 2018. Métodos: Estudio de series temporales con datos del Sistema de Información Ambulatoria. Se calcularon tasas anuales de procedimientos dentales por 100 mil habitantes, globales y según categorías de procedimientos y regiones brasileñas de 2008 a 2018. Se utilizó la regresión de Prais-Winsten para analizar tendencias temporales y se calcularon los cambios porcentuales anuales. Resultados: Hubo tendencia decreciente en Brasil para acciones colectivas -13,5%; IC95% -21,1;-5,2), acciones preventivas individuales (-6,2%; IC95% -7,7;-4,8), restauraciones (-7,3%; IC95% -10,5;-3,9) y extracciones (-6,9; IC95% -10,5;-3,1%). Endodoncia y periodoncia mostraron tendencias estacionarias para la mayoría de las regiones y Brasil. Procedimientos protésicos mostraron tendencia ascendente en todas las regiones y Brasil (16,9%; IC95% 9,1;25,2). Conclusión: La producción dental en el SUS disminuyó entre 2008 y 2018, a excepción de los procedimientos protésicos cuya producción aumentó.

Objective: To analyze dental procedures provided by the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) in Brazil and its macro-regions, between 2008 and 2018. Methods: This was a time series study using data from SUS Outpatient Information System. Annual and overall rates of dental procedures (per 100,000 inhabitants), according to the categories of dental procedures and regions were calculated. Prais-Winsten regression was used to analyze time trends, while annual percentage change (APC) was calculated. Results: Decreasing trends were found in Brazil, in collective measures (APC= -13.5%; 95%CI -21.1;-5.2), individual preventive measures (APC= -6.2%; 95%CI -7.7;-4.8), dental restoration (APC= -7.3%; 95%CI -10.5;-3.9) and tooth extraction procedures (APC= -6.9; 95%CI -10,5;-3,1). Endodontics and periodontics showed stationary trend in most regions and Brazil. Prosthetic procedures showed an upward trend in all regions and Brazil (APC= 16.9%; 95%CI 9.1;25.2). Conclusion: Dental procedures in the SUS decreased between 2008-2018; with the exception of prosthetic procedures, which showed a rising trend.

Norma técnica de atención en salud bucal / Technical standard for oral health care

La presente Norma tiene por objeto unificar criterios y establecer los procedimientos técnicos, administrativos y operativos, de los diferentes niveles de atención del Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud, para la prevención, detección y manejo oportuno de las enfermedades bucodentales, con atenciones preventivas, curativas y especializadas para incidir en el estado de salud de la población salvadoreña, incluidos los pueblos indígenas, procurando el acceso equitativo y universal

The purpose of this Standard is to unify criteria and establish procedures technical, administrative and operational, of the different levels of attention of the System National Integrated Health Program, for the prevention, detection and timely management of oral diseases, with preventive, curative and specialized care to influence in the state of health of the Salvadoran population, including indigenous peoples, seeking equitable and universal access

Pandemia de COVID-19. Uso de equipos de protección personal y ergonomía en odontología / COVID-19 pandemic. Use of personal protective equipment and ergonomics in dentistry

La pandemia de COVID-19 obligó a la odontología a in- corporar nuevos protocolos de atención clínica para evitar la contaminación y la transmisión viral en la cotidianeidad de la práctica profesional. De entre ellos, resulta de particular interés considerar la utilización de equipos de protección per sonal, sobre todo, en prácticas que requieren de tiempos de trabajo prolongados y extrema precisión (AU))

The COVID-19 pandemic forced dentistry to incorpo- rate new clinical care protocols to avoid contamination and viral transmission in daily professional practice. In par- ticular the use of personal protective equipment, especially in practices that require long working times and extreme precision (AU)

Planes, políticas públicas y estrategias de salud bucal en Latinoamérica y el Caribe (1991-2018) / Plans, public policies and strategies of oral health in Latin America and Caribbean (1991-2018)

Introducción: La identificación de políticas públicas y estrategias en salud bucal, así como lo relacionado con sus propósitos, acciones y limitaciones, es un paso importante en la acción intersectorial en salud para alcanzar equidad. Objetivo: Describir las características principales de los documentos relacionados con planes, políticas y estrategias en salud bucal en Latinoamérica y el Caribe. Métodos: Estudio exploratorio mediante el análisis documental de fuentes secundarias de información disponibles en las páginas web de los ministerios de salud de 23 países, y rastreo sistemático en el buscador Google, sin restricción espacio-temporal. Se realizó análisis de contenido cuantitativo y cualitativo. Resultados: Se analizaron 85 documentos. Los países con mayor número de documentos relacionados con el tema propuesto fueron Colombia (n = 14), México (n = 8) y Panamá (n = 7). Una buena parte centran su atención en poblaciones específicas; por ejemplo: gestantes, comunidades vulnerables, escolares, maestros, entre otras. Tienen como propósito la disminución de factores de riesgo para las principales enfermedades bucales, desde enfoques relacionados con los determinantes sociales. El enfoque de género es más tímido y centra su atención en necesidades especiales de las mujeres en embarazo, parto y posparto. Los objetivos de la mayoría de los documentos analizados consistían en una atención integral sobre el estado de salud bucodental, mediante acciones de educación, promoción y actividades clínicas a la población, según sus necesidades. Conclusiones: Se encontró una representación importante de países que tienen documentos relacionados con programas y planes nacionales o locales y con indicadores que reflejan su cumplimiento. También existen guías prácticas de actuación. Aunque en el diseño y construcción de los documentos intervienen profesionales, sobre todo de la estomatología, falta la participación de otras áreas del conocimiento que ayudarían a lograr una visión más amplia hacia la determinación social de la salud(AU)

Introduction: The identification of public policies and strategies in oral health, as well as its purposes, actions and limitations is an important step in intersectoral action in health to achieve equity. Objective: To describe the main characteristics of the documents related to oral health plans, policies and strategies in Latin America en the Caribbean. Methods: An exploratory study was conducted by means of documentary analysis of secondary sources of information available on the websites of the ministries of health of 23 countries, and systematic search in the Google, without spatio-temporal restriction. Quantitative and qualitative content analysis was performed. Results: 85 documents were analyzed. The countries with the highest number of documents related to the research topic were Colombia (n = 14), Mexico (n = 8) and Panama (n = 7). A good part is focused on specific populations, such as pregnant women, socially vulnerable communities, school children, teachers, among others. Their purpose is to reduce risk factors for the main oral diseases, making important advances in approaches related to social determinants. However, the gender approach is more timid by focusing attention on the oral health special needs of women in pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum. The main objectives of most of the documents analyzed consisted of an integral attention on the state of oral health, applying education, promotion and clinical activities to the population, according to their needs. Conclusions: An important representation of countries with documents related to national or local programs and plans were found and they have indicators that reflect their compliance. Also practical action guides were described. Although many professionals, especially in dentistry, intervene in the design and construction of documents, the participation of other areas of knowledge is lacking, what will help to achieve a broader vision towards the social determination of health(AU)

Conocimientos, percepciones y actitudes de estudiantes y pasantes de odontología mexicanos con relación al COVID-19: Estudio descriptivo / Knowledge, perceptions and attitudes in Mexican dental students and interns related with COVID-19: A descriptive study

La enfermedad de COVID-19 es causada por el nuevo coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (síndrome respiratorio agudo severo), convertida hoy en día en una pandemia, emergencia sanitaria y crisis de salud pública. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar el conocimiento, la percepción y actitudes frente a dicha pandemia de en los estudiantes y pasantes de odontología. Material y métodos: Investigación cuantitativa con diseño transversal, descriptivo y exploratorio. El tamaño de la muestra fue de 167 participantes a través de encuestas en línea, donde se describieron sus actitudes, conocimiento y percepción, por medio de un cuestionario de autorreporte el cual consistió de 24 ítems relacionados con la comprensión de la COVID-19. Resultados: La mayoría de los discípulos tiene un entendimiento moderado en relación con la normatividad, y su competencia, en su entorno con dicho trastorno viral, es adecuada. La mayoría (89.5%) respondieron tener actitudes adecuadas con el manejo del control de infecciones y prevenciones. En cuestión a la percepción, la mayoría (82.4%) sí tenía medidas de prevención a fin de evitar la transmisión y medicación adecuadas. Conclusión: Estos estudiantes están conscientes de la COVID-19 y sus medidas de prevención y precaución, requieren adquirir mayores saberes de normas sanitarias, así como llevar estrictos protocolos de control de infecciones para garantizar el ambiente seguro a los alumnos y pacientes que acuden a las clínicas odontológicas (AU)

The COVID-19 disease is caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which today has become a pandemic, health emergency, and public health crisis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, perception and attitudes towards such pandemic in dental students and interns. Material and methods: Quantitative research with a crosssectional, descriptive and exploratory design. The sample size was 167 participants through online surveys, where attitudes, knowledge and perception were described, through a self-report questionnaire which consisted of 24 items related to their knowledge of this malaise. Results: The majority of study participants have a moderate knowledge in relation to the normativity, and the knowledge of the disease in their environment is adequate. The majority (89.5%) responded having adequate attitudes with the management of infection control and prevention. Regarding perception, the majority (82.4%) did have adequate medication and preventive measures to avoid transmission. Conclusion: These students are aware of the COVID-19 sickness and its prevention and precaution measures and they require acquiring greater knowledge of health regulations as well as carrying out strict infection control protocols to guarantee a safe environment for students and patients who attend dental clinics (AU)

Um olhar sobre a saúde bucal de pacientes acamados domiciliados cadastrados em unidades da Estratégia Saúde da Família no município de Teresópolis/RJ / A perspective on the oral health of home care bedridden patients registered in ESF units in the city of Teresópolis/RJ

Resumo Saúde bucal deficiente pode interferir na saúde geral do indivíduo acamado, prolongando o tempo de recuperação ou agravando a enfermidade. Nesse contexto, esse estudo teve o objetivo de identificar os problemas de saúde bucal percebidos por cuidadores e pacientes acamados domiciliados cadastrados em unidades da ESF no município de Teresópolis, região serrana do Estado do Rio de janeiro. Realizou-se um estudo exploratório baseado em entrevistas. Os principais problemas de saúde bucal referidos foram a dor de dente, a cárie dental, os dentes permanentes perdidos, as lesões na mucosa e a doença periodontal. Esses resultados ajudam a compreender a real demanda de serviços odontológicos possibilitando oferecer um atendimento que respeite as prioridades dos indivíduos. Tais achados apontam para a necessidade de um maior suporte por parte da equipe de saúde para essas famílias. Existe a necessidade de atividades de educação em saúde bucal para o paciente e seu cuidador, orientação quanto a higiene oral, identificação de lesões orais e tratamento clínico.

Abstract Poor oral health may interfere with the general health of the bedridden subject, prolonging recovery time or aggravating the disease. In this context, this study aimed to identify oral health problems perceived by caregivers and home care bedridden patients registered in ESF units in the city of Teresópolis, located in the mountainous region of the state of Rio de Janeiro. An exploratory study based on interviews was conducted. The main referred oral health problems were toothache, dental caries, lost permanent teeth, mucosal lesions and periodontal disease. These results help to understand the demand for dental services, making it possible to provide a service that respects the individual's priorities. These findings point to the need for greater support from the health team for these families. There is a need for oral health education activities for the patient and their caregiver, guidance on oral hygiene, identification of oral lesions and clinical treatment.

Generalidades, manejos, cuidados y manifestaciones clínicas del SARS-CoV-2 / Overview, management, care and clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2

Se mantienen los estudios para describir los síntomas clínicos del COVID 19, ya se encuentran documentados a nivel general o sistémico la fiebre, dificultad para respirar, tos seca, fatiga, diarrea y algunos otros menos comunes que se llegan a presentar. La sintomatología se presenta en diferentes etapas que van desde asintomáticas hasta severa y crítica. Con un periodo de incubación de hasta 14 días y con un promedio de seis días que es el momento más común de presencia de los signos y síntomas. Algunas de las manifestaciones orales presentes son: pérdida de la sensación del sabor (ageusia), ausencia del olfato, resequedad de la boca (AU)

Studies are ongoing to describe the clinical symptoms of COVID-19, and fever, shortness of breath, dry cough, fatigue, diarrea, and some other less common ones that have been reported are already documented at a general or systemic level. Symptomatology occurs at different stages ranging from asymptomatic to severe and critical. With an incubation period of up to fourteen days and with an average of six days, which is the most common moment of presence of signs and symptoms. Some of the oral manifestations present are: Loss of taste sensation (ageusia), absence of olfaction, dry mouth (AU)

El coronavirus. ¿Estábamos preparados? / The coronavirus. Were we prepared?

El planteamiento de este artículo no es presentar la gravedad del problema a nivel local, nacional y mundial, tampoco hacer un análisis científico, técnico, económico o social de toda la información publicada recientemente respecto a la enfermedad COVID-19 y sus consecuencias. El objetivo principal es reflexionar sobre tres preguntas que impactan a nuestra comunidad de profesionistas de la odontología, instituciones de educación encargadas de la preparación de futuros profesionistas e investigadores: 1. ¿Qué aspectos positivos existen derivados de esta pandemia que debemos rescatar y qué no estamos viendo? 2. ¿Qué podemos aportar desde una perspectiva profesional y social durante esta emergencia de salud pública? 3. ¿Qué cambios positivos se habrán generado en nuestra profesión cuando esta pandemia sea controlada? (AU)

The approach of this article is not to present the seriousness of the local, national and world problem, neither to give a scientific, technical, economic or social analysis of all the recently published information regarding the COVID-19 and its consequences. The main objective is to reflect on three questions that impact our community of dentistry professionals, educational institutions responsible of preparing future professionals and researchers: 1. What positive aspects are derived from this pandemic that we must rescue and that we are not seeing?; 2. What can we contribute from a professional and social perspective during this public health emergency ?; 3. What positive changes will have been generated in our profession when this pandemic is controlled? (AU)

Manejo del paciente en atención odontológica y bioseguridad del personal durante el brote de coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) / Patient management in dental care and staff biosecurity during the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19)

El surgimiento de infecciones originadas por el SARS-CoV-2 en el humano ha desencadenado una serie de conflictos de salud, económicos y sociales en el entorno mundial. El área odontológica debe poseer todo el conocimiento necesario acerca de esta pandemia debido a que, como profesionales de la salud y responsables de la condición bucal de la sociedad, es de vital importancia disminuir el riesgo que presentan las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, cáncer, obesidad y otras, así como de los adultos mayores para que no generen un problema de salud severo y que además puedan ser asociadas con la presencia del COVID-19. Es importante conocer cuáles son las pautas por considerar en la práctica odontológica para una atención odontológica oportuna y eficaz manteniendo la bioseguridad del personal de salud. Por lo tanto, se genera esta guía de atención odontológica basada en la evidencia científica publicada para el conocimiento y dominio del profesional de salud oral (AU)

The emergence of human infections caused by SRAS-CoV-2 has triggered a series of health, economic and social conflicts in the global environment. The dental area must have all the necessary knowledge about this pandemic because, as a health professional and responsible for the oral condition of society, it is vitally important to reduce the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases, cancer, obesity and others, as well as older adults so that they do not generate a health problem and that may also be associated with the presence of COVID-19. It is important to know the problems of the guidelines to consider in dental practice for effective dental care and biosafety of health personnel. Therefore, this dental care guide is generated based on published scientific evidence for the knowledge and domain of the oral health professional (AU)

Conocimientos, Actitudes y prácticas de prevención de riesgo del cáncer bucal en población mayor de 15 años. Panamá. / [Knowledge, attitudes and practices of prevention of oral cancer risk in popul oral cancer risk in population over 15 years old. Panama.

Introducción: El Cáncer Bucal es una enfermedad de importancia en Salud Pública. En Panamá, se desconoce la incidencia y prevalencia de la enfermedad y no se dispone de información por tipo de patología, lesión, localización, ni estudios de conocimientos, ac­ titudes y prácticas, relacionados a los factores de riesgo. Objetivo General: analizar los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de prevención de Cáncer Bucal en la población mayor de 15 años. Materiales y Método: estudio descriptivo transversal, realizado en las Regiones Sanitarias de San Miguelito, Metropolitana y Panamá Oeste. Se realizó un muestreo por conveniencia en 42 instalaciones de salud del primer nivel de atención, a la población que acudió al servicio odontológico durante cuatro meses. Se aplicó una encuesta de Conocimiento, Actitudes y Prácticas de prevención de factores de riesgo al cáncer bucal, considerando variables de estilo de vida. Para el análisis estadístico, se utilizaron los programas Epi Info versión 7.2 y XLSTAT 2019 y presentados los datos en medidas paramétricas y no paramétricas. Resultados: se encuestó un total de 3,832 personas mayores de 15 años. La mayor proporción fueron mujeres en edades de 25 y 34 años. En relación al conocimiento, el 81% desconoce los factores de riesgo de cáncer bucal y según la actitud, el 63% no asiste al control odontológico periódicamente. Las prácticas reflejaron hábitos relaciona­ dos al consumo de tabaco y alcohol. Conclusión: La población mayor de 15 años del estudio, desconoce los factores de riesgo del cáncer bucal y manifiesta limitada actitud de práctica preventiva.

Introduction: Oral Cancer is an importance disease in Public Health. In Panama, the in­ cidence and prevalence of the disease is unknown and there is no information available by type of pathology, injury, location, or studies of knowledge, attitudes and practices re­ lated to risk factors. General Objective: to analyze the knowledge, attitudes and practi­ ces of prevention of Oral Cancer in the population over 15 years old. Materials and Methods: cross­sectional descriptive study, carried out in San Miguelito, Metropolitan and Panamá Oeste Health Regions. Sampling was carried out for convenience in 42 health facilities of the first level of health care, to the population that attended the dental service during four months. A survey of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of preven­ tion of risk factors to oral cancer was applied, considering Lifestyle variables. For the statistical analysis, the Epi Info version 7.2 and XLSTAT 2019 programs were used and the data presented in parametric and non­parametric measurements. Results: a total of 3,832 people over 15 years of age were surveyed. The highest propor­ tions were women between the ages of 25 and 34. In relation to knowledge, 81% do not know the risk factors for oral cancer and according to the attitude, 63%, do not attend pe­ riodically to a dental control. The practices reflected habits related to consumption of to­ bacco and alcohol. Conclusion: The population over 15 years old of the study ignores the risk factors of oral cancer and manifests a limited attitude of preventive practice.

Improving Dental Service Utilization Rate Using a Proactive Telephone-Based Scheduling Strategy in Primary Healthcare

Abstract Objective: To determine the effect of a proactive telephone-based scheduling strategy to improve dental service utilization rate in primary healthcare. Material and Methods: A retrospective study was carried out based on the dental appointments' records of a primary healthcare center before-strategy and after-strategy periods. The variables studied for both periods were the number of dental appointments requested, dental appointments undergone, no-shows, and available quotas. Data collection was performed by two researchers between May and June 2018. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the absolute and relative frequencies. Results: A total of 10,193 records of dental appointments were registered within the two periods. After-strategy period, dental appointments undergone increased by 16,7%, no-shows decreased by 3%, and available quotas decreased by 21.3%. Conclusion: A proactive telephone-based scheduling strategy increased the dental service utilization rate in primary healthcare.