Associações entre consumo de produtos lácteos, proteína C-reativa e perfil lipídico em adultos: resultados do ELSA-Brasil / Associations between consumption of dairy products, C-reactive protein, and lipid profile in adults: results of the ELSA-Brasil study / Asociaciones entre consumo de productos lácteos, proteína C-reativa y perfil lipídico en adultos: resultados del ELSA-Brasil

Anormalidades lipídicas e inflamação sistêmica subclínica estão associadas ao processo de aterosclerose, sendo utilizadas como marcadores de risco cardiovascular. Estudos sugerem um possível efeito benéfico dos produtos lácteos na saúde cardiovascular, mas os resultados em marcadores lipídicos e inflamatórios ainda são controversos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a associação entre o consumo de produtos lácteos e seus diferentes subgrupos e proteína C-reativa (PCR), LDL-colesterol (LDL-C) e razão triglicerídeo/HDL-colesterol (TG/HDL-C) nos participantes do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) (n = 9.372). O consumo de lácteos foi avaliado por meio de questionário de frequência alimentar validado e apresentado em porções/dia. O consumo total de lácteos foi descrito em quatro categorias (≤ 1 porção/dia a > 4 porções/dia). As associações foram estimadas por meio do odds ratios (OR), utilizando-se o grupo de menor consumo (≤ 1 porção/dia) como referência. Os menores valores de OR para TG/HDL-C no modelo multivariado (0,70; IC95%: 0,55-0,90 em homens; e 0,55; IC95%: 0,43-0,70 em mulheres) foram encontrados no grupo com consumo > 4 porções/dia de lácteos totais. Esses resultados foram apoiados pelas associações inversas encontradas entre diferentes subgrupos de lácteos e a razão TG/HDL-C. Não foi encontrada associação entre consumo de produtos lácteos e seus subgrupos e valores de LDL-C e de PCR. Os resultados sugerem um possível efeito benéfico dos lácteos no perfil lipídico, porém são necessárias evidências de estudos longitudinais e de intervenção que elucidem os mecanismos de efeito dos diferentes tipos de lácteos.

Lipid abnormalities and subclinical systemic inflammation are associated with atherosclerosis and are used as markers of cardiovascular risk. Studies have suggested a possible beneficial effect of dairy products on cardiovascular health, but the results in lipid and inflammatory markers are still controversial. This study aimed to assess the association between consumption of dairy products and their different subgroups and C-reactive protein (CRP), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride/HDL-cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C) in participants in the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) (n = 9,372). Consumption of dairy products was assessed via a validated food frequency questionnaire and expressed as servings/day. Total consumption of dairy products was described in four categories (≤ 1 serving/day to > 4 servings/day). The associations were estimated via odds ratios (OR), using the group with the lowest consumption (≤ 1 serving/day) as the reference. The lowest ORs for TG/HDL-C in the multivariate model (0.70; 95%CI: 0.55-0.90 in men; and 0.55; 95%CI: 0.43-0.70 in women) were found in the group that consumed > 4 servings day of dairy products. These results were supported by the inverse associations between different subgroups of dairy products and the TG/HDL-C ratio. No association was found between consumption of dairy products and their subgroups and LDL-C and CRP. The results suggest a possible beneficial effect of dairy products on lipid profile, but longitudinal and intervention studies are needed to elucidate the effect mechanisms of different types of dairy products.

Las anormalidades lipídicas e inflamación sistémica subclínica están asociadas con el proceso de arteriosclerosis, siendo utilizadas como marcadores de riesgo cardiovascular. Los estudios sugieren un posible efecto benéfico de los productos lácteos en la salud cardiovascular, pero los resultados en marcadores lipídicos e inflamatorios todavía son controvertidos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la asociación entre el consumo de productos lácteos y sus diferentes subgrupos y proteína C-reativa (PCR), LDL-colesterol (LDL-C) y razón triglicéridos/HDL-colesterol (TG/HDL-C) en los participantes del Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) (n = 9.372). El consumo de lácteos fue evaluado mediante un cuestionario de frecuencia alimentaria validado, y presentado en porciones/día. El consumo total de lácteos se describió en cuatro categorías (≤ 1 porción/día a > 4 porciones/día). Las asociaciones fueron estimadas mediante odds ratios (OR), utilizando el grupo de menor consumo (≤ 1 porción/día) como referencia. Los menores valores de OR para TG/HDL-C en el modelo multivariado (0,70; IC95%: 0,55-0,90 en hombres; y 0,55; IC95%: 0,43-0,70 en mujeres) se encontraron en el grupo con consumo > 4 porciones/día de lácteos totales. Estos resultados se apoyaron en las asociaciones inversas encontradas entre diferentes subgrupos de lácteos y la razón TG/HDL-C. No se encontró asociación entre consumo de productos lácteos y sus subgrupos y valores de LDL-C y de PCR. Los resultados sugieren un posible efecto benéfico de los lácteos en el perfil lipídico, pese a que se necesitan evidencias de estudios longitudinales y de intervención que eluciden los mecanismos de efecto de los diferentes tipos de lácteos.

Produção de leite e derivados lácteos em estabelecimentos sob inspeção estadual no Rio Grande do Sul, no período de janeiro de 2016 a outubro de 2018 / Milk and dairy production in establishments under state sanitary inspection in the state for Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from January 2016 to October 2018

O objetivo do estudo foi realizar levantamento quanto à produção de leite e derivados lácteos, por estabelecimentos registrados sob inspeção estadual no Rio Grande do Sul, no período de janeiro de 2016 a outubro de 2018. Foram analisados os mapas de produção oriundos do Sistema de Defesa Agropecuária RS. A produção de leite e derivados lácteos encontra-se nas Supervisões Regionais de Santa Rosa (53,08%), Palmeira das Missões (14,33%), Estrela (10,81%), Caixas do Sul (7,86%), Passo Fundo (5,89%), Soledade (2,49%), Ijuí (2,39%), Cruz Alta (0,93%), Porto Alegre (0,71%), Pelotas (0,64%), Rio Pardo (0,3%), São Luiz Gonzaga (0,25%), Santa Maria (0,2%) e Bagé (0,12%). Os queijos mais produzidos foram Muçarela (90,9629%) e Colonial (3,6732%). Os demais tipos de queijos representam 5,3639% do total produzido.

Estudo da disponibilidade de produtos lácteos caprinos / Study on the availability of goat milk products

O leite de cabra é uma opção saudável e saborosa tanto para quem tem problemas relacionados com a ingestão de leite bovino quanto para quem gosta de variar sua alimentação com novos ingredientes. Neste sentido objetivou-se identificar os produtos lácteos caprinos oferecidos ao consumidor no comércio varejista de Porto Alegre e acompanhar a disponibilidade desses ao longo do ano. Identificaram-se, em quatorze pontos de venda, treze produtos: leite UHT (temperatura ultra-alta) nas apresentações integral, light e com extrato de soja, leite em pó, iogurte e oito tipos de queijo. Os leites UHT e em pó são os produtos mais disponíveis nos pontos de venda. Já os derivados, muitas vezes, estão disponíveis em apenas um estabelecimento e com frequência irregular. Nos queijos, no inverno ocorre uma nítida diminuição da variedade desses produtos. Conclui-se que apesar da grande variedade de produtos lácteos caprinos no Brasil, o consumidor de Porto Alegre tem acesso a uma restrita gama de produtos disponíveis. Da mesma forma, esses produtos não apresentam uma oferta constante em muitos dos estabelecimentos visitados. A constatação desses fatos pode ser útil àquelas pessoas envolvidas ou interessadas em otimizar a cadeia produtiva de lácteos caprinos.

Goat milk is a healthy, flavorful alternative both for those who have trouble ingesting cow milk and for those who enjoy changing their nutrition through the inclusion of new ingredients. This research aims mainly at (1) identifying goat milk products offered to the consumer in the retail market of Porto Alegre and (2) observing the availability of these products throughout a whole year. There were identified, in fourteen points of sale, thirteen products: UHT milk (whole, low-fat, and with soybeans extract), powdered milk, and yogurt, as well as eight types of cheese. The UHT milks and the powdered milk are the most available products in the points of sale. On the other hand, the milk derivatives are often available in only one point of sale and with irregular frequency. There is a clear decline in the variety of cheese available in winter. One can conclude that, despite the great diversity of goat milk products in Brazil, the Porto Alegre consumer has access only to a narrow range of available products. In addition, these products do not show a constant offer in many of the visited points of sale. Realizing these facts can be fruitful for those involved with, or interested in, optimizing goat milk production chain.

Cambios en el consumo aparente de lácteos, bebidas azucaradas y jugos procesados en el Gran Santiago. Chile. 1987-2007: Changes in the consumption of dairy products, sugary drinks and processed juices in the Chilean population

Background: Nowadays, Chilean population tends to replace or eat a lower amount of food with health protective properties and a higher proportion of unhealthy foodstuff. Aim: To describe and compare the intake of dairy products, sugary drinks and processed juices among Chileans. Material and Methods: An analysis of data compiled from the Survey on Household Budget and Expenses carried out by the Chilean National Institute of Statistics (INE), using a representative sample of households. The sample was surveyed between 1987 and 2007. The analysis was performed for all households surveyed and for households belonging to the second (highest incomes) and fifth quintile (lowest incomes). The Chilean Food Guide and the international recommendations of the Institute of Medicine of the United States and the American Heart Association (in the case of sugars) were used as reference. Results: Even though the intake of dairy products increased during the period of the survey, it was lower than the intake of sugary drinks and juices, which increased. Also, calcium recommendations were not covered. On the other hand, the intake of added sugars increased to figures over current recommendations. Conclusions: The intake of dairy products and calcium is below the recommended amounts established by international organisms, and added sugars intake is greater than the advisable levels recommended by international organisms.

Estado nutricional, consumo de alimentos y actividad física en escolares mujeres de diferente nivel socioeconómico de Santiago de Chile / Nutritional status, food consumption and physical activity in female school children of different socioeconomic levels from Santiago, Chile

Background: A high prevalence of obesity is the main public health problem in Chilean school children. Aim: To compare the nutritional status, consumption of selected foods and extracurricular physical activity (PA) habits in school children of different socioeconomic levels as a baseline for developing effective educational interventions. Material and methods: Cross-sectional study that determined the body mass index, food consumption and physical activity with previously validated instruments in 202 and 358 girls from 3rd to 8th grade in schools of medium-high and low socioeconomic level (SEL) from Santiago, Chile, respectively. Results: Compared to their counterparts of low socioeconomic level (SEL), the prevalence of obesity was significantly lower in 8-9 year-old girls of medium high SEL (19 percent and 9 percent, respectively, p =0.012) and 12-13 year-old (12 percent and 2.5 percent respectively, p =0.008). Also median daily intake of dairy products was higher in girls of medium high SEL (250 and 470 ml/day, respectively). The intake of fruits and vegetables was similar (200 g/d); and the intake of bread was lower (230 and 70 g/day, respectively, p <0.01). Consumption of energy-dense foods was lower in 10-13 year-old girls of medium high SEL (80 and 50 g/day, respectively, p <0.01). 45 percent of 8-9 year-old girls and 35 percent of 12-13 year-old girls of both SEL engaged in PA four or more times per week (NS). Conclusions: Although the prevalence of obesity in girls of medium-high SEL was not as high as in those from low SEL, it is still high. There is a need for educational interventions to improve their food and PA habits and to promote an environment that enhances healthy behaviors.

Utilization of some dairy by-products in yoghurt manufacture

Some dairy by-products were utilized in yoghurt manufacture. Apart from control, skim milk, butter milk, whey and water were used as reconstituting media to give reconstituted milk with various total solid contents. These milk were used in yoghurt making. Some chemical, physical, and organoleptic properties of the resultant yoghurt were determined. Data were statistically analyzed. The results showed that the ratios of fat/TS, protein/TS, and lactose/TS were varied according to the reconstituting media. Nitrogen distribution exerted an increase with TS content increasing. The highest values of TN, NPN, and TFAA were observed in yoghurt manufactured from skim milk and butter milk. Lowest values of these estimates were noticed in yoghurt made by using water in reconstitution. Curd tension of the resultant yoghurt was gradually increased with its TS increasing. Statistical analysis of data exerted highly significant variations in curd tension of yoghurt made from different reconstitution media. Syneresis behavior statistically varied either by yoghurt TS increasing or in the different reconstituting materials. Sensory evaluation emphasized by yoghurt chemical and physical properties. It can be concluded that utilizing some dairy by-products could be successfully produce pleasant yoghurt