Administración de surfactante mediante técnica mínimamente invasiva en neonatos / Administration of Surfactants by Minimally Invasive Technique in Neonates

Introducción: La administración de surfactante pulmonar tradicionalmente se realiza mediante un tubo endotraqueal, pero desde hace años existen técnicas menos invasivas como la administración mediante másscara laríngea, aerosolización y cateterización traqueal. Objetivos: Demostrar la evolución de tres neonatos que recibieron surfactante pulmonar mediante una cateterización traqueal y describir la técnica empleada para su administración. Presentación de casos: Se atendieron tres recién nacidos de muy bajo peso al nacer, que ingresaron en la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales del Hospital General Docente Iván Portuondo, San Antonio de los Baños, con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria del prematuro. Todos se trataron con surfactante pulmonar exógeno, Surfacen®, el cual se administró mediante cateterización traqueal empleando un catéter umbilical. Se trata de una técnica mínimamente invasiva que se realizó sin dificultades y siempre en el primer intento. Los tres pacientes mostraron mejoría clínica, gasométrica y radiográfica con esta forma de administración y solo uno de ellos tuvo una complicación durante el proceder, que no constituyó una limitante para su realización. Este método permitió mantener una ventilación no invasiva, y fue innecesaria la intubación endotraqueal en los neonatos. Los profesionales encargados de la ejecución de esta técnica recibieron entrenamiento previo. Conclusiones: La administración mínimamente invasiva de surfactante pulmonar resultó un método eficaz con el que se consiguió la resolución total del cuadro de dificultad respiratoria en los neonatos. El procedimiento empleado permitió una administración rápida y segura del Surfacen®(AU)

Introduction: Pulmonary surfactant administration is traditionally performed by endotracheal tube, but for years there have been less invasive techniques such as administration by laryngeal mask, aerosolization and tracheal catheterization. Objectives: To demonstrate the evolution of three neonates who received pulmonary surfactant via tracheal catheterization and to describe the technique used for its administration. Case presentation: Three very low birth weight newborns were attended and admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Iván Portuondo General Teaching Hospital, at San Antonio de los Baños municipality, with preterm respiratory distress syndrome. All were treated with exogenous pulmonary surfactant, Surfacen®, which was administered by tracheal catheterization using an umbilical catheter. This is a minimally invasive technique that was performed without difficulty and always on the first attempt. The three patients showed clinical, gasometric and radiographic improvement with this form of administration and only one of them had a complication during the procedure, which did not constitute a limitation for its performance. This method allowed maintaining non-invasive ventilation, and endotracheal intubation was unnecessary in neonates. The professionals in charge of performing this technique received previous training. Conclusions: Minimally invasive administration of pulmonary surfactant was an effective method that achieved total resolution of respiratory distress in neonates. The procedure used allowed rapid and safe administration of Surfacen®(AU)

Effects of surfactants on preterm infant lungs / Efeitos de surfactantes nos pulmões de recém-nascidos prematuros

Lack of surfactant is the commonest cause of death in preterm infants. Their lungs may contain as little as 10 mg/ kg of surfactant at birth, a tenth of the amount normally found at term. Surfactants (animal origin or synthetic) can reduce mortality by 40% in infants with less than 30 weeks of gestation. Poractant is the surfactant derived from minced porcine lungs, Beractant from minced bovine lungs. Bronchoalveolar lavage with diluted poractant is effective in mechanically ventilated term infants with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome due to meconium aspiration syndrome. Nebulized surfactant and mask airway surfactant do not require intubation. Alternatively, surfactant may be administered via a thin catheter during spontaneous breathing. In conclusion, surfactants reduce the mortality in preterm infants.

RESUMO A falta de surfactante é a causa mais comum de morte em recém-nascidos prematuros. Os pulmões podem conter apenas 10% da quantidade encontrada a termo. Surfactantes (de origem animal ou sintética) podem reduzir a mortalidade em até 40% em crianças com menos de 30 semanas de gestação. O poractante é o surfactante derivado de pulmões suínos, o beractante e o calfactante derivam de pulmões bovinos. A lavagem bronco-alveolar com poractante diluído é eficaz em crianças nascidas a termo e sob ventilação mecânica com síndrome da angústia respiratória aguda grave secund´ria a aspiração de mecônio. Surfactante por nebulização e máscara de vias aéreas não necessitam de intubação. Como alternativa, o surfactante pode ser administrado através de um cateter fino durante a respiração espontânea. Em conclusão, os surfactantes reduzem a mortalidade em recém-nascidos prematuros.

Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Sodium Phosphate Tablets and Polyethylene Glycol Solution for Bowel Cleansing in Healthy Korean Adults

PURPOSE: Bowel cleansing is generally regarded as time-consuming and unpleasant among patients. Patients commonly state that bowel preparation provokes more discomfort than the actual colonoscopic examination. The purpose of this study was to compare two regimens of sodium phosphate (NaP) tablets versus polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution for bowel preparation in healthy Korean adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a single center, prospective, open-label, investigator-blinded, randomized, controlled-pilot study. A total of 62 healthy Korean subjects were randomly assigned to two groups (NaP vs. PEG). Efficacy, safety, and patient-related outcomes, as well as procedural parameters, were evaluated. RESULTS: Although there were no significant differences in total Ottawa bowel quality score, fluid scores and the rate of adequate bowel preparation were significantly better in the NaP group than the PEG group. Additionally, the NaP group showed better results regarding patient tolerance, satisfaction, preference, and rate of adverse events than the PEG group. Significant fluctuations in specific serum electrolytes were common and of a greater magnitude in the NaP group than the PEG group. However, these abnormalities were transient and did not result in serious complications and side effects. CONCLUSION: In this study, NaP tablets were shown to be an effective, well-tolerated, and acceptable regimen for bowel preparation. Also, our study suggests that NaP tablets may be safe and can be used as a bowel cleansing agent in healthy adults undergoing elective colonoscopy. Further multicenter, large scale studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Apnea severa: signo precoz de neumonía por pneumocystis carinnii en un lactante VIH negativo / Apnea as an early sign of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in an HIV negative infant

A few reports in the medical literature suggest an association between Pneumocystis caring and apnea in small infants. This patient, a 1 month 20 days old, HIV negative, infant girl weighing 2,000 grams was admitted to hospital after presenting a severe episode of apnea with cyanosis and bradicardia. She progressively developed bronchopneumonia by P. carinii that required prolonged mechanical ventilation with high ventilatory parameters. The clinical course of this patient illustrates that apnea can be an early sign of P. carinii infection in small infants. Early diagnosis and specific therapy might prevent morbidity and mortality and also decrease the length of hospitalization

Comparison of polyethylene glycol versus combination of magnesium sulphate and bisacodyl for colon preparation.

Colon preparation using polyethylene glycol (PEGLEC) and combination of bisacodyl and magnesium sulphate was compared in 74 patients. Type of preparation did not influence patient discomfort. The quality of preparation was excellent with PEGLEC in 63.6% as compared to 41.6% with combination preparation. The completion rates were similar in both groups. Good preparation was linked with shorter procedure duration (p = 0.001) and greater depth of examination. No major side effects were noted with both preparations. To conclude, polyethylene glycol is recommended for screening of right colon while combination of bisacodyl and magnesium sulphate is a good and cheap preparation modality to screen the left colon.

Surfactante: uso en neonatos de la terapia infantil / Surfactant: use in newborn of the infant therapy

El uso del surfactante natural disminuye la necesidad de ventilación mecánica, la enfermedad pulmonar crónica y la estancia en la unidad, el objetivo de este trabajo es verificarlo. Durante el año de 1997 se ingresaron 46 pacientes de los cuales 26 [57 por ciento] eran neonatos. De éstos neonatos 14 [54 por ciento] eran pretérminos de 34-36 semanas, 7 [27 por ciento] eran preterminos extremos [menos de 1 kg, 28-30 semanas] y 5 [19 por ciento] a término. De éstos sólo 8 [31 por ciento] recibieron el surfactante [bien sea por disponibilidad o traslado tardío]. El uso del surfactante se realizó en base a: síndrome de dificultad respiratoria progresiva asociado a prematuridad, historia de asfixia perinatal moderada a severa, infección pulmonar adquirida in utero. Se les practicó a los pacientes: gasometrías, saturometría contínua y Rx de tórax de acuerdo a las necesidades del paciente, así como laboratorio de rutina. De los 8 pacientes que recibieron surfactante, todos permanecieron en ventilación mecánica por lo menos 72 horas; aunque su uso permitió el descenso progresivo de parámetros ventilatorios no así la extubación del paciente. Se evidenció una elevada incidencia de barotrauma [37 por ciento] probablemente debido a que la franca mejoría de la compliance pulmonar no fue asociada con el descenso de los parámetros o la obstrucción del tubo debido a la viscosidad del surfactante con mayor frecuencia en los varones. No se evidenció ningún caso de hemorragia pulmonar ni de inestabilidad hemodinámica

Preparo intestinal para cirurgia colorretal eletiva: polietilenoglicol (PEG) X fostato de sódio (FS): Resultados de estudo prospectivo e randomizado / Bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery: polyethilene glycol (PEG) X sodium phosphate (SP): A prospective randomized trial

A proposta deste estudo foi comparar duas soluçöes orais utilizadas no preparo intestinal mecânico de pacientes submetidos a cirurgia colorretal eletiva. Foram estudados 90 pacientes, prospectivamente randomizados para receber polietilenoglicol (PEG) ou fosfato de sódio (FS). Níveis séricos de hemoglobina, hematócrito, sódio e potássio foram obtidos em todos os pacientes, antes e depois de cada preparo. Todos os efeitos colaterais e complicaçöes pós-operatórias foram relatados. A qualidade do preparo foi avaliada por cirurgiäo "cego" à substância utilizada. As duas soluçöes foram equivalentes no que se refere à limpeza do cólon e à ocorrência de complicaçöes pós-operatórias. No entanto, o FS foi melhor tolerado

Ensayo clínico con un surfactante artificial para el tratamiento del síndrome de dificultad respiratoria neonatal / Exogenous surfactant for the treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. A controled trial

Objetivo: Mostrar una experiencia en México con el manejo de un surfactante artificial para el tratamineto del síndrome de dificultad respiratoria neonatal (SDR). Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado, controlado y comparativo entre un grupo de recien nacidos (RN) pretérmino con SDR, <34 semanas de edad gestacional, tratados con cuatro dosis de surfactante artificial (Exosurf*) (Grupo A), y otro grupo que recibió aire como placebo (Grupo B), en la modalidad de rescate, por vía endotraqueal. Resultados: En cada grupo se incluyeron 20 pacientes. Grupo A vs Grupo B; días ventilador 7 vs 10 (p=0.2); días UCIN 12 vs 16(p=0.1); días hospital 33 vs 47, (p=0.01 en la última); defunciones 8 vs 11(p=0.1); en gasometrías, después de la última dosis, se encontró incremento en la PaO2, disminución en la diferencia alveolo arterial de oxígeno, índice de oxigenación y presión media de vía aérea del ventilador. Conclusiones: En el grupo de surfactante se encontró mejoría en la función ventilatoria de acuerdo con las gasometrías, pre y postratamiento en cada dosis, y menos días hospitalización en los sobrevivientes. La mortalidad fue menor en el grupo A, pero no significativa; sin embargo, sólo en el grupo B hubo defunciones por SDR