Zika virus RNA excretion in sweat with concomitant detection in other body fluid specimens

We evaluated sweat, blood and urine specimens obtained from an ongoing cohort study in Brazil. Samples were collected at pre-established intervals after the initial rash presentation and tested for Zika virus (ZIKV) RNA presence by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). From 254 participants with confirmed infection, ZIKV RNA was detected in the sweat of 46 individuals (18.1%). Sweat presented a median cycle threshold (Ct) of 34.74 [interquartile range (IQR) 33.44-36.04], comparable to plasma (Ct 35.96 - IQR 33.29-36.69) and higher than urine (Ct 30.78 - IQR 28.72-33.22). Concomitant detection with other specimens was observed in 33 (72%) of 46 participants who had a positive result in sweat. These findings represent an unusual and not yet investigated virus shedding through eccrine glands.

Torque teno virus among dialysis and renal-transplant patients

Patients who undergo dialysis treatment or a renal transplant have a high risk of blood-borne viral infections, including the Torque teno virus (TTV). This study identified the presence of TTV and its genome groups in blood samples from 118 patients in dialysis and 50 renal-transplant recipients. The research was conducted in a hospital in the city of Maringá, state of Paraná. The viral DNA, obtained from whole blood, was identified by using two nested Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR). The frequencies of TTV were 17% and 36% in dialysis patients using the methodology proposed by Nishizawa et al. (1997) and Devalle and Niel (2004), respectively, and 10% and 54% among renal-transplant patients. There was no statistically significant association between the frequency of the pathogen and the variables: gender, time in dialysis, time since transplant, blood transfusions, and the concomitant presence of hepatitis B, for either the dialysis patients or the renal-transplant recipients. Among dialysis patients and renal-transplant recipients, genogroup 5 was predominant (48% and 66% respectively), followed by genogroup 4 (37% and 48%) and genogroup 1 (23% and 25%). Genogroup 2 was present in both groups of patients. Some patients had several genogroups, but 46% of the dialysis patients and 51% of the renal-transplant recipients had only a single genogroup. This study showed a high prevalence of TTV in dialysis patients and renal-transplant recipients.

Seguridad viral de la Gammaglobulina anti-D / Viral safety in human anti-D immunoglobulin

Introducción. El Parvovirus B19 humano (B19) es considerado como uno de los mayores contaminantes de plasma, sangre y hemoderivados. Con el propósito de reducir el riesgo de contaminación, la Farmacopea Europea estableció el control por PCR del ADN del Parvovirus B19 en los pool es de plasma destinados a la producción de Gammaglobulina anti-D (Rh), un producto utilizado en mujeres embarazadas para pre­venir la enfermedad hemolítica del recién nacido. Además del control del ADN viral se aplican otros procesos y procedimientos adicionales para optimizar la seguridad viral y el aprovechamiento de la materia prima. Objetivos. Demostrar que el control por PCR del ADN/B19, la presencia de anticuerpos neutralizantes y la inactivación viral por pasteurización en la producción de preparados de Gammaglobulina anti-D permiten obtener un hemoderivado seguro. Materiales y Métodos. Los pooles de plasma fueron analizados para ADN/B19 mediante una técnica de PCR "in house" de adecuada sensibilidad y validada con un Standard Internacional. La extracción del ADN se realizó con columnas de sílica y la amplificación se realizó con primers específicos. Se analizaron los anticuerpos IgG contra proteína VP2 del B19 por ELISA en muestras de plasma de donaciones individuales. Se validó la pasteurización como método de inactivación viral, con virus envueltos y desnudos y se controlaron las Gammaglobulinas anti-D por PCR para descartar presencia de ADN del parvovirus B19 en producto final. Resultados. Se detectó que el 18% (n= 73) del total de pooles de plasma por PCR poseen una carga mayor a 1500 UI/ ml y el 82% con títulos menores a 1500 UI/ml. Los anticuerpos IgG anti-VP2 del B19 fueron detectados en el 75% de las muestras de plasma de donaciones individuales. La pasteurización resultó efectiva para virus envueltos y desnudos donde se detectó una pérdida de la infectividad mayor a 4.0 log de virus... (TRUNCADO)

Background. Human Parvovirus B19 (B19) is recognized as one of the majors contaminants of plasma, blood products and plasma-derived products. To reduce the risk of contamination, B19 DNA plasma pool testing by PCR during the manufacturing of anti-D Inmunoglobulin has been established by European Pharmacopoeia. This is a plasma-derived product used in pregnant women to prevent the hemolytic disease of the newborn. In addition, to optimize the viral safety and minimize the loose of plasma pools, additionals practises and procedures are implemented. Objectives. Demonstrate the B19 DNA control by PCR, the presence of antibodys with neutralizing activity and the viral inactivation by pasteurization in manufacturing of anti-D Inmunoglobulin are suitables procedures to allow to obtain a safety plasma-derived product. Materials and methods. The plasma pools were tested for B19 DNA by an "in house" PCR technique with appropriate sensitivity and validated with an Internacional Standard. The DNA was extracted with silica columns and the amplification reaction was made with specific primers. Plasma single donations were tested for VP2-specific anti-B19 IgG antibodies by ELlSA. The pasteurization was validated as a viral inactivation method, against enveloped and nude viruses. Anti-D inmunoglobulin batches were analized with PCR to ensure the absence of B19 DNA. Results. Of 73 plasma pools, 18% were found to be B19 DNA positive with a viralload > 1500 IU/ml and 82% were < 1500 IU/ml. 75% of single plasma donations were positive for VP2-specific anti-B 19 IgG antibodies. The pasteurization was effective for enveloped and nude viruses where the lost of infectivity was > 4.0 log of virus. AII anti-D inmunoglobulin batch es were negatives for B19 DNA by PCR... (TRUNCATED)

Prevalence of HBS Ag virus, anti-hepatitis C virus and anti-HIV among volunteer blood donor in Taiz private hospital, Yemen Republic

This sero-epidemiological cross sectional study was conducted to determine prevalence of hepatitis B and C infection and HIV virus among volunteered blood donors [VBD] in Taiz private hospital, Yemen Republic. The prevalence of HB sAg was 7% and the prevalence in males is double that of females .Prevalence was increasing with age and those settled in rural areas showed nearly double prevalence to those settled urban areas [48/69 Vs 21/69].The HBV prevalence was significantly related to history of previous surgery [p-.0002 after adjustment, odds 3.1]. The prevalence of HCV was about 1% [10 cases only] with one third of them was consistent, with studies done in Sana'a indicating that HBV is the commonest among blood donors. Vaccination campaign, population education about HBV mode of transmission will help in decrease its carrier state. About cases HIV was not reported in this study

Detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus by amplification on polycation-treated cells followed by enzyme immunoassay / Detección del virus de la diarrea viral bovina por amplificación sobre células tratadas con policationes seguida de enzimoinmunoensayo

A bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) amplification method combined with an enzyme immunoassay was developed to detect BVDV antigens in seropositive cattle. Reconstitution assays conducted by adding decreasing amounts of BVDV (Singer strain) to Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells showed that the sensitivity threshold of the combined assay was 10-7 TCID50. BVDV amplification was carried out in polycation (DEAE-Dextran and polybrene)- treated MDBK cells. Treated cells were able to replicate both ether-treated virus and neutralizing antibody-coated virus. Ammonium chloride decreased virus replication in polycation-treated cells, suggesting viral penetration by endocytosis. BVDV detection was tested in leukocytes from 104 seropositive cattle from 2 unvaccinated commercial closed dairy herds with high seroprevalence. Lysates and co-cultures of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) were tested, directly or after up to 6 blind passages in normal or polycation-treated cells. BVDV was detected in 10/104 cattle after only one co-culture of PBL in treated cells. No virus was detected in whole blood or plasma samples. BVDV positive and negative cattle were retested three times, achieving consistent results. The finding of immune carriers supports the possibility that these animals may constitute an epidemiological risk.

Se desarrolló un método de detección de antígenos del virus de la diarrea viral bovina (BVDV) combinando amplificación viral con enzimoinmunoensayo. El método combinado presentó una sensibilidad de 10-7 TCID50 en ensayos con diluciones decrecientes de BVDV cepa Singer sobre la línea celular MDBK. La amplificación del título viral se efectuó sobre células MDBK tratadas con policationes Estas células replicaron tanto el BVDV tratado con éter como el unido a anticuerpos. La replicación viral en las células tratadas disminuyó ante la presencia de cloruro de amonio, lo que sugiere la penetración viral por endocitosis. El BVDV se determinó en leucocitos de 104 bovinos seropositivos de dos rodeos en producción, cerrados y con alta seroprevalencia. Los leucocitos de sangre periférica (LSP) fueron lisados y analizados directamente o luego de hasta 6 pasajes ciegos sobre células normales o tratadas con policationes. El BVDV se detectó en 10 de los 104 animales después de solamente un cultivo de LSP en células tratadas. No se pudo detectar presencia viral en las muestras de sangre o plasma. Los estudios se repitieron tres veces en animales BVDV positivos y negativos, con resultados consistentes. El hallazgo de bovinos seropositivos portadores del virus indica la posibilidad de que estos animales puedan significar un riesgo epidemiológico.

Aplicación de la enzima SensiScript a un sistema RT-RCP para la obtención de ARN de VIH-1 a partir de muestras de suero almacenadas a -20 oC durante una década

Se demostró la eficacia de la enzima transcriptasa inversa SensiScript para obtener material genético útil en la secuenciación de ácido nucleico de VIH-1, a partir de sueros colectados entre 1989 y 1998 y conservados a temperatura subóptima. Con el empleo de la enzima SensiScript se obtuvo amplificación del ARN del VIH-1 en 86,5 % de las muestras estudiadas, comparado con 20 % al utilizar la enzima AMV-RT. En 13,5 % de las muestras no se obtuvo amplificación con ninguna de las 2 enzimas empleadas.

The efficiency of SensiScript reverse transciptase to obtain useful genetic material in the sequencing of the nucleic acid from HIV-1, starting from sera collected between 1989 and 1998 and kept at suboptimal temperatures, was proved. On using the SensiScript enzyme it was obtained an amplification of the RNA of the HIV-1 in 86.5 % of the studied samples, compared with 20 % on using the AMV-RT enzyme . No amplification was obtained in 13.5 % of the studied samples with any of the 2 enzymes used.

Com arte sem AIDS / With art without AIDS

A proposta de ampliar a discussão e os debates sobre os direitos reprodutivos e a saúde sexual de jovens e adolescentes a partir do que entendem por solidariedade. informações de como se prevenir das DSTS/AIDS, o combate ao preconceito e o estímulo à cooperação.

Variaciones en el contaje de leucocitos en sangre como valor predictivo en la evolución del dengue hemorrágico / Variatiuons in the leucocyte account in the blood how predictive value in the hemorrhagic dengue evolution

La Fiebre Hemorrágica por Dengue es una enfermedad viral endémica en la zona intertropical, que se ha convertido en los últimos años en un problema de salud pública, habiéndose reportado hasta 1995 en Latinoamérica 60.000 casos, de los cuales 6.100 del tipo hemorrágico y de estos 5.400 en nuestró país. Los estudios publicados sobre el porcentaje de leucopenia en estos pacientes varían desde un 10 por ciento en las series norteamericanas, hasta 65 por ciento en las series europeas y asiáticas. En nuestra experiencia hemos encontrado elevada incidencia de leucopenia y hemos observado que el aumento en los valores de leucocitos se asocia con la recuperación de la plaquetopenia, lo que ha evitado transfusiones innecesarias. El objetivo de este trabajo es demostrar el valor predictivo de las variaciones en el contaje de leucocitos en sangre y su relación con el aumento de los valores de plaquetas en los pacientes diagnósticados con Dengue Hemorrágico. Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de los exámenes de laboratorio de 89 pacientes que cumplían con los criterios diagnósticos de dengue hemorrágico según OMS. Se obtuvo un 95 por ciento de los pacientes que presentó recuperación del número de plaquetas entre 0 horas y un máximo de 72 horas después de iniciarse la elevación del contaje de leucocitos en sangre con significación estadística: P=0.003

Fatores de risco para gestantes portadoras do HIV-1 em funçäo do local de residência / Risk factors for HIV-1 positive pregnant women according to their site of residence

Objetivo: pesquisar se o local de residência das gestantes está relacionado com maior prevalência de fatores de risco envolvidos na transmissao do HIV. Pacientes e métodos: as 3.451 parturientes registradas na Maternidade do Hospital Guilherme Alvaro, na cidade de Santos, foram divididas em dois grupos: residentes em Santos e residentes em cidades vizinhas. Estes dois grupos foram comparados, em funçao da prevalência de sorologia anti-HIV e dos fatores de risco envolvidos na transmissao do HIV. Resultados: os resultados sorológicos foram positivos em 97 pacientes (2,82 por cento); destas, 96 informaram o local de residência. Para as parturientes moradoras em Santos, a prevalência anti-HIV foi de 3,l por cento (67/2.162); para as moradoras em cidades vizinhas, 2,3 por cento (29/1.230). O teste do Qui-Quadrado (p = O,1742) nao foi significativo para os dois grupos. Na avaliaçao dos fatores de risco, em funçao do local de residência, nao foram encontradas diferenças significativas nos dois grupos. Conclusoes: nos últimos cinco anos houve significativa diminuiçao na diferença de prevalência anti-HIV nos dois grupos. Para as residentes em Santos, a prevalência passou de 3,6 por cento para 3,1 por cento (queda de 16 por cento) e para as de cidades vizinhas subiu de 1,54 para 2,3 por cento (52 por cento). Nas gestantes moradoras em cidades vizinhas é maior a referência de alcoolismo (20,6 por cento versus 7,4 por cento), uso de drogas (27,5 por cento versus 17,9 por cento) e parceiro drogado (51,7 por cento versus 38,8 por cento). Atualmente, o fato da gestante residir na cidade de Santos nao representa um fator de risco para AIDS, em relaçao às outras cidades da Baixada Santista.

Neumonia por micoplasma / Mycoplasma pneumonia

Este peculiar proceso, por las características del agente etiológico y por la compleja expresividad clínica que presenta, es motivo fundamental del trabajo, Poner en conocimiento la presencia de la enfermedad en el medio. Determinar la incidencia de neumonía por mycoplasma, durante los años 1992-1994. Asimismo, determinar las principales manifestaciones clínicas y complicaciones, sobre todo las extrapulmonares. Compara esquemas terapéuticos, utilizando tiempo y dosis de los mismos. Definir pautas de diagnóstico y finalmente normar el manejo terapéutico a seguir.