Seudoquiste mediastinal y fistulización pleural, excepcional complicación de una pancreatitis / Mediastinal pseudocyst and pleural fistulization, exceptional complication of pancreatitis

Resumen Introducción: Las complicaciones torácicas secundarias a pancreatitis aguda son excepcionales y más aún la presencia de un pseudoquiste mediastinal. Caso Clínico: Hombre de 36 años. Consumidor de marihuana y alcohol. Historia de 6 meses de dolor abdominal y adelgazamiento de 20 kilos. Instalando en la evolución sintomatología respiratoria. Discusión: Se discuten las formas de presentación de esta entidad. Sus etiologías más frecuentes. Se hace énfasis en el rol de la imagenología así como en el análisis del líquido pleural. El enfoque terapéutico es conservador al inicio y en algunos pacientes es quirúrgico en la evolución; con diversas opciones.

Introduction: The thoracic complications secondary to acute pancreatitis are exceptional and even more so the presence of a mediastinal pseudocyst. Case report: 36 year old man. Marijuana and alcohol consumer. History of 6 months of abdominal pain and weight loss of 20 kilos. Installing respiratory symptomatology evolution. Discussion: The forms of presentation of this entity are discussed. Its most frequent etiologies. Emphasis is placed on the role of imaging as well as the analysis of pleural fluid. The therapeutic approach is conservative at the beginning and in some patients it is surgical during evolution; with several options.

Tratamiento del pseudoquiste pancreático / Treatment of pancreatic pseudocyst

El pseudoquiste pancreático corresponde a una complicación alejada de la pancreatitis aguda. En nuestro medio son más frecuentes las de etiología biliar. El pseudoquiste se manifiesta en el 10% de estos pacientes. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con un pseudoquiste pancreático resuelto según abordaje endoscópico. Mediante este caso clínico destacamos el abordaje endoscópico de esta patología como un método seguro para el tratamiento de tal complicación.

Pancreatic psudocyst is a late complication of acute pancreatitis. In our environment, cholelithiasis is the most common cause of pancreatitis, and pancreatic pseudocyst occurs in 10% of these patients. We report the case of a patient with a pancreatic psudocyst treated with endoscopic drainage. We highlight that the endoscopic approach is a safe method to treat this complication.

Management of pancreatitis and pancreatic: fluid collections / Manejo de pancreatitis y colecciones fluidas pancreáticas

Acute pancreatitis is a constant management challenge, especially with peripancreatic collection that are one of the most common complications; after the first surgical attempts that had high mortality, there had to be a new approach based in decades of acquired knowledge in physiopathology added to the development of endoscopic intervention techniques and the evolution of endoscopic devices help to establish less invasive and conservative management. This review allows us to know the last advances in the management of acute pancreatitis, pancreatic pseudocyst and walled off necrosis, determined the right time for the management to become more invasive, even considering surgery at a final stage. It also reviews the different types of drainage of peripancreatic collections and the accessories currently in use.

La Pancreatitis Aguda nos plantea un reto constante en su manejo teniendo a las colecciones líquidas peri pancreáticas como una de las complicaciones más frecuente ; inicialmente de manejo quirúrgico con una alta mortalidad, fue necesario replantear este enfoque en base a los conocimientos adquiridos durante décadas sobre su fisiopatología, que sumado al desarrollo de las técnicas de intervención endoscópica y evolución de los dispositivos endoscópicos permitió establecer manejos menos invasivos y conservadores. Esta revisión nos permite conocer los últimos avances en el manejo de la pancreatitis aguda, seudoquiste pancreático y necrosis encapsulada; determinando en que momento nuestro manejo debe tornarse más invasivo hasta llegar a la cirugía. Haciendo una revisión en los diferentes tipos de drenaje de las colecciones peri pancreáticas y los diferentes accesorios utilizados hasta el momento.

Tumor de Frantz: neoplasia sólida pseudopapilar de páncreas / Frantz tumor: a pancreatic pseudopapillary solid neoplasia

Nosotros reportamos un caso de neoplasia sólida pseudopapilar de páncreas en una mujer de 35 años. Ella refirió haber iniciado desde hace tres meses una enfermedad progresiva caracterizada por dolor epigástrico y baja de peso. En el examen físico solo mostró dolor moderado a la palpación profunda de mesogastrio, no se palpó alguna masa abdominal. Los exámenes auxiliares mostraron hemoglobina 13.3gr; leucocitos, plaquetas, perfil de coagulación, bioquímica, electrolitos, albúmina, globulinas, bilirrubinas, transaminasas y fosfatasa alcalina fueron normales. Examen de orina: leucocitos 14-16 por campo, urocultivo: negativo, Ca 19.9: 21.2 (0-37). Arco V (anticuerpos IgG E. granulosus):, 17.3 (nivel dudoso), Inmunoblot quiste hidatídico: negativo. La ecografía abdominal mostro entre cuerpo y cola de páncreas una imagen hipoecogénica de aspecto sólido. En la tomografía abdominal se detectó en el cuerpo del páncreas la presencia de dos nódulos hipodensos con densidad promedio de 25 U.H. y que medían 50 y 22 mm de diámetro. Las imágenes por resonancia magnetica nuclear determinaron en el cuerpo del páncreas un quiste bilobulado de 45 y 25 mm de diámetro, con isointensidad en T1, hiperintensidad en T2, sin cambios tras la saturación grasa, con realce periférico por el contraste. Intervenida quirúrgicamente, se encontró una tumoración quística en el cuerpo del páncreas; sin signos de infiltración a otros órganos. Se realizó pancreatectomía distal y esplenectomía. La tumoración era ovalada y medía 60x46x35 mm, encapsulada, de consistencia irregular, que al corte dejaba fluir material de aspecto necrótico. El estudio histológico demostró el típico patrón pseudopapilar con estroma perivascular hialinizado; en los estudios de inmunohistoquimica se observo inmunoreactividad positiva a ciclina D1 y al receptor de progesterona; también hubo positividad para vimentina, enolasa neuronoespecífica y CD-56...

We report a case of solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm of the pancreas in a 35-year-old female. She presented with epigastric pain and weight loss, these symptoms developed 3 months before. Physical examination revealed mild pain on deep palpation of mesogastrium, without palpable abdominal mass; rest of the examination was normal. The laboratory data showed hemoglobin 13.3gr/dl; WBC, platelets, blood coagulation test, blood biochemistry, electrolytes, liver function test were normals. Urine test: 14-16 leukocytes per field, urocultive negative, Ca 19.9: 21.2 (0-37). Her serology for hydatic cyst (arc V and inmunoblot) was negative. Abdominal ultrasound showed between body and tail of the pancreas a solid hypoechoic image. In abdominal CT was detected in the body of the pancreas the presence of two hypodense lesions with average density of 25 UH and mediate 50 and 22 mm in diameter. The nuclear magnetic resonance imaging identified the body of the pancreas, bilobed cyst of 45 and 25 mm in diameter, with isointensity in T1, hyperintensity in T2, unchanged after fat saturation, with peripheral contrast enhancement. Operation findings showed a cystic tumor in the body of pancreas without signs of infiltration to other organs. Therefore, distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy were carried out. The tumor was 60x46x35 mm and a half oval, encapsulated, irregular consistency, which the court left necrotic-looking material flow. The study showed the pattern typical hyalinized perivascular pseudopapillary with stroma, in immunohistochemical studies positive imunoreactivity was observed in cyclin D1 and progesterone receptor, also were positive for vimentin, enolase neuronoespecífica and CD-56. The proliferation index assessed by Ki-67 was less than 1% in tumor cells...

A Case of Pancreatic Pseudocyst with a Large Subcapsular Splenic Hematoma Treated Successfully by Ultrasonography-guided Percutaneous Drainage / 대한소화기학회지

A subcapsular splenic hematoma is a very rare hemorrhagic complication of pancreatitis. We report here on a case of pseudocyst with a large subcapsular splenic hematoma in a 43-year-old man who presented with severe left flank pain for one week. Despite the initial conservative treatment consisting of pain control, bowel rest, intravenous fluids and antibiotics, the pain was not relieved. An abdominal computed tomography (CT) was performed, and it showed a pseudocyst that was increasing in size with a large subcapsular splenic hematoma measuring 6x13 cm compared to the images at admission. Ultrasonography (US)-guided percutaneous drainage was performed without any complications, and splenectomy was avoided. After the discharge, the patient remained asymptomatic for eight months. We suggest that percutaneous drainage of a large subcapsular hematoma complicating pancreatitis might be a useful treatment option in selected patients.

A Case of Pancreatic Pseudocyst with a Large Subcapsular Splenic Hematoma Treated Successfully by Ultrasonography-guided Percutaneous Drainage / 대한소화기학회지

A subcapsular splenic hematoma is a very rare hemorrhagic complication of pancreatitis. We report here on a case of pseudocyst with a large subcapsular splenic hematoma in a 43-year-old man who presented with severe left flank pain for one week. Despite the initial conservative treatment consisting of pain control, bowel rest, intravenous fluids and antibiotics, the pain was not relieved. An abdominal computed tomography (CT) was performed, and it showed a pseudocyst that was increasing in size with a large subcapsular splenic hematoma measuring 6x13 cm compared to the images at admission. Ultrasonography (US)-guided percutaneous drainage was performed without any complications, and splenectomy was avoided. After the discharge, the patient remained asymptomatic for eight months. We suggest that percutaneous drainage of a large subcapsular hematoma complicating pancreatitis might be a useful treatment option in selected patients.

Pancreatite crônica / Chronic pancreatitis

A pancreatite crônica se caracteriza pela inflamação sustentada e substituição progressiva do parênquima pancreático por fibrose e calcificações. Clinicamente se manifesta por episódios de dor abdominal intensa, síndrome de má absorção e diabetes mellitus secundário. Em nosso país, o alcoolismo persiste como principal causa, porém a contribuição de outras formas de pancreatite crônica, particularmente as de causa genética, é reconhecida cada vez mais. O diagnóstico é, por vezes, difícil e requer a combinação de uma série de exames laboratoriais, radiológicos e endoscópicos, cuja sensibilidade e a especificidade variam amplamente de acordo com o estágio clínico em que se encontra a doença, sendo fundamental a formulação de adequadas hipóteses diagnósticas. O tratamento da insuficiência exócrina se baseia na reposição de enzimas pancreáticas exógenas, descartando-se doenças associadas que possam agravar a má absorção. O tratamento da dor é difícil, envolvendo profissionais da área clínica, endoscopistas, radiologistas e cirurgiões, uma vez que as decisões terapêuticas trazem importantes repercussões para a vida do paciente. Os pseudocistos, complicações habituais da pancreatite crônica, também são de tratamento multimodal, sendo importante conhecer a melhor forma de tratá-los de acordo com as características do paciente e as características da própria lesão no contexto da história natural da pancreatite crônica de cada indivíduo.

Curso Terapêutica em Gastroenterologia: aula 8: Pancreatite crônica / Course Therapeutics in Gastroenterologia: class 8: Chronic pancreatitis

A pancreatite crônica (PC) é um processo inflamatório crônico do pâncreas, no qual há destruição irreversível do tecido pancreático endócrino e exócrino. A principal forma é a PC calcificante, causada na imensa maioria dos pacientes pelo alcoolismo. A terapêutica visa então abstinência alcoólica, controle da dor abdominal e das insuficiências endócrina (diabetes) e exócrina (esteatorréia). O médico deve estar atento também para possíveis complicações, a exemplo do pseudocisto pancreático.

Experience in diagnosis and treatment of bleeding complications in severe acute pancreatitis by TAE / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

The experience in diagnosis and treatment of bleeding complications in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) by transcatheter arterial embolization was summarized. The clinical data of 19 SAP patients complicated with intra-abdominal bleeding in our hospital from Jan. 2000 to Jan. 2003 were analyzed retrospectively and the therapeutic outcome of TAE was evaluated statistically. The results showed that the short-term successful rate of hemostasis by TAE was 89.5% (17/19), the incidence of re-bleeding after TAE was 36.8% (7/19) and the successful rate of hemostatis by second TAE was 71.4% (5/7). It was concluded that the intra-abdominal bleeding in SAP was mainly caused by the rupture of erosive/infected pseudoaneurysm. Mostly, the broken vessels were splenic artery and gastroduodenal artery; In terms of emergence hemostatis, TAE is the most effective method. Surgical hemostasis is necessary if hemostasis by TAE is failed or re-bleeding occurs after TAE.

Seudoquistogastrostomia espontánea: manejo selectivo del seudoquiste agudo pancreático / Spontaneous pseudocystogastrostomy: selective management of acute pancreatic pseudocyst

Antecedentes: En nuestro medio el seudoquiste agudo de páncreas se presenta luego de pancreatitis aguda severa o trauma pancreático. El diagnóstico Inicial se realiza por ecografía, tomografía computada y, con menor frecuencia, por la clínica. El tratamiento puede ser quirúrgico o mimmoinvasivo. Objetivos: Presentar un paciente con un voluminoso seudoquiste agudo de páncreas que tuvo una resolución espontánea. Material y Métodos: Paciente de sexo masculino, de 71 años, con episodio de pancreatitis aguda severa, complicada con necrosis pancreática infectada, que requirió necrosectomias en etapas y colecistectomia; después, desarrolló un seudoquiste agudo de páncreas de 20 cm. de diámetro. La complejidad de la patología y la repercusión en el estado general del enfermo postergó el tratamiento del seudoquiste, que en su evolución natural se drenó espontáneamente al estómago, sin complicaciones ni recidiva de la lesión. Conclusión: Los seudoquistes agudos de páncreas mayores de 6 cm. que persisten más allá de las 12 semanas habitualmente son tratados quirúrgicamente. Algunos casos, como el enfermo reportado, podrían ser manejados en forma no operatoria con un seguimiento adecuado.

Background: In our medium, acute pancreatic pseudocyst occur after severe acute pancreatitis or pancreatic trauma. The initial diagnosis is made by ultrasound examination, computed axial tomography and less frequently, by clinical assessment. Treatment may be either surgical or minimal invasive. Objectives: To present a patient with a large acute pancreatic pseudocyst which had a spontaneous resolution. Material and methods: The patient was a 71-years-old male who had an attack of severe acute pancreatitis necrosis requiring serial necrosectomies and cholecystectomy; he then developed a 20 cm acute pancreatic pseudocyst. The severity of the disease and its implication on the patien´s general condition delayed treatment on the pseudocyst, which in its natural course, spontaneously drained into the stomach with no complications or relapses. Conclusion: Acute pancreatic cysts larger than 6 cm persisting for more than 12 weeks are usually surgically treated. Some cases, as the one reported below, could be managed by non-surgical means with adequate follow-up.

Pancreatic pseudocyst

Gallstones cause more than two-thirds of the acute pancreatitis episodes in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia [KSA]. The majority of these attacks are often mild and self-limiting. However, some are associated with complications; most common of which is development of pancreatic pseudocyst. This complication was reported to be rare in some areas of KSA. The author reports his personal experience with pancreatic pseudocysts that he encountered over 9 years of surgical practice in one of the busiest hospitals in the Eastern Province of KSA and discusses various management options

Pseudocisto de pâncreas: observaçäo de quatro casos / Pseudocyst pancreatic: four cases observation

O autor relata a observaçäo e o seguimento de quatro casos de pseudocisto de pâncreas, operados por drenagem interna e acompanhados por quatro a 10 anos. O resultado foi excelente

Volumoso cisto esplênico näo parasitário simulando pseudocisto de pâncreas: relato de caso / Voluminous non parasitic splenic cyst simulating pseudocyst of pancreas: case report

Os cistos esplênicos näo parasitários säo entidades raras encontradas principalmente em adultos jovens e säo classificados em primários (epiteliais ou verdadeiros) e secundários, também chamados de pós-traumáticos ou pseudocistos. Devido às constantes evidências na literatura da importância fisiológica do baço na defesa imunológica, o tratamento vem se tornando mais conservador desde a conduta expectante nos cistos pequenos e assintomáticos restando aos grandes cistos potenciais a complicaçäo ou sintomáticos, a esplenectomia total. Nesse estudo, os autores relatam o caso de um paciente de 14 anos com um volumoso cisto esplênico de 27cm no maior diâmetro, cuja imagem tomográfica era sugestiva de pseudocisto pancreático. Além disso, fazem breve revisäo da literatura

Ultrasound drainage of pseudocyst of pancreas

This study was conducted at three medical centers of Karachi from October 1998 to October 1999. Total 18 patients underwent ultrasound guided drainage of pseudocyst of pancreas. The objective of this study was to see the advantages of ultrasound guided aspiration of pseudocysts compared with computerized tomographic [CT] guidance. Pseudocysts of any etiology but greater than 4 cm size and located on left side of abdomen were drained by either Paediatric chest tube [10-14 FR] or peritoneal drainage tube [10 FR]. Drainage was done under complete asepsis after screening for Hb%, PT and APTT. The etiology of pseudocyst was trauma, biliary tract pathology, impacted ascaris and alcohol abuse. Contents of the pseudocyst were found to be infected, hemorrhagic or clear. Complete recovery took 3-8 weeks. It was concluded that ultrasound is a primary means to localize the pathology and later on to have percutaneous drainage. It is safe and convenient with unmatched success rate

Seudoquiste abscedado de páncreas: presentación de caso y revisión bibliográfica / Abscessed pseudocyst pancreas: case report and bibliographic review

Presentamos el caso de un paciente con pancreatitis aguda que desarrolla un seudoquiste pancreático y durante su estado de hipoproteinemia posterior a la resolución de su proceso pancreático es sometido a drenaje interno (cistogastrostomía) evolucionando favorablemente. El estado general del paciente debe ser considerado pero no influye en la decisión quirúrgica de drenaje de un seudoquiste convertido en absceso.

Drenagem endoscópica de pseudocisto de pâncreas-Relato de caso / Endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts-a case report

Os autores relatam, de acordo com a literatura, a boa evoluçäo de pseudocisto de pâncreas de grande volume, em pacientes do sexo masculino, de 40 anos, etilista, e sua remissäo completa em 3 meses de acompanhamento. Fazem, ainda, um breve realto da fisiopatologia do pseudocisto e a evoluçäo de seu tratamento no decorrer dos anos

Terapêutica endoscópica em doença pancreática / Endoscopic therapy in pancreatic disease

Os autores revisam as principais indicaçöes terapêuticas e os métodos endoscópicos utilizados no tratamento das doenças pancreáticas, com ênfase no papel da esfincterotomia e das endopróteses ou "stents".

Seudoquiste pancreático: presentación de un cso, revisión bibliográfica y estadística / Pancreatica pseudocyst: case report and bibliographic review

El seudoquiste es la complicación más común de la pancreatitis aguda, seguido de los abscesos pancreáticos que son más raros, pero cuya mortalidad es muy alta en relación con los seudoquistes. Las complicaciones restantes de la pancreatitis aguda pueden considerarse dentro de un mismo grupo, ya que son ocasionadas por los efectos necrosantes del proceso patológico, estas son: rompimiento o tromboosis de vasos esplénicos, mesentéricos o portales, necrosis y perforación del colédoco o el colon, y perforación del estómago o del duodeno. En el siguiente trabajo, se hará un estudio acerca de los seudoquistes pancreáticos, los cuales representan más de las tres cuartas partes de todas las lesiones quísticas del páncreas y que aparecen en el 15 por ciento de los pacientes, aproximadamente...

Pseudoquistes pancreáticos postnecróticos / Pancretic pseudocyst postnecrotic

Considerando múltiples factores que influyen en el proceso evolutivo de los pseudoquistes pancreáticos postnecróticos se efectúa un análisis sobre 34 pacientes asistidos en 3 centros quirúrgicos de nuestra ciudad en el término de 10 años, estableciéndose las distintas alternativas terapéuticas en función de los mismos.