Regulation of microRNA-126 on the polarization of human macrophages stimulated by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide / 中华口腔医学杂志

Objective: To study the effect of microRNA-126 (miR-126) on the polarization of human monocyte-derived macrophages stimulated by Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods: Macrophages derived from human myeloid leukemia mononuclear cells were stimulated by Pg-LPS (5 mg/L) and by Pg-LPS (5 mg/L) after 24 h-transfection of miR-126 mimic or negative control RNA for 48 h, respectively. Real-time quantitative-PCR (qRT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting were conducted to detect the changes in miR-126, pro-inflammatory factor tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), anti-inflammatory factors interleukin-10 (IL-10), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), arginase-1 (Arg-1) and M1 polarization-related pathways such as nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Results: Compared with non-LPS stimulation group (TNF-α: 1.000±0.020, iNOS: 1.125±0.064, miR-126: 1.004±0.113, IL-10: 1.003±0.053, Arg-1: 1.130±0.061), the mRNA levels of TNF-α (3.105±0.278) and iNOS (4.296±0.003) increased significantly (t=6.53, P=0.003; t=42.63, P<0.001, respectively), while miR-126, IL-10 and Arg-1 expressions (0.451±0.038, 0.545±0.004 and 0.253±0.017) decreased significantly (t=7.95, P=0.001; t=7.36, P=0.002; t=11.94, P<0.001, respectively) after Pg-LPS stimulated by human-derived macrophages for 48 h. The protein expression of iNOS, TNF-α, Arg-1 and IL-10 were consistent at mRNA levels. Meanwhile, the expressions of phospho-NF-κB p65 (p-p65), phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) and phospho-p38 MAPK (p-p38) increased significantly, while the expression of Arg-1 decreased significantly. Compared with the negative controls (scramble RNA) (TNF-α: 1.141±0.197, iNOS: 1.173±0.115, IL-10: 1.032±0.138, Arg-1: 0.933±0.044), the mRNA levels of TNF-α (0.342±0.022) and iNOS (0.588±0.085) expressions significantly decreased (t=5.35, P=0.006; t=5.05, P=0.007), while IL-10 (1.786±0.221) and Arg-1 expressions (2.152±0.229) significantly increased (t=3.71, P=0.021; t=6.21, P=0.003) after Pg-LPS stimulation with miR-126 mimic transfection. The relative protein expressions of iNOS, p-p65, p-ERK and p-p38 significantly decreased (t=13.00, P<0.001; t=6.98, P=0.002; t=10.86, P<0.001; t=8.32, P=0.001), while the protein level of Arg-1 significantly increased (t=12.08, P<0.001). Conclusions: Pg-LPS could promote M1 polarization of macrophages. miR-126 might inhibit the effect of Pg-LPS on the M1 polarization of macrophages through down-regulating NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.

Lung macrophages are involved in lung injury secondary to repetitive diving / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

This study aimed to establish an animal model of decompression-induced lung injury (DILI) secondary to repetitive diving in mice and explore the role of macrophages in DILI and the protective effects of high-concentration hydrogen (HCH) on DILI. Mice were divided into three groups: control group, DILI group, and HCH group. Mice were exposed to hyperbaric air at 600 kPa for 60 min once daily for consecutive 3 d and then experienced decompression. In HCH group, mice were administered with HCH (66.7% hydrogen and 33.3% oxygen) for 60 min after each hyperbaric exposure. Pulmonary function tests were done 6 h after decompression; the blood was harvested for cell counting; the lung tissues were harvested for the detection of inflammatory cytokines, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, and immunohistochemistry; western blotting and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were done for the detection of markers for M1 and M2 macrophages. Our results showed that bubbles formed after decompression and repeated hyperbaric exposures significantly reduced the total lung volume and functional residual volume. Moreover, repetitive diving dramatically increased proinflammatory factors and increased the markers of both M1 and M2 macrophages. HCH inhalation improved lung function to a certain extent, and significantly reduced the pro-inflammatory factors. These effects were related to the reduction of M1 macrophages as well as the increase in M2 macrophages. This study indicates that repetitive diving damages lung function and activates lung macrophages, resulting in lung inflammation. HCH inhalation after each diving may be a promising strategy for the prevention of DILI.

MicroRNAs in tumor immunity: functional regulation in tumor-associated macrophages / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and are critical for cancer initiation and progression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) could notably influence the phenotype of TAMs through various targets and signal pathways during cancer progression due to their post-transcriptional regulation. In this review, we discuss mainly the regulatory function of miRNAs on macrophage differentiation, functional polarization, and cellular crosstalk. Firstly, during the generation process, miRNAs take part in the differentiation from myeloid cells to mature macrophages, and this maturation process directly influences their recruitment into the TME, attracted by tumor cells. Secondly, macrophages in the TME can be either tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressing, depending on their functional polarization. Large numbers of miRNAs can influence the polarization of macrophages, which is crucial for tumor progression, including tumor cell invasion, intravasation, extravasation, and premetastatic site formation. Thirdly, crosstalk between tumor cells and macrophages is essential for TME formation and tumor progression, and miRNAs can be the mediator of communication in different forms, especially when encapsulated in microvesicles or exosomes. We also assess the potential value of certain macrophage-related miRNAs (MRMs) as diagnostic and prognostic markers, and discuss the possible development of MRM-based therapies.

Astragaloside Ⅳ inhibits inflammation after cerebral ischemia in rats through promoting microglia/macrophage M2 polarization / 浙江大学学报·医学版

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effects of astragaloside Ⅳ (AS-Ⅳ) on microglia/macrophage M1/M2 polarization and inflammatory response after cerebral ischemia in rats.@*METHODS@#Forty eight male SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation control group, model control group and AS-Ⅳ group with 16 rats in each. Focal cerebral ischemia model was induced by occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery (MCAO) using the intraluminal filament. After ischemia induced, the rats in AS-Ⅳ group were intraperitoneally injected with 40 mg/kg AS-Ⅳ once a day for 3 days. The neurological functions were evaluated by the modified neurological severity score (mNSS) and the corner test on d1 and d3 after modelling. The infarct volume was measured by 2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining on d3 after ischemia. The expression of M1 microglia/macrophage markers CD86, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, M2 microglia/macrophages markers CD206, arginase-1 (Arg-1), chitinase-like protein (YM1/2) and anti-inflammatory factors interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) was detected by real-time RT-PCR. The expression of CD16/32/Iba1 and CD206/Iba1 was determined by double labeling immunefluorescence method in the peripheral area of cerebral ischemia.@*RESULTS@#Compared with model control group, AS-Ⅳ treatment improved neurological function recovery and reduced infarct volume after ischemia (@*CONCLUSIONS@#The findings suggest that AS-Ⅳ ameliorates brain injury after cerebral ischemia in rats, which may be related to inhibiting inflammation through promoting the polarization of the microglia/macrophage from M1 to M2 phenotype in the ischemic brain.

Disruption of Planar Cell Polarity Pathway Attributable to Valproic Acid-Induced Congenital Heart Disease through Hdac3 Participation in Mice / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Background@#Valproic acid (VPA) exposure during pregnancy has been proven to contribute to congenital heart disease (CHD). Our previous findings implied that disruption of planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway in cardiomyocytes might be a factor for the cardiac teratogenesis of VPA. In addition, the teratogenic ability of VPA is positively correlated to its histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition activity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the VPA on cardiac morphogenesis, HDAC1/2/3, and PCP key genes (Vangl2/Scrib/Rac1), subsequently screening out the specific HDACs regulating PCP pathway.@*Methods@#VPA was administered to pregnant C57BL mice at 700 mg/kg intraperitoneally on embryonic day 10.5. Dams were sacrificed on E15.5, and death/absorption rates of embryos were evaluated. Embryonic hearts were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining to identify cardiac abnormalities. H9C2 cells (undifferentiated rat cardiomyoblasts) were transfected with Hdac1/2/3 specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). Based on the results of siRNA transfection, cells were transfected with Hdac3 expression plasmid and subsequently mock-treated or treated with 8.0 mmol/L VPA. Hdac1/2/3 as well as Vangl2/Scrib/Rac1 mRNA and protein levels were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. Total HDAC activity was detected by colorimetric assay.@*Results@#VPA could induce CHD (P 0.05); VPA exposure dramatically decreased the expression of Vanlg2/Scrib together with Hdac activity (P 0.05).@*Conclusion@#VPA could inhibit Hdac1/2/3, Vangl2/Scrib, or total Hdac activity both in vitro and in vivo and Hdac3 might participate in the process of VPA-induced cardiac developmental anomalies.

Influence of dexamethasone on the cell polarity and PAR complex of the embryonic epithelial cells in the palate / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#This study aims to investigate whether dexamethasone (DEX) can down-regulate the PAR complex and disrupt the cell polarity in the palatal epithelium during palatal fusion.@*METHODS@#Pregnant rats were randomly divided into control and DEX groups, which were injected intraperitoneally with 0.9% sodium chloride (0.1 mL) and DEX (6 mg·kg ⁻¹), respectively, every day from E10 to E12. The palatal epithelial morphology was observed using hematoxylin and eosin staining and scanning electron microscopy. Immunofluorescence staining, Western Blot analysis, and real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed to detect the expression of PAR3, PAR6, and aPKC.@*RESULTS@#The incidence of cleft palate in DEX group (46.15%) was significantly higher than that in control group (3.92%), and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=24.335, P=0.00). DEX can also retard the growth of the palatal shelves and the short palatal shelves. The morphology and arrangement of MEE cells changed from polarized bilayer cells to nonpolarized monolayer ones. Additionally, the spherical structure decreased, which caused the cleft palate. PAR3 and PAR6 were only detected in the palatal epithelium, and aPKC was expressed in the palatal epithelium and mesenchyme. DEX can reduce the expression levels of PAR3, PAR6, and aPKC in the protein and gene levels.@*CONCLUSIONS@#DEX can down-regulate the complex gene expression in the MEE cells, thereby destroying the cell polarity and causing cleft palate.

Research Trends of Macrophage Polarization: A Bibliometric Analysis / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Background@#Macrophage polarization is involved in the development of many diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and cancer. This study aimed to understand the trends and hotspots of macrophage polarization research.@*Methods@#We searched through the Web of Science Core Collection database to obtain original articles in this research domain. CiteSpace, HistCite, and VOSviewer software were used to facilitate the analysis and visualization of scientific productivity and emerging trends.@*Results@#The survey included 3064 articles, and the annual number of publications exhibited an exponential increase. These articles have received a total of 74,801 citations, and the number of annual citations grew from 68 to 18,074 in a decade. Research on macrophage polarization was performed in 76 countries, and the USA ranked first in terms of research output by contributing 1129 (36.8%) articles. The USA also had the highest H-index, total citations, and highly cited article number. PLOS One, Journal of Immunology, and Scientific Reports were the three journals that published the most articles. Interdisciplinary research areas involving macrophage polarization, such as biomaterials, cancer, and diabetes, were identified by journal citation analysis. The top 20 most productive institutions were located mainly in the USA, France, and China, and top authors originated mainly from the USA and Italy. Tumor biology, obesity, and infection were research hotspots and may be promising in the next few years.@*Conclusions@#This study provides a comprehensive analysis that delineates the scientific productivity, collaboration, and research hotspots of macrophage polarization research.

Effects of estrogen receptor GPR30 agonist G1 on neuronal apoptosis and microglia polarization in traumatic brain injury rats / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

<p><b>PURPOSE</b>To investigate the effects of estrogen G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) agonist G1 on hippocampal neuronal apoptosis and microglial polarization in rat traumatic brain injury (TBI).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Male SD rats were randomly divided into sham group, TBI + vehicle group, TBI + G1 group. Experimental moderate TBI was induced using Feeney's weigh-drop method. G1 (100μg/kg) or vehicle was intravenously injected from femoral vein at 30 min post-injury. Rats were sacrificed at 24 h after injury for detection of neuronal apoptosis and microglia polarization. Neuronal apoptosis was assayed by immunofluorescent staining of active caspase-3. M1 type microglia markers (iNOS and IL-1β) and M2 type markers (Arg1 and IL-4) were examined by immunoblotting or ELISA. Total protein level of Akt and phosphorylated Akt were assayed by immunoblotting.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>G1 significantly reduced active caspase-3 positive neurons in hippocampus. Meanwhile G1 increased the ratio of Arg1/iNOS. IL-1β production was decreased but IL-4 was increased after G1 treatment. G1 treatment also increased the active form of Akt.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>GPR30 agonist G1 inhibited neuronal apoptosis and favored microglia polarization to M2 type.</p>

IL-23-induced macrophage polarization and its pathological roles in mice with imiquimod-induced psoriasis

Macrophages acquire distinct phenotypes during tissue stress and inflammatory responses. Macrophages are roughly categorized into two different subsets named inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. We herein identified a unique pathogenic macrophage subpopulation driven by IL-23 with a distinct gene expression profile including defined types of cytokines. The freshly isolated resting mouse peritoneal macrophages were stimulated with different cytokines in vitro, the expression of cytokines and chemokines were detected by microarray, real-time PCR, ELISA and multiple colors flow cytometry. Adoptive transfer of macrophages and imiquimod-induced psoriasis mice were used. In contrast to M1- and M2-polarized macrophages, IL-23-treated macrophages produce large amounts of IL-17A, IL-22 and IFN-γ. Biochemical and molecular studies showed that IL-23 induces IL-17A expression in macrophages through the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)-retinoid related orphan receptor-γ T (RORγT) pathway. T-bet mediates the IFN-γ production in IL-23-treated macrophages. Importantly, IL-23-treated macrophages significantly promote the dermatitis pathogenesis in a psoriasis-like mouse model. IL-23-treated resting macrophages express a distinctive gene expression prolife compared with M1 and M2 macrophages. The identification of IL-23-induced macrophage polarization may help us to understand the contribution of macrophage subpopulation in Th17-cytokines-related pathogenesis.

Effect of histone acetylation/deacetylation imbalances on key gene of planar cell polarity pathway / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of histone acetylation/deacetylation imbalances on embryonic hearts of mice and its effect on key genes of planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway-Vangl2, Scrib and Rac1 in H9C2 cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty pregnant C57/B6 mice were randomly assigned into three groups: blank group (n=10), vehicle group (n=10), and valproic acid (VPA)-treated group (n=20). In the VPA-treated group, VPA, a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, was administered to each individual dam intraperitoneally at a single dose of 700 mg/kg on embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5). The vehicle and blank groups received equivalent saline or no interventions, respectively. Dams were sacrificed on E15.5, and death rates of embryos were evaluated. Subsequently, embryonic hearts of survival fetus were removed to observe cardiac abnormalities by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. H9C2 cells were cultured and allotted to the blank, vehicle, and VPA-treated groups: the VPA treated group received VPA exposure at concentrations of 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mmol/L; the vehicle and blank groups received equivalent saline or no interventions, respectively. HDAC1-3 as well as Vangl2, Scrib and Rac1 mRNA and protein expression levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. The total HDAC activity was analyzed by colorimetric assay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The fetus mortality rate after VPA treatment was 31.7%, with a significantly higher rate of cardiac abnormalities in comparison with the controls (P<0.05). In comparison with the blank and vehicle groups, HDAC1 mRNA was significantly increased at various concentrations of VPA treatment at all time points of exposure (P<0.05), together with a reduction of protein level after 48 and 72 hours of exposure (P<0.05). The inhibition of HDAC2 mRNA after various concentrations of VPA incubation was pronounced at 24 hours of exposure (P<0.05), while the protein levels were reduced at all time points (P<0.05). HDAC3 mRNA was prominently induced by VPA (4.0 and 8.0 mmol/L) at all time points of treatment (P<0.05). In contrast, the protein level was inhibited after VPA treatment (P<0.05). In comparison with the blank and vehicle groups, Vangl2 mRNA as well as Scrib mRNA/protein expression levels were markedly reduced after 48 and 72 hours of VPA treatment (P<0.05), together with a reduction of protein level in Vangl2 at 72 hours (P<0.05). Compared with the blank and vehicle groups, a significant repression in the total HDAC activity was observed in the VPA-treated group at concentrations of 4.0 and 8.0 mmol/L after 24 hours of treatment (P<0.05), and the effect persisted up to 48 and 72 hours, exhibiting pronounced inhibition at all concentrations (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>VPA might result in acetylation/deacetylation imbalances by inhibiting HDAC1-3 protein expression and total HDAC activity, leading to the down-regulation of mRNA and protein expression of Vangl2 and Scrib. This could be one of the mechanisms contributing to congenital heart disease.</p>

Requirement of Smad4-mediated signaling in odontoblast differentiation and dentin matrix formation / 대한해부학회지

Dentin is the major part of tooth and formed by odontoblasts. Under the influence of the inner enamel epithelium, odontoblasts differentiate from ectomesenchymal cells of the dental papilla and secrete pre-dentin which then undergo mineralization into dentin. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is essential for dentinogenesis; however, the precise molecular mechanisms remain unclear. To understand the role of TGF-β/BMP signaling in odontoblast differentiation and dentin formation, we generated mice with conditional ablation of Smad4, a key intracellular mediator of TGF-β/BMP signaling, using Osr2 or OC-Cre mice. Here we found the molars of Osr2(Cre)Smad4 mutant mice exhibited impaired odontoblast differentiation, and normal dentin was replaced by ectopic bone-like structure. In Osr2(Cre)Smad4 mutant mice, cell polarity of odontoblast was lost, and the thickness of crown dentin was decreased in later stage compared to wild type. Moreover, the root dentin was also impaired and showed ectopic bone-like structure similar to Osr2(Cre)Smad4 mutant mice. Taken together, our results suggest that Smad4-dependent TGF-β/BMP signaling plays a critical role in odontoblast differentiation and dentin formation during tooth development.

Rebound depolarization of substantia gelatinosa neurons and its modulatory mechanisms in rat spinal dorsal horn / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the rebound depolarization of substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons in rat spinal dorsal horn and explore its modulatory mechanisms to provide better insights into rebound depolarization-related diseases.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Parasagittal slices of the spinal cord were prepared from 3- to 5-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The electrophysiologic characteristics and responses to hyperpolarization stimulation were recorded using whole-cell patch-clamp technique. The effects of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide gated cation (HCN) channel blockers and T-type calcium channel blockers on rebound depolarization of the neurons were studied.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 63 SG neurons were recorded. Among them, 23 neurons showed no rebound depolarization, 19 neurons showed rebound depolarization without spikes, and 21 neurons showed rebound depolarization with spikes. The action potential thresholds of the neurons without rebound depolarization were significantly higher than those of the neurons with rebound depolarization and spikes (-28.7∓1.6 mV vs -36.0∓2.0 mV, P<0.05). The two HCN channel blockers CsCl and ZD7288 significantly delayed the latency of rebound depolarization with spike from 45.9∓11.6 ms to 121.6∓51.3 ms (P<0.05) and from 36.2∓10.3 ms to 73.6∓13.6 ms (P<0.05), respectively. ZD7288 also significantly prolonged the latency of rebound depolarization without spike from 71.9∓35.1 ms to 267.0∓68.8 ms (P<0.05). The T-type calcium channel blockers NiCl2 and mibefradil strongly decreased the amplitude of rebound depolarization with spike from 19.9∓6.3 mV to 9.5∓4.5 mV (P<0.05) and from 26.1∓9.4 mV to 15.5∓5.0 mV (P<0.05), respectively. Mibefradil also significantly decreased the amplitude of rebound depolarization without spike from 14.3∓3.0 mV to 7.9∓2.0 mV (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Nearly two-thirds of the SG neurons have rebound depolarizations modulated by HCN channel and T-type calcium channel.</p>

Correlation between autophagy and polarization of macrophages in atherosclerosis plaque in arteriosclerosis obliterans amputees / 药学学报

This study was designed to investigate the correlation between autophagy and polarization of macrophages in atherosclerosis (AS) plaque in arteriosclerosis obliterans amputees. Femoral artery specimens from arteriosclerosis obliterans amputees were performed hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, oil red O and immunofluorescence staining to observe the morphology of atherosclerotic plaque, phenotype of macrophages and autophagy in plaque; using real-time quantitative RT-PCR technology to detect the mRNA level of M1 and M2 type markers in arterial tissue; to analyze polarized signal pathway and autophagy protein levels in macrophages by Western blotting. Arterial specimens staining showed obvious lipid deposition and obvious infiltration of amount of foam cells and inflammatory cells. Macrophages were mainly expression M1 type in percentage in fibrous plaque. Although both M1 and M2 macrophages were upregulated in atheromatous plaque, the increase was dominant in M2 type in percentage. The level of autophagy was significantly higher in the atheromatous plaque than that of fibrous plaque. The expression of tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) mRNA was significantly higher in fibrous plaque than that of atheromatous plaque (P < 0.01 or 0.05), and arginase-1 (Arg-1), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), CD163 and interleukin-10 (IL-10) mRNA was significantly lower than that in atheromatous plaque (P < 0.01). The levels of p-STAT1 and NF-κB were significantly increased in fibrous plaque (P < 0.01), while p-STAT6 expression was significantly increased in atheromatous plaque (P < 0.01). The level of LC3-II was significantly higher in atheromatous plaque than that in fibrous plaque (P < 0.01). Macrophages in early atherosclerotic plaque were induced to M1 type through p-STAT1/NF-κB pathway and expressed moderate levels of autophagy; while macrophages in advanced plaques were induced to polarization of M2 type through p-STAT6 pathway. M2 macrophages expressed a higher level of autophagy than M1 macrophages.

RBP-J is required for M2 macrophage polarization in response to chitin and mediates expression of a subset of M2 genes

Development of alternatively activated (M2) macrophage phenotypes is a complex process that is coordinately regulated by a plethora of pathways and factors. Here, we report that RBP-J, a DNA-binding protein that integrates signals from multiple pathways including the Notch pathway, is critically involved in polarization of M2 macrophages. Mice deficient in RBP-J in the myeloid compartment exhibited impaired M2 phenotypes in vivo in a chitin-induced model of M2 polarization. Consistent with the in vivo findings, M2 polarization was partially compromised in vitro in Rbpj-deficient macrophages as demonstrated by reduced expression of a subset of M2 effector molecules including arginase 1. Functionally, myeloid Rbpj deficiency impaired M2 effector functions including recruitment of eosinophils and suppression of T cell proliferation. Collectively, we have identified RBP-J as an essential regulator of differentiation and function of alternatively activated macrophages.

Adequação da assistência pré-natal segundo as características maternas no Brasil / Adequacy of prenatal care according to maternal characteristics in Brazil

OBJETIVO: Verificar o grau de adequação da assistência pré-natal no Brasil e sua associação com características sociodemográficas das mulheres. MÉTODOS: Este estudo nacional de base hospitalar foi realizado com 23 894 mulheres em 2011 e 2012. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de entrevistas com a puérpera e dos cartões de pré-natal. Considerou-se assistência pré-natal adequada aquela iniciada até a 12 semana gestacional, com realização de no mínimo seis consultas (número de consultas corrigido para a idade gestacional no momento do parto), registro no cartão de pré-natal de pelo menos um resultado de cada um dos exames preconizados na rotina de pré-natal e recebimento de orientação para maternidade de referência. Realizou-se regressão logística multivariada para verificar a associação entre características maternas e o grau de adequação da assistência pré-natal. RESULTADOS: Início precoce da atenção pré-natal foi observado em 53,9% das gestantes, número adequado de consultas em 73,2%, registro de pelo menos um exame preconizado em 62,9%, orientação para maternidade de referência em 58,7% e assistência pré-natal global adequada em 21,6%. Menor adequação do pré-natal foi observada em mulheres mais jovens, de pele preta, multíparas, sem companheiro, sem trabalho remunerado, com menos anos de estudo, de classes econômicas mais baixas e residentes nas regiões Norte e Nordeste do país. Após ajuste para características maternas, não foram observadas diferenças entre serviços públicos e privados quanto ao grau de adequação do cuidado pré-natal. CONCLUSÕES: A assistência pré-natal no Brasil alcançou cobertura praticamente universal, mas persistem desigualdades regionais e sociais no acesso a um cuidado adequado. Estratégias para facilitar o ingresso precoce no pré-natal são essenciais.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the degree of adequacy of prenatal care in Brazil and to determine whether it is associated with sociodemographic characteristics of women. METHODS: This nationwide hospital-based study was performed with 23 894 women in 2011 and 2012. Data were obtained from interviews with puerperal women and from the prenatal card recording prenatal care appointments. Adequate prenatal care was defined as that started no later than the 12th gestational week, with performance of at least six consultations (with number of consultations adjusted for gestational age at delivery), record in the prenatal card of at least one result for each of the recommended routine prenatal tests, and guidance regarding the maternity hospital for delivery. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to verify the association between maternal characteristics and the adequacy of prenatal care. RESULTS: Early onset of prenatal care was observed in 53.9% of participants, adequate number of consultations in 73.2%, record of at least one of each recommended test in 62.9%, guidance regarding maternity hospital in 58.7%, and overall adequate prenatal care in 21.6%. Less adequate prenatal care was observed in women who were younger, black, multiparous, who did not have a partner, without paid employment, having fewer years of formal schooling, belonging to lower socioeconomic classes, and living in the North and Northeast of Brazil. After adjustment of maternal characteristics, no differences were observed between public or private health care services regarding adequacy of prenatal care. CONCLUSIONS: Even though the coverage of prenatal care is virtually universal in Brazil, regional and social differences in the access and adequacy of care still persist. The implementation of strategies to facilitate early access to prenatal care is essential.

Total flavonoid from Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and its ingredient isoliquiritigenin regulation M2 phenotype polarization of macrophages / 中国中药杂志

To study the mechanisms of total flavonoid from Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (TFGR) and its ingredient isoliquiritigenin (ISL) on their regulation of M2 phenotype polarization of macrophages. IL-4 (60 μg x L(-1)) induced RAW264.7 cells for 6 h to establish the M2 macrophage model. TFGR and ISL restrained breast cancer cells migration with the aid of M2 macrophages in vitro. TFGR and ISL inhibited gene and protein expression of Arg-1, up-regulated gene of HO-1 and protein expression of iNOS, enhanced the expression of microRNA 155 and its target gene SHIP1, meanwhile down-regulated.the phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT6. So TFGR and ISL were the bioactive fraction and ingredient in Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma to reverse M2 phenotype macrophages polarization. TFGR and ISL inhibited the promotion of M2 macrophages to breast cancer cells migration in vitro, STAT signal pathways and miR155 were partly involved.

Advance in studies on regulatory mechanism of phenotype polarization of macrophages and intervention with traditional Chinese medicines / 中国中药杂志

Macrophages are heterogeneous and diversified, and can be polarized into different phenotypes in various microenvironments and physiological or pathological conditions. Major macrophage subpopulations including classically activated(M1) and alternatively activated(M2) macrophages, which represent different surface receptors, secret different cytokines and chemokines, are regulated by different signal paths of transcriptions and epigenetic levels, and play distinctive roles in tumor progress. TCMs may improve the microenvironment by regulating phenotype polarization of macrophages. So far, specific biomarkers and polarized molecules mechanisms generated through the macrophage polarization approach are still unclear. In this article, we merely summarize the advance in domestic and foreign studies on phenotype polarization of macrophages and regulatory mechanisms and look into the future of intervention with TCMs.

Polarized and Stage-Dependent Distribution of Immunoreactivity for Novel PDZ-Binding Protein Preso1 in Adult Neurogenic Regions

BACKGROUND: Adult neural stem cells have the potential for self-renewal and differentiation into multiple cell lineages via symmetric or asymmetric cell division. Preso1 is a recently identified protein involved in the formation of dendritic spines and the promotion of axonal growth in developing neurons. Preso1 can also bind to cell polarity proteins, suggesting a potential role for Preso1 in asymmetric cell division. METHODS: To investigate the distribution of Preso1, we performed immunohistochemistry with adult mouse brain slice. Also, polarized distribution of Preso1 was assessed by immunocytochemistry in cultured neural stem cells. RESULTS: Immunoreactivity for Preso1 (Preso1-IR) was strong in the rostral migratory stream and subventricular zone, where proliferating transit-amplifying cells and neuroblasts are prevalent. In cultured neural stem cells, Preso1-IR was unequally distributed in the cell cytosol. We also observed the distribution of Preso1 in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus, another neurogenic region in the adult brain. Interestingly, Preso1-IR was transiently observed in the nuclei of doublecortin-expressing neuroblasts immediately after asymmetric cell division. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that Preso1 is asymmetrically distributed in the cytosol and nuclei of neural stem/progenitor cells in the adult brain, and may play a significant role in cell differentiation via association with cell polarity machinery.

Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced cleft palate because of partial loss of cell polarity to interfere with apoptosis during early developmental stage / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>In this study, folic acid (FA) was tested for antiteratogenic effects on Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced cleft palate in fetal mice.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In the present study, pregnant mice were dosed with TCDD 24 µg/kg and with or without FA 5 mg/kg body weight on gestation day 10. Control group mice received sesame oil 50 ml/kg body weight on gestation day(GD)10. The mice were sacrificed on GD12.5, GD13.5, GD14.5, GD15.5 and GD16.5. From each pregnant mouse on GD16.5, embryos were obtained to examine under a dissecting microscope, and routine histology was performed for detection and classification of palatal clefts. The fetuses were prepared for histologic examination, scanning electron microscope and TdT-mediated X-dUTP nick and labeling (TUNEL). On GD12.5, GD13.5, GD14.5 and GD15.5. Meanwhile, real-time (RT)-PCR was employed to detect the mRNA expression levels about arylhydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and transforming growth factor (TGF)β3 in this animal model.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Total frequencies of clefts were 70.2% in TCDD group(group B) and 66.3% in TCDD+FA group(group C) in relation to control fetuses(group A). Filopodia disappeared completely at the medial edge epithelia surface on GD15.5 (group A), GD12.5 (group B) and GD14.5 (group C). the RT-PCR results showed that TGF -β3 expression was down-regulated on GD13.5 and GD14.5 compared to the control.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>It is found that folic acid has no protects agaist 2.3.7.8-TCDD-indued cleft palate in the experiment. Meanwhile, TCDD repressed the TGF-β3 expression during the palatal development. Anormal apoptosis was induced by 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD at the medial edge epithelia (MEE) during the early development stage.</p>

Effects of rhG-CSF Stimulation in vitro on the Adhesion and Polarization of Human CD4⁺T Lymphocytes / 中国实验血液学杂志

The adhesion and polarization of T lymphocytes involved in the adhesive interaction of lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) with its ligand intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). This study was aimed to investigate the effects of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) stimulation in vitro on the adhesion and polarization of CD4⁺ T cells of healthy human in peripheral blood. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from 12 healthy volunteers. The CD4⁺ T cells were sorted by miniMACS. The sorted CD4⁺ T cells were incubated with rhG-CSF for 24 h, then the adhesion and polarization of CD4⁺ T cells activated by stroma cell-derived factor -1α (SDF-1α) and ICAM-1 were detected by ELISA and inverted microscope. The results showed that the percentage of adhesion CD4⁺T cells in the experimental group (rhG-CSF acting on the healthy adult volunteers) (61.9 ± 5.9)% was lower than that in the control group (healthy adult volunteers without rhG-CSF stimulation) (68.3 ± 7.3)% (P < 0.05). The percentage of polarized CD4⁺T cells in the experimental group (24.3 ± 4.3)% was also lower than that in control group (47.1 ± 5.1)% (P < 0.05). It is concluded that the adhesion and polarization of CD4⁺T lymphocytes can be inhibited after rhG-CSF stimulation.