Un novedoso agente en el tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardiaca con función sistólica deprimida / A novel agent in the treatment of heart failure with depressed systolic function

Resumen Introducción: Se revisará la evolución del tratamiento farmacológico de la insuficiencia cardiaca (IC) en los últimos 25 an˜os, desde el concepto de tratamiento con vasodilatadores, pasando por el bloqueo o inhibición del sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona y la inhibición betaadrenérgica y su importante contribución en la disminución de la morbimortalidad por IC, el papel de los péptidos natriuréticos y, finalmente, se conocerá uno de los estudios más importantes en el área cardiológica y específicamente en el manejo de la IC, en el cual se demuestra un enfoque modulador de los sistemas neuro humorales que se activan en estos pacientes. Objetivos: La IC constituye la etapa final de la mayoría de las enfermedades cardiovasculares, con una alta tasa de hospitalización y de morbimortalidad cardiovascular, siendo, por lo tanto, de interés constante la necesidad de encontrar un agente terapéutico innovador que disminuya significativamente estas complicaciones y también que mejore la calidad de vida de los que la presentan. Metodología: Se realizará una descripción del PARADIGM-HF Clinical Trial, que utilizó un compuesto sacubitrilo/valsartán para el manejo de la IC con un mecanismo modulador diferente del concepto de bloqueador de sistemas deletéreos que se activan cuando un paciente presenta síntomas y signos de IC. Conclusiones: La muerte por causas cardiovasculares u hospitalización por IC (el punto final primario) se produjo en 914 pacientes (21.8%) en el grupo sacubitrilo/valsartán y 1,117 pacientes (26.5%) en el grupo de enalapril (razón de riesgo en el grupo sacubitrilo/valsartán, 0.80; intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95%: 0.73 a 0.87; p < 0.001 (exacta p = 4.0 × 10 - 7)). De los pacientes que recibieron sacubitrilo/valsartán, 537 (12.8%) fueron hospitalizados por IC, en comparación con los 658 pacientes (15.6%) que recibieron enalapril (razón de riesgo, 0.79; IC del 95%, 0.71 a 0.89; p < 0.001). Un total de 711 pacientes (17.0%) en el grupo sacubitrilo/valsartán y 835 pacientes (19.8%) en el grupo de enalapril murió (razón de riesgo de muerte por cualquier causa, 0.84; IC del 95%, 0.76 a la 0.93; p < 0.001).

Abstract Introduction: A review is presented on the evolution of the pharmacological treatment of heart failure (HF) in the last 25 years, from the concept of treatment with vasodilators to the blocking or inhibition of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system. Beta-adrenergic inhibition and its important contribution in the reduction of morbidity and mortality due to HF will be discussed along with the role of the natriuretic peptides. One of the most important studies in the cardiology area, and specifically in the management of HF, is presented, in which an approach is demonstrated of the modulator of the neurohumoral systems that are activated in these patients. Objectives: HF is the final stage of most cardiovascular diseases, and has a high rate of hospital admission, as well as cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Therefore, there is constant interest in the need to find an innovative therapeutic agent that significantly reduces these complications and that improves the quality of life of those who suffer from it. Methods: A description will be presented of the PARADIGM-HF Clinical Trial using a sacubitril/valsartán compound for the management of HF with a modulating mechanism different from the concept of a deleterious system blocker that is activated when a patient has symptoms and signs of heart failure. Conclusions: Death due to cardiovascular causes, or hospital admission due to heart failure (the primary endpoint) occurred in 914 patients (21.8%) in the Sacubitril / valsartán group, and 1117 patients (26.5%) in the enalapril group (risk ratio in the sacubitril / valsartán group, 0.80, with a 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.73 to 0.87, P<0.001 ;exact P= 4.0 × 10 --7;). Of the patients receiving sacubitril / valsartán, 537 (12.8%) were hospitalised due to heart failure, compared with 658 patients (15.6%) receiving enalapril (hazard ratio 0.79, 95% CI: 0.71 to 0.89, P<.001). A total of 711 patients (17.0%) in the sacubitril / valsartán group, and 835 patients (19.8%) in the enalapril group, died (all-cause death rate, 0.84, 95% CI: 0.76 to 0.93, P<.001)

Effect of cilostazol in experimental model of degloving injuries in rat limbs

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the effect of the cilostazol on the evolution of partially avulsed flaps, using experimental model of cutaneous degloving in rat limbs. Methods: A controlled and randomized experimental study was carried out in which the blood flow and the percentage of flap necrosis were evaluated. We compared the study group, which received cilostazol, and the control group, which received enteral saline solution in the postoperative period. The blood flow in the flap was evaluated through Laser Doppler flowmetry, and a planimetry using the IMAGE J® software was employed for the calculation of the area of necrosis. Results: Enteral administration of cilostazol was associated with a higher mean blood flow in all regions of the flap, with a statistically significant difference in the proximal and middle regions (p<0.001) and a lower percentage of necrotic area in the flap (p<0.001). Conclusion: Postoperative enteral administration of cilostazol increased blood flow and decreased the total area of necrosis of avulsed cutaneous flaps of rat limbs.

Candesartan, rather than losartan, improves motor dysfunction in thioacetamide-induced chronic liver failure in rats

Minimal hepatic encephalopathy is more common than the acute syndrome. Losartan, the first angiotensin-II receptor blocker (ARB), and candesartan, another widely-used ARB, have protected against developing fibrogenesis, but there is no clear data about their curative antifibrotic effects. The current study was designed to examine their effects in an already-established model of hepatic fibrosis and also their effects on the associated motor dysfunction. Low-grade chronic liver failure (CLF) was induced in 3-month old Sprague-Dawley male rats using thioacetamide (TAA, 50 mg·kg−1·day−1) intraperitoneally for 2 weeks. The TAA-CLF rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=8) treated orally for 14 days (mg·kg−1·day−1) as follows: TAA (distilled water), losartan (5 and 10 mg/kg), and candesartan (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg). Rats were tested for rotarod and open-field tests. Serum and hepatic biochemical markers, and hepatic histopathological changes were evaluated by H&E and Masson's staining. The TAA-CLF rats showed significant increases of hepatic malondialdehyde, hepatic expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and serum ammonia, alanine aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transferase, TNF-α, and malondialdehyde levels as well as significant decreases of hepatic and serum glutathione levels. All treatments significantly reversed these changes. The histopathological changes were moderate in losartan-5 and candesartan-0.1 groups and mild in losartan-10 and candesartan-0.3 groups. Only candesartan significantly improved TAA-induced motor dysfunction. In conclusion, therapeutic antifibrotic effects of losartan and candesartan in thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats are possibly through angiotensin-II receptor blocking, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Improved motor dysfunction by candesartan could be attributed to better brain penetration and slower "off-rate" from angiotensin-II receptors. Clinical trials are recommended.

A Novel Angiotensin Type I Receptor Antagonist, Fimasartan, Prevents Doxorubicin-induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have organ-protective effects in heart failure and may be also effective in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy (DOX-CMP); however, the efficacy of ARBs on the prevention of DOX-CMP have not been investigated. We performed a preclinical experiment to evaluate the preventive effect of a novel ARB, fimasartan, in DOX-CMP. All animals underwent echocardiography and were randomly assigned into three groups: treated daily with vehicle (DOX-only group, n=22), 5 mg/kg of fimasartan (Low-fima group, n=22), and 10 mg/kg of fimasartan (High-fima group, n=19). DOX was injected once a week for six weeks. Echocardiography and hemodynamic assessment was performed at the 8th week using a miniaturized conductance catheter. Survival rate of the High-fima group was greater (100%) than that of the Low-fima (75%) and DOX-only groups (50%). Echocardiography showed preserved left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction in the High-fima group, but not in the DOX-only group (P=0.002). LV dimensions increased in the DOX-only group; however, remodeling was attenuated in the Low-fima and High-fima groups. Hemodynamic assessment showed higher dP/dt in the High-fima group compared with the DOX-only group. A novel ARB, fimasartan, may prevent DOX-CMP and improve survival rate in a dose-dependent manner in a rat model of DOX-CMP and could be a treatment option for the prevention of DOX-CMP.

Cardioprotective Effect of Fimasartan, a New Angiotensin Receptor Blocker, in a Porcine Model of Acute Myocardial Infarction

Cardioprotective effect of fimasartan, a new angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), was evaluated in a porcine model of acute myocardial infarction (MI). Fifty swine were randomized to group 1 (sham, n=10), group 2 (no angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor [ACEI] or ARB, n=10), group 3 (perindopril 2 mg daily, n=10), group 4 (valsartan 40 mg daily, n=10), or group 5 (fimasartan 30 mg daily, n=10). Acute MI was induced by occlusion of the left anterior descending artery for 50 min. Echocardiography, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) were performed at baseline, 1 week, and 4 weeks. Iodine-123 meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scan was done at 6 weeks for visualization of cardiac sympathetic activity. Left ventricular function and volumes at 4 weeks were similar between the 5 groups. No difference was observed in groups 2 to 5 in SPECT perfusion defect, matched and mismatched segments between SPECT and PET at 1 week and 4 weeks. MIBG scan showed similar uptake between the 5 groups. Pathologic analysis showed similar infarct size in groups 2 to 5. Infarct size reduction was not observed with use of fimasartan as well as other ACEI and ARB in a porcine model of acute MI.

Effects of candesartan and propranolol combination therapy versus propranolol monotherapy in reducing portal hypertension

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) inhibit activated hepatic stellate cell contraction and are thought to reduce the dynamic portion of intrahepatic resistance. This study compared the effects of combined treatment using the ARB candesartan and propranolol versus propranolol monotherapy on portal pressure in patients with cirrhosis in a prospective, randomized controlled trial. METHODS: Between January 2008 and July 2009, 53 cirrhotic patients with clinically significant portal hypertension were randomized to receive either candesartan and propranolol combination therapy (26 patients) or propranolol monotherapy (27 patients). Before and 3 months after the administration of the planned medication, the hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) was assessed in both groups. The dose of propranolol was subsequently increased from 20 mg bid until the target heart rate was reached, and the candesartan dose was fixed at 8 mg qd. The primary endpoint was the HVPG response rate; patients with an HVPG reduction of >20% of the baseline value or to <12 mmHg were defined as responders. RESULTS: The mean portal pressure declined significantly in both groups, from 16 mmHg (range, 12-28 mmHg) to 13.5 mmHg (range, 6-20 mmHg) in the combination group (P<0.05), and from 17 mmHg (range, 12-27 mmHg) to 14 mmHg (range, 7-25 mmHg) in the propranolol monotherapy group (P<0.05). However, the medication-induced pressure reduction did not differ significantly between the two groups [3.5 mmHg (range, -3-11 mmHg) vs. 3 mmHg (range, -8-10 mmHg), P=0.674]. The response rate (55.6% vs. 61.5%, P=0.435) and the reductions in mean blood pressure or heart rate also did not differ significantly between the combination and monotherapy groups. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of candesartan (an ARB) to propranolol confers no benefit relative to classical propranolol monotherapy for the treatment of portal hypertension, and is thus not recommended.

Effects of cilostazol in kidney and skeletal striated muscle of Wistar rats submitted to acute ischemia and reperfusion of hind limbs / Efeitos do cilostazol em rim e musculatura estriada esquelética de ratos Wistar submetidos à isquemia aguda e reperfusão de membros posteriores

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of cilostazol, in kidney and skeletal muscle of rats submitted to acute ischemia and reperfusion. METHODS: Fourty three animals were randomized and divided into two groups. Group I received a solution of cilostazol (10 mg/Kg) and group II received saline solution 0.9% (SS) by orogastric tube after ligature of the abdominal aorta. After four hours of ischemia the animals were divided into four subgroups: group IA (Cilostazol): two hours of reperfusion. Group IIA (SS): two hours of reperfusion. Group IB (Cilostazol): six hours of reperfusion. Group IIB (SS) six hours of reperfusion. After reperfusion, a left nephrectomy was performed and removal of the muscles of the hind limb. The histological parameters were studied. In kidney cylinders of myoglobin, vacuolar degeneration and acute tubular necrosis. In muscle interstitial edema, inflammatory infiltrate, hypereosinophilia fiber, cariopicnose and necrosis. Apoptosis was assessed by immunohistochemistry for cleaved caspase-3 and TUNEL. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between groups. CONCLUSION: Cilostazol had no protective effect on the kidney and the skeletal striated muscle in rats submitted to acute ischemia and reperfusion in this model.

OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito do cilostazol no rim e na musculatura esquelética de ratos submetidos à isquemia aguda e reperfusão. MÉTODOS: Quarenta e três animais foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em dois grupos. Grupo I recebeu solução de cilostazol (10 mg/Kg) e Grupo II recebeu solução fisiológica a 0,9% (SF), após ligadura da aorta abdominal. Decorridas quatro horas de isquemia os animais foram distribuídos em quatro subgrupos: Grupo IA (Cilostazol): duas horas de reperfusão. Grupo IIA (SF): duas horas de reperfusão. Grupo IB (Cilostazol): seis horas de reperfusão. Grupo IIB (SF): seis horas de reperfusão. Após a reperfusão, realizou-se nefrectomia esquerda e a retirada da musculatura de membro posterior. Os parâmetros histológicos estudados em rim foram cilindros de mioglobina, degeneração vacuolar e necrose tubular. Em músculo foram edema, infiltrado inflamatório, hipereosinofilia de fibras, cariopicnose e necrose. A apoptose foi avaliada por imunohistoquímica, através da caspase-3 clivada e TUNEL. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos estudados. CONCLUSÃO: O cilostazol não teve efeito protetor sobre o rim e sobre a musculatura estriada esquelética em ratos Wistar submetidos à isquemia aguda e reperfusão no modelo estudado.

Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade partially attenuates hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in newborn piglets: relationship with the nitrergic system

The objective of this study was to observe possible interactions between the renin-angiotensin and nitrergic systems in chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in newborn piglets. Thirteen chronically instrumented newborn piglets (6.3 ± 0.9 days; 2369 ± 491 g) were randomly assigned to receive saline (placebo, P) or the AT1 receptor (AT1-R) blocker L-158,809 (L) during 6 days of hypoxia (FiO2 = 0.12). During hypoxia, pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa; P < 0.0001), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR; P < 0.02) and the pulmonary to systemic vascular resistance ratio (PVR/SVR; P < 0.05) were significantly attenuated in the L (N = 7) group compared to the P group (N = 6). Western blot analysis of lung proteins showed a significant decrease of endothelial NOS (eNOS) in both P and L animals, and of AT1-R in P animals during hypoxia compared to normoxic animals (C group, N = 5; P < 0.01 for all groups). AT1-R tended to decrease in L animals. Inducible NOS (iNOS) did not differ among P, L, and C animals and iNOS immunohistochemical staining in macrophages was significantly more intense in L than in P animals (P < 0.01). The vascular endothelium showed moderate or strong eNOS and AT1-R staining. Macrophages and pneumocytes showed moderate or strong iNOS and AT1-R staining, but C animals showed weak iNOS and AT1-R staining. Macrophages of L and P animals showed moderate and weak AT2-R staining, respectively, but the endothelium of all groups only showed weak staining. In conclusion, pulmonary hypertension induced by chronic hypoxia in newborn piglets is partially attenuated by AT1-R blockade. We suggest that AT1-R blockade might act through AT2-R and/or Mas receptors and the nitrergic system in the lungs of hypoxemic newborn piglets.

Myocardial Protective Effect of Tezosentan, an Endothelin Receptor Antagonist, for Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Experimental Heart Failure Models

The myocardial protective effects of endothelin antagonist in ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICMP), doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy (DOX) and pressure-overload hypertrophy by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) models have been predicted to be different. The objective of this experiment, therefore, is to evaluate the myocardial protective effect of tezosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, in various experimental heart failure models. Sprague-Dawley rats (6-8 weeks old, 200-300 g) were randomized to three experimental groups (n=30 each): ICMP; DOX; and TAC group. Each of these groups was randomly assigned further to the following subgroups (n=10 each): sham-operated ischemia-reperfusion subgroup (SHAM); tezosentan treated ischemia-reperfusion subgroup (Tezo); and tezosentan non-treated ischemia-reperfusion subgroup (N-Tezo). Total circulatory arrest was induced for 1 hr, followed by 2 hr of reperfusion. The left ventricular developed pressure, peak positive and negative first derivatives, and coronary blood flow were significantly different (P<0.05) among the SHAM, Tezo, and N-Tezo subgroups of the ICMP group at 30 min of reperfusion, but there were no statistically significant differences among the subgroups of the DOX and TAC groups. In conclusion, tezosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, showed myocardial protection effects only on the ischemic cardiomyopathy rat model, but not in the non-ischemic heart failure rat models.

Tratamento da hipertensão arterial com olmesartana medoxomila em escalonamento / Based treatment algorithm for essencial hypertension with olmesartan medoxomil

FUNDAMENTO: As diretrizes nacionais e internacionais enfatizam a importância do tratamento eficaz da hipertensão arterial. Apesar disso, verificam-se baixos índices de controle e alcance das metas preconizadas, indicando que é importante planejar e implementar melhores estratégias de tratamento. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia de um tratamento, em escalonamento de doses, tendo como base a olmesartana medoxomila. MÉTODOS: Este é um estudo aberto, nacional, multicêntrico e prospectivo, de 144 pacientes com hipertensão arterial primária nos estágios 1 e 2, virgens de tratamento ou após período de washout de duas a três semanas para aqueles em tratamento ineficaz. Avaliou-se o uso da olmesartana medoxomila num algoritmo de tratamento, em quatro fases: (i) monoterapia (20 mg), (ii-iii) associada à hidroclorotiazida (20/12,5 mg e 40/25 mg) e (iv) adição de besilato de anlodipino (40/25 mg + 5 mg). RESULTADOS: Ao fim do tratamento, em escalonamento, 86 por cento dos sujeitos de pesquisa alcançaram a meta de pressão arterial (PA) < 130/85 mmHg. Ocorreram reduções na pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e na pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) de, no máximo, -44,4 mmHg e -20,0 mmHg, respectivamente. A taxa dos respondedores sistólicos (PAS > 20 mmHg) foi de 87,5 por cento e diastólicos (PAD > 10 mmHg) de 92,4 por cento. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo se baseou em um esquema de tratamento semelhante à abordagem terapêutica da prática clínica diária e mostrou que o uso da olmesartana medoxomila, em monoterapia ou em associação a hidroclorotiazida e anlodipino, foi eficaz para o alcance de meta para hipertensos dos estágios 1 e 2.

BACKGROUND: The national and international guidelines emphasize the importance of the effective treatment of essenssial hypertension. Nevertheless, low levels of control are observed, as well as low attainment of the recommended goals, indicating that it is important to plan and implement better treatment strategies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of a based treatment algorithm with olmesartan medoxomil. METHODS: This is an open, national, multicentric and prospective study of 144 patients with primary arterial hypertension, stages 1 and 2, naïve to treatment or after a 2-to-3 week washout period for those in whom treatment was ineffective. The use of olmesartan medoxomil was assessed in a treatment algorithm divided into 4 phases: (i) monotherapy (20 mg), (ii-iii) associated to à hydrochlorothiazide (20/12.5 mg and 40/25 mg) and (iv) addition of amlodipine besylate (40/25 mg + 5 mg). RESULTS: At the end of the phased-treatment, 86 percent of the study subjects attained the goal of BP < 130/85 mmHg. Maximum reductions in SAP and DAP were -44.4 mmHg and -20.0 mmHg, respectively. The rate of systolic responders (SAP > 20 mmHg) and of diastolic responders (DAP > 10 mmHg) was 87.5 percent and 92.4 percent, respectively. CONCLUSION: The study was based on a treatment regimen that was similar to the therapeutic approach in daily clinical practice and showed that the use of olmesartan medoxomil in monotherapy or in association with hydrochlorothiazide and amlodipine was effective in the attainment of the recommended goals for hypertension stage 1 and 2 hypertensive individuals.

Efecto de la n-acetilcisteína, valsartan y lisinopril en la prevención de la disfunción renal precoz secundaria a neumoperitoneo: modelo en ratas / Effect of n-acetylcysteine, valsartan and lisinopril in preventing renal insufficiency secondary to pneumoperitoneum in a rat model

Introducción: El trasplante renal es el tratamiento de elección para los pacientes en insuficiencia renal terminal. A pesar que la nefrectomía clásica del donante vivo ha resultado ser un procedimiento seguro y bien tolerado, existen factores que desincentivan este acto de donación. La nefrectomía laparoscópica del donante vivo ha dado una respuesta a este último punto. Sin embargo, varios investigadores han comunicado mayor disfunción renal precoz en riñones procurados laparoscópicamente en comparación con los procurados en forma clásica abierta. Existe información que la Nacetilcisteina y Valsartán tendrían un efecto protector frente al neumoperitoneo. Con respecto al Lisinopril (inhibidor ECA) existen datos disímiles. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar la utilidad dela N-acetilcisteína, Valsartán y Lisinopril en la prevención de la disfunción renal precoz de riñones sometidos a neumoperitoneo en un modelo en ratas. Material y métodos: Se utilizaron 40 ratas Sprague Dawley, macho, de 250 a 300 g, separadas en 4 grupos: Grupo 1: 10 ratas sometidas a hidratación subcutánea con solución salina (control), Grupo 2: 10 ratas sometidas a hidratación subcutánea con solución salina más N-acetilcisteina, Grupo 3: 10ratas sometidas a hidratación subcutánea con solución salina más Valsartán, y Grupo 4: 10 ratas sometidas a hidratación subcutánea con solución salina más Lisinopril. Las ratas fueron anestesiadas y colocadas en neumoperitoneo a 12 mmHg por 90 minutos. Luego las ratas se colocaron en jaula metabólica donde se midió diuresis, presión arterial, función renal, microalbuminuria y enzimas tubulares. Las ratas fueron sacrificadas al séptimo día realizándose estudio histológico. En el análisis estadístico se utilizaron modelos lineales generalizados, análisis de la varianza (Anova) y test exacto de Fisher y Chi-cuadrado...

Introduction: Renal transplant it the treatment of choice for patients with terminal renal insufficiency. Classic open live donor nephrectomy is a safe and well tolerated procedure, however there some factors that may inhibit patients from donating. Laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy has gained wide acceptance, nevertheless several authors have reported early renal insufficiency in these patients compared to those harvested through the classic approach. Apparently n-acetylcysteine and valsartan would have a protective effect against pneumoperitoneum, however there is contradicting data for Lisinopril. We evaluate n-acetylcysteine, valsartan and lisinopril for prevention of early renal insufficiencyin kidneys undergoing pneumoperitoneum in a rat model. Material and methods: A total of 40 male rats (Sprague Dawley) of 250 and 300 grams were divided in4 groups. Group 1 (control): 10 rats with subcutaneous hydration with saline. Group 2: 10 rats with subcutaneous hydration with saline and n-acetylcysteine. Group 3: 10 rats with subcutaneous hydration with saline and Valsartan and Group 4: 10 rats with subcutaneous hydration with saline and Valsartan. All rats underwent general anesthesia with pneumoperitoneum at 12 mmHg for 90 minutes. Rats were placed in a metabolic cage where urine output, blood pressure, renal function, microalbuminuria and tubular enzymes were measured. At postoperative day seven, all animals were put to sleep and histological analysis was performed. Statistics was done using lineal generalized models, Anova, Fisher and Chi-square models were also used. Results: Pneumoperitoneum did not produce early renal insufficiency. Rats with lisinopril presented a decrease in creatinine clearance (0,92 ml/min) p=0,056; higher microalbuminuria (27073,9 mg/dl/creatininuria) p < 0,001 and more histological lesions p=0,017. Urine output, blood pressure, tubular...

Potencial terapêutico para a prevenção e tratamento da nefropatia e neuropatia diabéticas: evidências do uso do cilostazol / Potential therapeutic approaches for prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy and neuropathy: evidences of cilostazol

O cilostazol é um inibidor seletivo da fosfodiesterase tipo III com ação vasodilatadora, antiagregante plaquetária e antitrombótica. É considerada a droga de primeira escolha na claudicação intermitente devido à doença arterial obstrutiva periférica. Vários estudos demonstraram melhora significativa na distância percorrida na caminhada sem dor e na qualidade de vida, sem aumentar o risco de sangramento. Essas ações também foram verificadas em pacientes diabéticos, pois o cilostazol não afeta o metabolismo da glicose. Estudos, principalmente experimentais, têm mostrado resultados satisfatórios na melhora do fluxo sangüíneo neural, na atividade da bomba de sódio e potássio, na resistência à insulina e na microalbuminúria. Neste artigo, apresentamos uma revisão do uso do cilostazol na prevenção e no tratamento das complicações do diabetes mellitus, como nefropatia e neuropatia. Ressalta-se a necessidade do controle adequado dos níveis glicêmicos, da hipertensão arterial sistêmica e do tabagismo. Um maior número de estudos clínicos é necessário para melhor compreensão desses efeitos benéficos.

Cilostazol, a selective phosphodiesterase type III inhibitor, has vasodilatory, antiplatelet, and antithrombotic actions, as well as being the first-choice drug for the intermittent claudication due to peripheral vascular disease. Main researches have demonstrated significant improvement for this situation, including patients with diabetes mellitus, concerning pain-free walking distance and quality-of-life, not rising the bleeding event risk. It does not affect the glucose metabolism even in patients suffering from diabetes. This paper aims to present a review on the discoveries of various studies, most of them experimental, on the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus complications, such as nephropathy and neuropathy, through the use of cilostazol, which demonstrated satisfactory results on the improvement in neural blood flow, on sodium-potassium ATPase activity, on insulin resistance, and microalbuminuria. However, strict controlling of glucose plasma levels, hypertension, and smoking habits, as well as more extended investigations on the matter are required to the better comprehension.

Antagonistas de los receptores AT1 de la angiotensina II como drogas antiinflamatorias y citoprotectores gástricos / Angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonists as anti-inflammatory and gastric citoprotections drugs

Objetivo: estudiar en grupos aleatorios de ratas Wistar el efecto antiinflamatorio y citoprotector gástrico de los antagonistas de los receptores AT 1 de la angiotensina II como candesartan, losartan y valsartan. Material y métodos: los animales fueron asignados en forma aleatoria a recibir: 1) etanol al 96% intragástrico 2) indometacina oral, 3) una comida sólida (pellets) durante dos horas e indometacina subcutánea (producción de úlceras del antro gástrico), 4) el edema plantar por carragenina. Resultados: los tres antagonistas de los receptores AT 1 de la angiotensina II dieron citoprotección gástrica ante el etanol 96º, con protección casi total de la mucosa gastrointestinal ante la indometacina oral, impidieron la producción de úlceras del antro gástrico inducidas por indometacina subcutánea, dando marcada respuesta antiinflamatoria ante el infiltrado de neutrófilos en la mucosa gastrointestinal (MPO), y tuvieron efecto antiinflamatorio en el modelo del edema plantar por carragenina. Conclusiones: los antagonistas de los receptores AT 1 de la angiotensinaII tienen un efecto citoprotector gástrico y antiinflamatorio.

Background: The antiinflammatory and gastric cytoprotector effect of angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonist, such as candesartan, losartan and valsartan was studied. Material and methods: Wistar rats were ramdomly assigned to receive: 1) 96º ethanol; 2) oral indometacin, 3) solid food (pellets) during two hours and subcutaneous indometacin (production of ulcers in the gastric antrum), 4) Carrageen footpad edema. Results: The three AT1 receptor angiotensin antagonists yielded gastric cytoprotection against 96° ethanol, almost total gastrointestinal protection against oral indometacin, prevented gastric ulcers formation in the antrum induced by subcutaneous indometacin, remarkable antiinflammatory response against neutrophil infiltration on the gastrointestinal mucosa, and anti-inflammatory effect in carrageen footpad edema. Conclusions: The AT1 receptor antagonists of angiotensin II are gastric cytiprotectors with a remarkable antiinflammatory effect.

Angiotensin II antagonists: clinical experience in the treatment of hypertension, prevention of cardiovascular outcomes and renal protection in diabetic nephropathy and proteinuria / Antagonistas da angiotensina II: experiência clínica com o tratamento da hipertensão, prevenção de desfechos cardiovasculares e proteção renal na nefropatia diabética e proteinúria

Angiotensin II antagonists (AIIAs) were introduced to treat hypertension about 10 years ago. During this period they were evaluated not only in terms of efficacy and safety but also in several large studies with clinical outcomes. They are efficacious in all clinical forms of hypertension and are effective also in all ethnic groups. Cardiovascular and renal protection in proteinuric diabetic nephropathy beyond blood pressure reduction was proved in major clinical studies: Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE), Reduction of Endpoint in Non-Insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus with the AII Antagonist Losartan (RENAAL) and Irbesartan Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy Trial (IDNT). Their blood pressure independent protective effect is also mentioned by the blockade of AT1 receptor. As a class AIIs have a tolerability profile similar to placebo.

Os antagonistas da angiotensina II (AAIIs) foram introduzidos para o tratamento da hipertensão arterial há cerca de 10 anos. Durante esse período eles foram avaliados não apenas em termos de eficácia e segurança, mas também em vários estudos grandes com desfechos clínicos. Os AAIIs são eficazes em todas as formas clínicas de hipertensão e, também, em todos os grupos étnicos. Os principais estudos clínicos em pacientes diabéticos com nefropatia e proteinúia comprovaram, além da redução da pressão arterial, proteção cardiovascular e renal: "Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study" (LIFE), "Reduction of Endpoint in Non-Insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus with the AII Antagonist Losartan" (RENAAL) e "Irbesartan Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy Trial" (IDNT). O seu efeito protetor independente da pressão sanguínea também é mencionado pelo bloqueio do receptor AT1. Os AAIIs, como classe medicamentosa, apresentam um perfil de tolerabilidade semelhante ao placebo.

Efficacy of Irbesartan on Left Ventricular Mass and Arterial Stiffness in Hypertensive Patients

BACKGROUND: Increased aortic stiffness measured by pulse wave velocity (PWV) and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) are independent risk factors of cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients. We have conducted a prospective study to examine the effects of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist (irbesartan) on PWV and LVH in hypertensive patients. METHODS: A total of 52 untreated hypertensive patients (age:53.3+/-8.0 yrs) were enrolled; they had no evidence of associated cardiovascular complications. Blood pressure, heart rate, aortic PWV and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) by 2-D echocardiography were measured at baseline and after irbesartan treatment (150 mg or 300 mg/day) at 12 weeks and 24 weeks. RESULTS: Blood pressure was significantly decreased after 12 weeks and 24 weeks of treatment compared to baseline (SBP: 134.6+/-13.3 mmHg, 134.0+/-11.0 mmHg vs 163.7+/-13.8 mmHg p<0.001, DBP: 86.0+/-10 mmHg, 83.07 mmHg vs 102.4+/-9.6 mmHg p<0.001, respectively) without significant change in heart rate. LVMI decreased at 12 weeks and at 24 weeks after treatment compared to baseline (from 145.5+/-35.1 g/m2 at baseline to 137.5+/-35.4 g/m2 at 12 weeks, p=0.017 and 135.3+/-35.4 g/m2 at 24 weeks, p=0.008). Aortic PWV was decreased after irbesartan treatment at 12 weeks (from 9.6+/-2.8 m/sec to 8.7+/-3.1 m/sec at 12 weeks, p=0.064) and at 24 weeks (from 9.6+/-2.9 m/sec to 7.7+/-2.1 m/sec at 24 weeks, p=0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term treatment with irbesartan may reduce arterial stiffness and regression of LVH in hypertensive patients. The pleiotropic effects of irbesartan, further decreasing PWV without change of BP between 12 and 24 weeks of treatment, may have favorable vascular effects on arterial stiffness and LVH.

Conservative regimen for chronic critical limb ischemia.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the treatment of chronic critical limb ischemia by conservative regimen. METHOD: Data for all patients who underwent a conservative regimen at a single institution from January 1997 to December 2001 were entered into the registry. Conservative regimen consisted of cilostazol (Pletaal) 200 mg/day, a vegetarian diet, had completely stopped smoking and had progressive walking training. RESULTS: A total of 53 patients (59 limbs) with chronic critical limb ischemia were treated with a conservative regimen. The conservative regimen failed in 19 limbs (32.2%). In the failed limbs, infrainguinal bypass was performed on 8 limbs, aortoiliac endarterectomy was performed on 1 limb and 6 had primary amputation. The other four limbs were treated conservatively until death because of very poor cardiac function. Post-operatively, 2 grafts had thrombosis and led to amputation. CONCLUSION: These early results appear to be promising with 67.8 per cent limb saving. This conservative regimen may be appropriately performed in selected chronic critical limb ischemia, especially those who presented with clinical severe claudication, rest pain or nonhealed ulcer. Cilostazol administration may play a positive role in gangrenous limbs.

Effects of Cilostazol on Platelet Activation in Coronary Stenting Patients Who Already Treated with Aspirin and Clopidogrel

BACKGROUND: A recent study has shown that triple anti-platelet therapy (cilostazol+clopidogrel+aspirin) resulted in a significantly lower restenosis rate after coronary stenting than did conventional therapy (clopidogrel+aspirin). However, the anti-platelet effects of cilostazol, when combined with clopidogrel and aspirin, have not been evaluated. METHODS: Low dose cilostazol (50 mg/BID) was given to 47 patients who had already been taking clopidogrel (75 mg/day) and aspirin (100 mg/day) for more than 1 month subsequent to coronary stenting due to AMI and unstable angina. Markers of platelet activation, P-selectin and activated GPIIb/IIIa on platelets, were measured at baseline and 2 weeks after cilostazol treatment. We empirically divided patients into tertiles (low, n=16; moderate, n=14; high group, n=17), according to the baseline P-selectin expression. We then performed a comparative assessment of the anti-platelet effects of cilostazol at baseline and after 2 weeks of cilosatzol administration. RESULTS: P-selectin was significantly decreased after 2 weeks of cilostazol treatment in total patients (n=47, 3.2 +/- 2.4% to 2.0 +/- 1.9%, p=0.03). This inhibition of P-selectin expression was mainly achieved in the moderate and high P-selectin groups (low group; 1.4 +/- 0.5 to 1.9 +/- 1.3%, p> 0.05, moderate group; 2.5 +/- 0.3 to 1.3 +/- 0.3%, p 0.05). Underlying disease, cardiovascular risk factors, concomitant medication including statin, and hsCRP were not related to the degree of P-selectin expression. CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrated that cilostazol treatment in addition to conventional anti-platelet therapy provides more effective suppression of platelet P-selectin expression in patients with relatively high platelet activity.

Efficacy and safety of cilostazol, a novel phosphodiesterase inhibitor in patients with intermittent claudication.

Pharmacotherapy is limited for the relief of intermittent claudication (IC), a common manifestation of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Pentoxyfylline, the only current pharmacological therapy for IC, has been shown to have similar efficacy as placebo. Cilostazol, a new phosphodiesterase III (PDE III) inhibitor, is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation with vasodilatory, antithrombotic, antiproliferative and positive lipid-altering effects. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of cilostazol for the treatment of IC in Indian patients, 123 patients were selected from 6 centres in India. The patients, aged 58-73 years, with the diagnosis of stable moderate-to-severe IC received cilostazol 100/50 mg twice daily for a period of 12 weeks. Primary efficacy measures included initial claudication distance (ICD) and absolute walking distance (ACD) by treadmill testing and ankle-brachial index (ABI) using Doppler ultrasonography-measured systolic pressures. Secondary efficacy outcomes included subjective assessment of symptom improvement by patient and investigator and estimation of lipid values. Adverse events were monitored throughout the study. Laboratory investigations were carried out at baseline and end of study. At the end of week 12 of cilostazol therapy, there was a significant improvement in the raw walking distances (ICD and ACD). Percentage change in ICD and ACD was 46.77% and 64.5%, respectively, at the end of study. There was a significant increase (32.7%) in the ABI by the end of study period. According to patient and investigator assessment of symptoms, 58-60% of the subjects showed significant improvement to complete resolution of claudication symptoms by the end of 12 weeks of therapy. In addition, there was a significant increase of 20.24% in the mean plasma HDL-cholesterol levels and a decrease of 29.55% in the mean plasma triglyceride concentrations by the end of study period. Headache, diarrhoea, palpitation and dizziness were the commonly reported adverse effects during the study. No adverse effect led to discontinuation of therapy. The present study suggests that cilostazol is an effective therapeutic option with an acceptable tolerability profile for the treatment of IC in patients with PAD.