Consecuencias de la artritis reumatoide en la articulación temporomandibular y su manejo odontológico / Consequences of rheumatoid arthritis in the temporomandibular joint and its dental management

Introducción: la artritis reumatoide es parte del grupo de las enfermedades autoinmunes con incidencia considerable sobre la población. Se caracteriza por la afección de las articulaciones del cuerpo que la padece; en mayor frecuencia se encuentra afectada la articulación temporomandibular por el complejo articular que ésta presenta; entre los signos y síntomas que comúnmente podemos encontrar en pacientes con este tipo de enfermedad son los chasquidos o ruidos articulares, dolor orofacial, pérdida o imposibilidad del movimiento de la mandíbula y cambios anatómicos localizados en el área de la articulación temporomandibular. Objetivo: describir las consecuencias que desencadena la artritis reumatoide sobre la articulación temporomandibular y cómo es para el odontólogo el manejo de estos pacientes en consulta, evaluar los tratamientos para cada caso sobre un correcto diagnóstico. Material y métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de artículos recientes sobre el tema, utilizando buscadores como SciELO, Elsevier y PubMed, siendo 30 las fuentes seleccionadas con idiomas en inglés y español. Resultados: esta enfermedad autoinmune se caracteriza por afectar múltiples articulaciones del cuerpo humano simétrica y bilateralmente incluyendo la articulación temporomandibular (ATM), lo cual conlleva al riesgo de desarrollar trastornos temporomandibulares (TTM). Es importante conocer los métodos para realizar un correcto diagnóstico oportuno de la ATM del paciente con artritis reumatoide (AR) con la finalidad de ofrecer un tratamiento conservador. Conclusión: los trastornos temporomandibulares desencadenantes de la artritis reumatoide son afecciones que se deben considerar para el buen manejo del paciente con este padecimiento, comprender y respaldar un diagnóstico clínico es de vital importancia para dar al paciente un tratamiento adecuado dependiendo el grado de complejidad en la que cada individuo se encuentra; conocer el manejo adecuado y encaminar al paciente a una mejor calidad de vida es clave en la consulta odontológica del día a día (AU)

Introduction: rheumatoid arthritis is part of the group of autoimmune diseases with considerable incidence in the population. It is characterized by the affection of the joints of the body that suffers from it; most frequently the temporomandibular joint is affected due to the articular complex that it presents; among the signs and symptoms that we can commonly find in patients with this type of disease are joint clicks or noises, orofacial pain, loss or impossibility of jaw movement and anatomical changes located in the temporomandibular joint area. Objective: to describe the consequences that rheumatoid arthritis triggers on the temporomandibular joint and how it is for the dentist to manage these patients in consultation, to evaluate the treatments for each case on a correct diagnosis. Material and methods: a bibliographic review of recent articles on the subject was carried out, using search engines such as SciELO, Elsevier and PubMed, with 30 sources selected in English and Spanish. Results: this autoimmune disease is characterized by affecting multiple joints of the human body symmetrical and bilaterally including the TMJ which leads to the risk of developing TMD. It is important to know the methods to make a correct diagnosis of the TMJ of the patient with RA in order to offer a conservative treatment. Conclusions: the temporomandibular disorders that trigger rheumatoid arthritis are conditions that should be considered for the proper management of the patient with this condition, understanding and supporting a clinical diagnosis is of vital importance to give the patient an adequate treatment depending on the degree of complexity in which each individual is; knowing the proper management and directing the patient to a better quality of life is key in the day-to-day dental practice (AU)

Differences According to the Type of Exogenous Hyaluronic Acid and its Frequency of Infiltration in the Treatment of Temporomandibular Osteoarthritis / Diferencias Según el Tipo de Ácido Hiaurónico Exógeno y su Frecuencia de Infiltración en el Tratamiento de la Osteoartritis Temporomandibular

SUMMARY: One of the most important minimally invasive treatments today in temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ- OA) is the intra-articular exogenous hyaluronic acid (HA) injection, which has yielded good results in pain relief and improves mandibular function with few side effects. However, the effectiveness of HA continues to be controversial, partly due to the heterogeneity in the injection protocols in their molecular weight, viscosity and frequency of infiltration, among other properties. The aim of this review is to identify the differences in the histological and clinical effects of the different types of HA and the frequency of infiltration on TMJ-OA treatment. Materials and methods: A bibliographic search was performed in the PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases. The search was limited up to September 2022. Search terms included "osteoarthritis", "hyaluronic acid, "molecular weight", "concentration", "viscosity", "dose" and "temporomandibular", using AND/OR as Boolean terms. Results: Exogenous HA in its different molecular weights offers an improvement in histological and clinical characteristics. Apparently, low and medium molecular weight HA presents better results. No clinical studies related to the degree of HA viscosity were found. Respect to the frequency of infiltration, single injection, weekly injections for 3 weeks, weekly injections for 5 weeks and other protocols are used. However, their comparison is complex. There seems to be differences in the effects of the different HA preparations for the treatment of TMJ-OA, mainly in their molecular weight. However, the evidence remains scant.

Uno de los tratamientos mínimamente invasivos más importantes en la actualidad en la artrosis de la articulación temporomandibular (OATM) es la inyección intraarticular de ácido hialurónico (AH) exógeno, que ha dado buenos resultados en el alivio del dolor y mejora la función mandibular con pocos efectos secundarios. Sin embargo, la efectividad del AH continúa siendo controversial, en parte debido a la heterogeneidad en los protocolos de inyección en cuanto a su peso molecular, viscosidad y frecuencia de infiltración, entre otras propiedades. El objetivo de esta revisión fue identificar las diferencias en los efectos histológicos y clínicos de los diferentes tipos de HA y la frecuencia de infiltración en el tratamiento de TMJ-OA. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos PubMed, Web of Science y Scopus. La búsqueda se limitó hasta septiembre de 2022. Los términos de búsqueda incluyeron "osteoartritis", "ácido hialurónico", "peso molecular", "concentración", "viscosidad", "dosis" y "temporomandibular", utilizando AND/OR como términos booleanos. El HA exógeno en sus diferentes pesos moleculares ofrece una mejora en las características histológicas y clínicas. Aparentemente, el AH de bajo y medio peso molecular presenta mejores resultados. No se encontraron estudios clínicos relacionados con el grado de viscosidad del HA. Respecto a la frecuencia de infiltración, se utilizan inyecciones únicas, inyecciones semanales durante 3 semanas, inyecciones semanales durante 5 semanas y otros protocolos. Sin embargo, su comparación es compleja. Parece haber diferencias en los efectos de las diferentes preparaciones de HA para el tratamiento de la OA-TMJ, principalmente en su peso molecular. Sin embargo, la evidencia sigue siendo escasa.

Fibromialgia e disfunção temporomandibular: uma revisão de escopo / Fibromyalgia and temporomandibular disorder: a scoping review

A fibromialgia é uma síndrome complexa com alterações nociplásticas, caracterizadas por hiperalgesia e alodinia, frequentemente acompanhada pela presença de dor orofacial. Estudos têm demonstrado alta prevalência de disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) em pacientes fibromiálgicos, como fator etiológico ou agravante. O objetivo desta revisão de literatura foi identificar os mecanismos modulatórios comuns à fibromialgia e à DTM, e identificar diferentes modalidades de tratamento para os pacientes fibromiálgicos. Foram utilizados 69 artigos dos últimos 5 anos, além de 4 artigos conceituais anteriores a este período. Identificou-se que os principais fármacos utilizados para os sintomas de fibromialgia são pregabalina, amitriptilina, antidepressivos duais, tramadol, baixas doses de naltrexona e canabinoides. A associação de fármacos pode ser útil para aumentar a eficácia do tratamento e reduzir as doses dos mesmos. Por outro lado, novas terapias não farmacológicas, como as técnicas modulatórias não-invasivas, surgem como opções promissoras, promovendo alterações neuroplásticas importantes no tratamento. Conclusão: Há diversas opções terapêuticas farmacológicas e não-farmacológicas disponíveis no tratamento do paciente fibromiálgico para o especialista em DTM. Portanto, a combinação de diferentes abordagens pode auxiliar na obtenção de um protocolo individualizado, adequado às necessidades do paciente.

Fibromyalgia is a complex syndrome with nociplastic changes, characterized by hyperalgesia and allodynia, often accompanied by the presence of orofacial pain. Studies have shown a high prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in fibromyalgia patients, as an etiological or aggravating factor. The aim of this review was to identify the modulatory mechanisms common to fibromyalgia and TMD, and to identify different treatment modalities for fibromyalgia patients. 69 articles from the last five years were included, in addition to 4 conceptual articles prior to this date. The main drugs used for fibromyalgia symptoms are pregabalin, amitriptyline, dual antidepressants, tramadol, low-dose naltrexone and cannabinoids. The combination of drugs may be useful in improving treatment efficacy and for reducing the drug's dose. On the other hand, new non-pharmacological therapies, such as non-invasive modulatory techniques, appear as promising options for treatment, promoting important neuroplastic alterations. Conclusion: Several pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic alternatives are available for specialists in TMD. Therefore, combining therapy approaches can help create individualized protocols that are more effective at meeting the demands of fibromyalgia patients.

Effectiveness of hyaluronic acid in the treatment of degenerative diseases of the temporomandibular joint: literature review / Efectividad del ácido hialurónico en el tratamiento de enfermedades degenerativas de la articulación temporomandibular: revisión de literatura

Objetive: The degenerative diseases of the tempo-romandibular joint (TMJ) are characterized by a progressive destruction of the articular tissues of the condyle and the glenoid fossa. The main aim of this review is to describe the effectiveness of the hyaluronic acid (HA) in the treatment of degenerative diseases of the TMJ in accordance with the available scientific evidence. Material and Methods: A literature search was made in the following databases EBSCO, Pubmed, Cochraneand Trip Database, using the keywords hyaluronic, hyaluronan, NaH, hyaluronate, TMJ, TMD, CMD, craniomandibular, orofacial pain and temporomandibular. There were no date or language restrictions applied. Results: After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 14 studies were included in this review (11 randomized controlled clinical trials and 3 non-randomized clinical trials). Conclusion: The studies reported a decrease in pain and improvement in functional parameters after treatment of TMJ osteoarthritis with HA . The use of arthrocentesis associated with the administration of HA provides effects synergistic, reaching a superiority the protocols with multiple injections with respect to those of a single session. The adverse effects related to the injection of HA with or without associated arthrocentesis were minor and transitory.

Resumen: Objetivo: Las enfermedades degenerativas de la articulación temporomandibular (ATM) se caracterizan por una destrucción progresiva de tejidos articulares en el cóndilo y la fosa glenoidea. El objetivo principal de esta revisión es describir la efectividad del uso de ácido hialurónico en el tratamiento de enfermedades degenerativas de la articulación temporomandibular de acuerdo con la evidencia científica disponible. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en las bases de datos electrónicas EBSCO, PubMed, Cochrane y Trip Database, utilizando las palabras claves hyaluronic, hyaluronan, NaH, hyaluronate, tmj, tmd, cmd, craniomandibular, orofacial pain y temporomandibular, sin límite de fecha ni de idioma hasta Mayo del año 2020, complementada con una búsqueda retrógrada. Resultados: Con base en los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, 14 estudios fueron incluidos en esta revisión (11 ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorizados y 3 ensayos clínicos controlados no aleatorizados). Conclusión: Los estudios reportaron una disminución del dolor y mejora en los parámetros funcionales luego del tratamiento de osteoartritis de la ATM con AH. El uso de artrocentesis asociada a la administración del AH provee efectos sinérgicos, alcanzando una superioridad los protocolos con múltiples inyecciones con respecto a aquellos de una sola sesión. Los efectos adversos relacionados con la inyección de AH con o sin artrocentesis asociada fueron menores y transitorios.

Avaliação da alteração de músculos mastigatórios em pacientes com anquilose temporomandibular e o impacto da fonoterapia pós-operatória na recuperação destes pacientes / Evaluation of change of mastigatory muscles in patients with temporomandibular ankillosis and the impact of postoperative phonotherapy on recovery of these patients

A anquilose temporomandibular (AQTM) é uma condição rara caracterizada pela restrição da abertura mandibular, que impacta negativamente na qualidade de vida destes pacientes. O tratamento cirúrgico tem como objetivo reestabelecer a abertura de boca e, consequentemente, retomar à normalidade a respiração, a mastigação e a fala. A fonoterapia pós-operatória é descrita na prática clínica como uma etapa fundamental no processo de recuperação destes pacientes, pois visa estimular a musculatura facial e, assim, evitar a imobilização prolongada que pode levar à reanquilose. Contudo, poucos trabalhos investigaram a ocorrência de alterações morfofuncionais nos músculos faciais de pacientes com AQTM, bem como investigaram se a fonoterapia pós-operatória de fato influencia no processo de recuperação destes pacientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a existência de alteração na área seccional dos músculos mastigatórios masseter e pterigoide medial em pacientes com AQTM e a influência da fonoterapia pós-operatória na recuperação destes pacientes. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo envolvendo 39 pacientes com AQTM atendidos no INTO entre janeiro de 2010 e dezembro de 2018, e 54 pacientes controle (sem disfunção da ATM). As principais causas conhecidas de AQTM foram trauma (38,46%) e infecção (17,95%), e a mediana de idade dos pacientes foi de 16 anos. A maioria dos pacientes com AQTM era do sexo masculino (66%), o acometimento unilateral ocorreu em 70,3% dos pacientes e a maior parte dos casos de AQTM foi de natureza óssea (74,3%). As alterações na área seccional dos músculos masseter e pterigoide medial foram avaliadas através de imagens de tomografia computadorizada, sendo observada menor área seccional no plano axial destes músculos em pacientes com AQTM em comparação com pacientes controle. Ao compararmos a área dos músculos masseter e pterigoide medial de pacientes com AQTM (abertura de boca < 30mm) com a de pacientes recuperados após o tratamento (abertura de boca > 30mm), verificamos um aumento da área seccional deste último grupo. Por fim, investigamos a influência da fonoterapia pós-operatória no desfecho do tratamento cirúrgico através dos registros de comparecimento dos pacientes à fonoterapia em seus prontuários. Foi observado que em 76,66% dos procedimentos em que o paciente aderiu à fonoterapia houve um desfecho favorável. Por outro lado, em 95,45% dos procedimentos em que o paciente não aderiu à fonoterapia houve reanquilose. Através do teste exato de Fisher, foi verificado que os pacientes que não aderiram ao tratamento fonoterápico pós-operatório apresentaram maior risco de recidiva da anquilose. Concluímos que os pacientes com AQTM possuem redução da área seccional dos músculos masseter e pterigoide medial e que a fonoterapia pós-operatória é fundamental para o sucesso do tratamento da AQTM

Temporomandibular joint ankylosis (TMJA) is a rare condition characterized by restricted mandibular opening, which has a negative impact on the quality of life of these patients. The surgical treatment aims to reestablish the mouth opening and, consequently, to resume breathing, chewing and speech. Postoperative speech therapy is described in clinical practice as a fundamental step in the recovery process of these patients and it aims to stimulate facial muscles and thus prevent prolonged immobilization that may lead to reankylosis. However, few studies have investigated whether morphofunctional changes occur in the facial muscles of patients with TMJA, as well as whether postoperative speech therapy actually affects patient recovery. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the sectional area of the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles of patients with TMJA and to investigate the influence of postoperative speech therapy in the recovery of these patients. We conducted a retrospective study involving 39 TMJA patients treated at INTO between January 2010 and December 2018, and 54 control patients (without TMJ dysfunctions). The main causes of TMJA were trauma (38.46%) and infection (17.95%), and the patients' median age was 16 years. Most patients with TMJA were male (66%), the unilateral involvement occurred in 70.3% of patients and most cases of TMJA were of the bony type (74.3%). Changes in the sectional area of the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles were evaluated by analyzing computed tomography images, and a smaller sectional area in the axial plane of these muscles was observed in patients with TMJA compared to control patients. Comparing the area of the masseter and the medial pterygoid muscles of patients with TMJA (mouth opening ≤30mm) with that of patients recovered after treatment (mouth opening >30mm), we observed an increase in the sectional area of the latter group. Finally, we investigated the influence of the postoperative speech therapy on the outcome of the surgical treatment by looking through the speech therapy attendance reports in the patients' medical records. It was observed that in 76.66% of the procedures in which the patient adhered to speech therapy there was a favorable outcome. On the other hand, in 95,45% of the procedures in which the patient did not adhere to speech therapy, there was reankylosis. Fisher's exact test showed that patients who did not adhere to postoperative speech therapy had a higher risk of ankylosis recurrence. We conclude that patients with TMJA have reduced sectional area of the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles and that postoperative speech therapy is fundamental for successful treatment of TMJA

Non-invasive therapies for management of temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review

Introduction: As a multifactorial disease, temporomandibular disorders (TMD) require a complex therapeutic approach, being noninvasive therapies the first option for most patients. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review to analyze the most common non-invasive therapies used for TMD management. Methods: The review was done by searching electronic databases to identify controlled clinical trials related to pharmacologic and non-invasive treatments. Of all potential articles found, 35 were included in this review. Results: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT), occlusal splints (OS) and oral exercises/ behavior education (OE/BE) were the most common therapies used. LLLT showed significant results in pain and movement improvement in most studies. OS was usually combined to other therapies and resulted in improvement of pain. OE/BE showed significant results when combined with ultrasound, LLLT, and manual therapy. Conclusions: Non-invasive treatments can provide pain relief and should be prescribed before surgical procedures. LLLT was the therapy with the higher number of studies showing positive results. Based in heterogeneity of treatment protocols, diagnostic and outcomes criteria used, new well-designed randomized controlled trials (RCT) are necessary. (AU)

Tratamento de disfunções temporomandibulares com toxina botulínica tipo A / Treatment of temporomandibular disorders with botulinum toxin type A

Introdução: a disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) abrange muitos problemas clínicos nas articulações, na musculatura e em outras regiões da oroface. A origem multifatorial e sua etiologia envolvem fatores psicocomportamentais, oclusais e neuromusculares, seu diagnóstico é realizado pela anamnese detalhada, com a identificação dos fatores predisponentes, iniciadores e perpetuantes, e pelo exame físico, que consiste em palpação da musculatura, mensuração da movimentação ativa e verificação dos ruídos articulares. Objetivo: sistematizar as evidências científicas e verificar a eficácia do tratamento de disfunções temporomandibulares de origem muscular com a toxina botulínica do tipo A (TBX-A). Materiais e método: a busca bibliográfica foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed e SciELO, com os descritores: "myofascial pain", "botulinum toxin" e "masticatory muscles". Foram analisados ensaios clínicos randomizados, que apresentaram tratamento para DTM com a utilização da TBX-A em pacientes de ambos os sexos. A qualidade metodológica dos artigos selecionados foi verificada de acordo com a escala de Jadad. Considerações finais: observou-se que o tratamento para a DTM por meio da TBX-A auxilia no tratamento de dores orofaciais permanentes como coadjuvante, aliado a tratamentos conservadores. Os estudos que demonstraram resultados clínicos significativos utilizaram uma dose total de 100 U de TBX-A, sendo 30 U nos músculos masseteres e 20 U nos músculos temporais, bilateralmente. (AU)

Introduction: temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) involves a number of clinical problems in joints, muscles, and other orofacial regions. The multifactorial origin and etiology involve psychobehavioral, occlusal, and neuromuscular factors. The diagnosis is performed by a detailed anamnesis with the identification of predisposing factors, initiators and perpetuants, and the physical examination, which consists of muscle palpation, measurement of the active movement, and verification of joint noises. Objective: to systematize the scientific evidence and to verify the efficacy of treatment of temporomandibular disorders of muscular origin with botulinum toxin type A (TBX-A). Materials and method: the bibliographic search was performed in the PubMed and SciELO databases, with the descriptors of "myofascial pain", "botulinum toxin", "masticatory muscles". Randomized clinical trials that presented treatment for TMD with the use of TBX-A in patients of both sexes were analyzed. The methodological quality of the articles selected was verified according to the Jadad scale. Final considerations: it was observed that treatment for TMD using TBX-A helps to treat permanent orofacial pain as a support, along with conservative treatments. The studies showing significant clinical outcomes used a total dose of 100 U of TBX-A, considering 30 U for the masseter muscles and 20 U for the temporal muscles, bilaterally. (AU)

Toxina Botulínica para el Tratamiento de los Desórdenes Temporomandibulares / Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Temporomandibular Disorders

RESUMEN: Los Trastornos Temporomandibulares (TTM) consisten en un conjunto de condiciones patológicas que afectan la articulación temporomandibular (ATM), los músculos de la masticación y las estructuras asociadas. Estudios epidemiológicos estiman que 40 % a 75 % de la población adulta presenta por lo menos un signo de TTM, como ruido articular y 33 % por lo menos un síntoma, como dolor facial o en la ATM. La toxina botulínica (BoNT) es una neurotoxina producida por la bacteria anaerobia Clostridium botulinum, solo la toxina A y B son utilizadas en la práctica clínica después de la aprobación de la Food and Drug Administration en 1989 y 2000; actualmente continúan siendo utilizadas para tratar varias condiciones de dolor, incluyendo la espasticidad muscular, distonia, dolor de cabeza y dolor miofascial. Las propuestas del mecanismo de acción fueron sugeridas a mediados de 1950 manifestando que esta neurotoxina posee alta afinidad con la sinapsis colinérgicas, ocasionando un bloqueo en la liberación de acetilcolina de esos terminales nerviosos, sin alterar la conducción neural de las señales eléctricas o en la síntesis de almacenamiento de acetilcolina. La inyección intramuscular en dosis y localización apropiada, provoca denervación química parcial y disminución de la contractura, sin ocasionar parálisis completa a lo que se le atribuye ser un innovador y eficaz método de tratamiento para el dolor crónico asociada con hiperactividad de los músculos masticatorios. La toxina botulínica tipo A es ser una alternativa para el control de la sintomatología dolorosa presente en los TTMs de etiología miogénica. Los autores recomiendan realizar un correcto diagnóstico, ya que la indicación de este tipo de tratamiento con diagnósticos incorrectos lleva a resultados inciertos.

ABSTRACT: Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) is a term that was used to describe a set of pathological conditions that affect temporomandibular joint (TMJ), muscles of mastication and associated structures. Epidemiological studies estimates that 40 % to 75 % of the adult population has at least one sign of TMD, such as joint noise and 33 % presented some symptom such as facial or joint pain. Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum. There are two types of toxin (A and B) used in clinical practice that were approved by Food and Drug Administration in 1989 and 2000. These medications are in use to treat various diseases including muscle spasticity, dystonia, headache and myofascial pain. The mechanisms of action were suggested in the mid-1950s, this neurotoxin seems to have an action at cholinergic synapses, causing a block in the release of acetylcholine from the nerve terminals without altering the neural conduction of the electrical signals. The synthesis and storage of acetylcholine were preserved. Intramuscular injection in appropriate doses and location causes partial chemical denervation and decreased contracture, without causing complete paralysis of muscles. Due to this features, it has been considered an innovative and effective method to treat chronic pain associated with hyperactivity of masticatory muscles. The botulinum toxin type A appears to be an alternative method for pain control present in TMDs that have myogenic etiology. The authors recommend a correct diagnosis, since the indication of this type of treatment associated with an incorrect diagnosis leads to uncertain outcomes, creating false conclusions.

Role of hyaluronic acid in the homeostasis and therapeutics of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis / Rol del ácido hialurónico en la homeostasis y terapéutica de la osteoartritis de articulación temporomandibular

The aim of this study was to perform a literature review regarding the role of hyaluronic acid (HA) in the homeostasis and therapeutics of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis (OA). The TMJ has characteristics that give it special adaptation and recovery abilities, where HA plays a fundamental role in helping to maintain joint homeostasis, which is affected in pathological processes like OA. OA is a chronic degenerative multi-factor disease that can affect all the components of the synovial joints, causing degradation of the articular cartilage, extracellular matrix and breakage in the HA molecules. HA is a non-branched linear polysaccharide with viscosupplementation, anti-inflammatory, lubrication and pain relief effects; it also activates the intrinsic repair processes of the cartilage and normalizes the endogenous production of HA by the synoviocytes. In recent years, the therapeutic use of HA has shown evidence that supports its application in TMJ OA, improving viscosupplementation capacity, acting at the cellular and molecular levels, reducing various inflammatory mediators and improving the reparative characteristics. Its use has been studied in animal models and in humans. However, no consensus has been reached in terms of concentrations, dose, application frequency or molecular weight to be used.

El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión de la literatura respecto del rol del ácido hialurónico (AH) en la homeostasis y terapéutica de la osteoartritis (OA) de la articulación temporomandibular (ATM). La ATM presenta características que le confieren propiedades de adaptación y recuperación especiales, donde el AH juega un rol fundamental ayudando a mantener la homeostasis articular, la cual se ve afectada en procesos patológicos como la OA. La OA es una enfermedad multifactorial crónica degenerativa que puede afectar a todos los componentes de las articulaciones sinoviales, generando degradación del cartílago articular, matriz extracelular y quiebre de las moléculas de AH. El AH es un polisacárido lineal no ramificado que presenta efectos de viscosuplementación, antiinflamatorios, lubricantes, en el alivio del dolor, permite además, activar procesos intrínsecos de reparación del cartílago y normalizar la producción endógena de AH por parte de los sinoviositos. En los últimos años el uso terapéutico del AH ha presentado evidencia que sustenta su aplicación en OA de ATM mejorando la capacidad de viscosuplementación, actuando a nivel celular y molecular, disminuyendo diversos mediadores inflamatorios y mejorando las características reparativas. Su uso se ha estudiado en modelos animales y en humanos, sin embargo no existe consenso en cuanto a concentraciones, dosis, frecuencias de aplicación y peso molecular a utilizar.

Toxina botulínica tipo A nas DTM musculares: há eficácia? / Botulinum toxin type A in muscle TMD: There's effectiveness?

Os objetivos dessa revisão da literatura foram verificar a eficácia da toxina botulínica tipo A (BTX-A) na diminuição da dor em indivíduos com DTM e identificar os parâmetros ideais para o local, número de aplicações, dosagens e tempo de duração. Foram selecionados 19 artigos das bases de dados do Google Acadêmico e PubMed, que incluíram 14 artigos de pesquisa clínica e 5 de revisão sistemática. Foi possível concluir a respeito da toxina botulínica que os músculos indicados para a aplicação são principalmente os masseteres e os temporais, podendo ser aplicado também nos músculos pterigoideos, lateral e medial, digástrico e platisma. Os locais de escolha são os que apresentam maior volume e sensibilidade à palpação (pontos-gatilho) ou maior atividade eletromiográfica em repouso. As dosagens variam de um total de 10U a 400U de BTX-A por indivíduo, sendo distribuídas pelos músculos indicados. A BTX-A, em geral, é aplicada em dose única, porem alguns autores preconizam uma segunda aplicação se a primeira não fez o efeito esperado. O efeito da toxina botulínica sobre os músculos e a dor, em geral, tem duração variada, sendo relatado desde 3 a 4 semanas até 3 a 5 meses. A maioria dos estudos observou à eficácia da BTX-A na diminuição da dor de indivíduos com DTM. Porém é necessário que mais estudos clínicos randomizados, duplo cegos, multicêntricos e controlados sejam realizados para que a eficácia da BTX-A seja comprovada e para que um protocolo de atendimento seja realizado.(AU)

The objectives of this literature review were to verify the efficacy of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) in reducing pain of TMD patients and to identify the optimal parameters for the location, number of applications, dosages and duration. We selected 19 articles from Google Scholar and PubMed databases that included 14 articles of clinical research and 5 systematic reviews. It was concluded about BTX-A that the muscles appropriate to the application are mostly masseter and temporal and can also be applied in the pterygoid muscle lateral and medial, digastric and platysma. The choices of locations are those who have higher volume and sensitivity to palpation (trigger points) or higher EMG activity at rest. Dosages vary from a total of 10U to 400U of BTX-A by individual, being distributed by the indicated muscles. BTX-A in general is applied in a single dose, but some authors recommend a second application if the first did not make the expected effect. The effect of BTX-A on muscle and pain in general has varying duration, being reported from 3 to 4 weeks for 3 to 5 months. Most studies have noted at the effectiveness of BTX-A in patient pain reduction DTM. However more randomized, double-blind, multicenter, controlled clinical trials needs to be carried out so that the effectiveness of BTX-A could be confirmed and a management protocol, stabilished.(AU)

Uso de ácido hialurónico en osteoartritis de articulación temporomandibular en paciente adolescente / Use of hyaluronic acid in osteoarthritis of temporomandibular joint in adolescent patient

La osteoartritis es un tipo de trastorno temporomadibular de origen articular, siendo uno de los procesos degenerativos óseos que más comúnmente afectan a la articulación temporomandibular. Se caracteriza por remodelación del hueso subcondral subyacente, deterioro y abrasión del tejido articular. Las infiltraciones intraarticulares de ácido hialurónico se consideran beneficiosas para el tratamiento del dolor y la recuperación de propiedades de los tejidos articulares. El objetivo de éste artículo es describir el uso de ácido hialurónico en el manejo de osteoartritis de articulación temporomandibular en un paciente adolescente. Paciente de sexo femenino, 15 años de edad, presenta dolor de un año de evolución en la región preauricularbilateral, con aumento de dolor en apertura máxima. Considerando el examen clínico e imagenológico se diagnostica una luxación discal con reducción con componente osteoartritico e inflamatorio bilateral. Se indica reposo mandibular, dieta líquida, AINEs y se realiza la aplicación intraarticular de ácido hialurónico(Suprahyalâ 25 mg/2,5 ml) bilateral. Se cita a control a las 2, 3 y 16 semanas donde la paciente se encuentra sin dolor espontaneo y a la palpación. El uso de ácido hialurónico es una de las alternativas terapeúticas más utilizadas para el manejo de la osteoartritis de articulación temporomandibular, sin embargo es necesario que la evidencia de su aplicación intraarticular en adolescentes y niños se consolide.

Osteoarthritis is a type of articular origin Temporomandibular disorders, being one of themost common degenerative processes affecting thetemporomandibular joint. It is characterized byremodeling of the underlying subchondral bone,deterioration and abrasion of articular tissue. Intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid are considered beneficial for treatment of pain and recovery of joint tissues properties. The aim of this article is to describe the use of hyaluronic acid in the management of osteoarthritis of temporomandibular joint in an adolescent patient. Female patient, 15 years old,presented pain with a year of progress in the bilateral preauricular region, with increased pain at maximum aperture. Considering the clinical and imaging tests the patient was diagnosed with disk displacement with reduction with bilateral osteoarthritic and inflammatory component. Mandibular rest, liquid diet, NSAIDs were indicated and the application of intra-articular hyaluronicacid (Suprahyalâ 25 mg / 2.5 ml) bilaterally. Control was quoted at 2, 3 and 16 weeks where the patient has no spontaneous pain and tenderness. The use of hyaluronic acid is one of the most commonly usedtherapeutic alternatives for the management ofosteoarthritis of temporomandibular joint. However,further evidence of its use in intra-articular application in adolescents and children should be incorporated.

Prolotherapy - A venturing Treatment for Temporomandibular Joint Disorder.

Prolotherapy, a regenerative injection therapy. Has been used to relieve joint pain and stabilize injured joints. Since the 1930s, this technique is used to strengthen and rejuvenate weak tendons, ligaments and also resolves the joint laxity, as a result patient’s problems with discomfort, pain and loss of function are resolved. Th is is done after identifying the areas of weakness by injecting naturally occurring therapeutic agents which stimulate the healing process by provoking the acute infl ammatory response including the infl ux of stem cells which promote repair of damaged tissues. Th is low grade infl ammatory response is temporary at the site of injection which synthesizes collagen and strengthens the cartilage by promoting fi broblasts. Growth factors are also produced at the site of injection which restarts the healing process that is never completed eff ectively. Th is article reviews the history of prolotherapy and its applications in dentistry.

Toxina Botulínica Tipo A no tratamento da dor miofascial relacionada aos músculos da mastigação / Botulinum Toxin Type A in the treatment of myofascial pain related to masticatory muscles

Objetivo: Sistematizar as evidências científicas sobre a eficácia da toxina botulínica tipo A no tratamento da dor miofascial relacionada aos músculos mastigatórios. Método: A busca bibliográfica foi realizada através de uma pesquisa nas bases de dados PubMed Central Jornal e Allergan Product Literature - botulinum toxin (APL) compreendendo o período dos últimos 12 anos, com os descritores: "myofascial pain", "botulinum toxin", "treatment", "masticatory muscles". A qualidade metodológica dos estudos foi avaliada pela Escala de Jadad. Foram selecionados quatro estudos do tipo ensaio clínico randomizado duplo-cego. Resultados: Pudemos notar que, as pesquisas sobre a utilização de toxina botulínica tipo A para dor miofascial estão contribuindo para aprimorar os tratamentos existentes até o momento para essa condição clínica. Conclusão: É indispensável um maior número de estudos e formas de avaliação precisas e quantitativas para uma resposta definitiva sobre eficácia e segurança deste tratamento.

Objective: To systematize the scientific evidence on the efficacy of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of myofascial pain related to masticatory muscles. Method: A bibliographical search was made in the PubMed Central Journal and Allergan Product Literature databases - botulinum toxin (APL) encompassing the past 12 years, with the descriptors: "myofascial pain," "botulinum toxin," "treatment," "masticatory muscles". The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated through the Jadad scale. Four randomized, double-blind, clinical trial studies were selected. Results: It was found that the research on the use of botulinum toxin type A for myofascial pain contributed to improving the treatments that existed until that time for this clinical condition. Conclusion: The need for more studies and forms of evaluating precisely and quantitatively is essential in order to find a definitive answer on the efficacy and safety of this treatment.

Intra-articular injections with corticosteroids and sodium hyaluronate for treating temporomandibular joint disorders: a systematic review

INTRODUCTION: In some cases, conservative treatment of internal derangements of the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) is considered little responsive. Thus, it is necessary to accomplish treatments that aim at reducing pain and improve patients' functions who present arthrogenic temporomandibular disorders. OBJECTIVE: This study, by means of a systematic review of the literature, aimed to analyze the effectiveness of intra-articular injections with corticosteroids and sodium hyaluronate for treating internal derangements of the TMJ. METHODS: Carry out a research in the following databases: MEDLINE, Cochrane, EMBASE, Pubmed, Lilacs, and BBO, considering publications issued between 1966 and October of 2010, focusing on randomized or quasi-randomized controlled clinical trials, single or double-blind. RESULTS: After applying the inclusion criteria we collected 9 articles, 7 of which were randomized controlled double-blind clinical trials and 2 randomized controlled single-blind clinical trials. CONCLUSION: After analyzing the literature, it was found that intra-articular injection with corticosteroids and sodium hyaluronate seems to be an effective method for treating internal derangements of the TMJ. However, further randomized controlled clinical trials, with representative samples and longer follow-up time must be carried out in order to assess the real effectiveness of this technique.

INTRODUÇÃO: em algumas situações, o tratamento conservador das alterações internas da articulação temporomandibular apresenta-se pouco responsivo. Nessas condições, torna-se necessária a realização de tratamentos que visem reduzir a dor e melhorar a função dos pacientes frente a disfunções temporomandibulares articulares. OBJETIVO: esse trabalho, por meio de uma revisão sistemática de literatura, teve como objetivo analisar a efetividade de infiltrações intra-articulares com corticosteroides e com hialuronato de sódio no tratamento para as alterações internas da ATM. MÉTODOS: foi feito levantamento nas bases de pesquisa MEDLINE, Cochrane, EMBASE, PubMed, Lilacs e BBO, abrangendo os anos de 1966 a outubro de 2010, com enfoque em estudos clínicos controlados randomizados ou quase-randomizados, cegos ou duplo-cegos. RESULTADOS: após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão, chegou-se a nove artigos, sendo que sete eram estudos clínicos controlados randomizados duplo-cego e dois eram estudos clínicos controlados randomizados apenas cegos. CONCLUSÕES: pela análise da literatura, verifica-se que a infiltração intra-articular com corticosteroides e hialuronato de sódio parece ser um método efetivo no tratamento das alterações internas da ATM. Porém, são necessários mais estudos clínicos controlados randomizados, com amostras representativas e tempo de acompanhamento longo, para avaliar a real efetividade da técnica.

Temporomandibular disorders and functional somatic syndromes: Deliberations for the dentist.

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is an umbrella term for a collection of disorders affecting the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and associated tissues. TMD is not a rare pathology for the dentist. The most common presenting symptom is pain, which causes the patient seek immediate treatment. Management is dictated by the cause. The most 'famed' causes include trauma, inflammation, aging, parafunctional habits, infections, neoplasms, and stress; and these are always considered in the differential diagnosis of TMJ pain. There are some less 'famed' causes of TMD, which are characterized by increased pain sensitivity due to psychosocial factors; these include myofascial pain syndrome and functional somatic syndromes (FSS) such as fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. They present with chronic pain, fatigue, disability, and impairment in ability to perform daily activities. A non-systematic search in the English literature revealed numerous studies describing the occurrence of TMD in these conditions, along with few other oral manifestations. TMD has been even considered to be a part of the FSS by some. In these patients, TMD remains a recurring problem, and adequate management cannot be achieved by traditional treatment protocols. Awareness of these conditions, with correct diagnosis and modification of management protocols accordingly, may resolve this problem.

Facial symmetry evaluation after experimentally displaced condylar process fracture in methotrexate treated rats / Avaliação da simetria facial após fratura experimental com desvio do processo condilar em ratos tratados com metotrexato

PURPOSE: To investigate the facial symmetry of high and low dose methotrexate (MTX) treated rats submitted to experimentally displaced mandibular condyle fracture through the recording of cephalometric measurements. METHODS: One hundred male Wistar rats underwent surgery using an experimental model of right condylar fracture. Animals were divided into four groups: A - saline solution (1mL/week); B - dexamethasone (DEX) (0,15mg/Kg); C - MTX low dose (3 mg/Kg/week); D - MTX high dose (30 mg/Kg). Animals were sacrificed at 1, 7, 15, 30 and 90 days postoperatively (n=5). Body weight was recorded. Specimens were submitted to axial radiographic incidence, and cephalometric mensurations were made using a computer system. Linear measurements of skull and mandible, as well as angular measurements of mandibular deviation were taken. Data were subjected to statistical analyses among the groups, periods of sacrifice and between the sides in each group (α=0.05). RESULTS: Animals regained body weight over time, except in group D. There was reduction in the mandibular length and also changes in the maxilla as well as progressive deviation in the mandible in relation to the skull basis in group D. CONCLUSION: Treatment with high dose methotrexate had deleterious effect on facial symmetry of rats submitted to experimentally displaced condylar process fracture.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a simetria facial de ratos tratados com metotrexato (MTX), em dose alta e baixa, submetidos à fratura experimental do processo condilar com desvio por meio de mensurações cefalométricas. MÉTODOS: Cem ratos Wistar machos foram submetidos a procedimento cirúrgico utilizando modelo experimental de fratura de côndilo do lado direito. Os animais foram distribuídos em quatro grupos: A - soro fisiológico (1mL/semana); B - dexametasona (DEX) (0,15mg/Kg); C - MTX baixa dose (3mg/Kg/semana); D - MTX alta dose (30mg/Kg). Os períodos de sacrifício foram de 1, 7, 15, 30 e 90 dias de pós-operatório (n=5). O peso dos animais foi documentado. Foram realizadas mensurações lineares da maxila e da mandíbula, bem como angulares do desvio mandibular. Os dados foram submetidos a análises estatísticas entre os grupos, períodos de sacrifício e entre os lados em cada grupo (α=0,05). RESULTADOS: Os animais recuperaram peso ao longo do tempo, exceto no grupo D. Houve redução no comprimento mandibular com alterações também na maxila e desvio progressivo da mandíbula em relação à base do crânio no grupo D. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento com metotrexato em alta dose teve efeito deletério na simetria facial de ratos submetidos à fratura do processo condilar.

Injeções intra-articulares de corticosteróides versus hialuronato de sódio para tratamento de desarranjos internos da articulação temporomandibular / Intra-articular injections of corticosteroids versus sodium hyaluronate for treatment of temporomandibular joint disorders

Desarranjos internos da articulação temporomandibular são distúrbios de etiologia complexa que acomete com bastante freqüência muitos indivíduos, sendo os principais procedimentos realizados para tratar de maneira paliativa estes pacientes, a injeção intra-articular de corticosteróides ou hialuronato de sódio.Objetivo: revisar a literatura comparando o risco-benefício, a real eficácia e a viabilidade do profissional Cirurgião-Dentista, em lançar mão das injeções intra-articulares de corticosteróide ou hialuronato de sódio para desarranjos internos da ATM.Conclusão: o hialuronato de sódio é terapeuticamente melhor que o corticosteróide para injeção intra-articular, o qual, em longo prazo, pode provocar uma série de efeitos deletérios ao paciente, apesar do custo financeiro da terapia com hialuronato ser muito maior...

The temporomandibular joint disorder, are disturbances of complex etiology that seeks very frequently many patients, being the principals procedures employed to treat as a palliative way these patients, the injection of intra-articular corticosteroid or sodium hyaluronate.Aim: review the literature comparing the risk-benefit, real efficacy and the viability of dentistry professional, to use the intra-articular injections of corticosteroid or sodium hyaluronate for the internal disordes of TMJ. Conclusion: the sodium hyaluronate is therapeutically better than the corticosteroid intra-articular, which, in a long-term, may cause many deleterious effects for the patient, in despite of the financier cost of hialuronate therapy is much higher...

Temporomandibular disorders in patients with craniocervical dystonia / Disfunção temporomandibular em pacientes com distonia craniocervical

Temporomandibular disorders are a set of musculoskeletal dysfunctions within the masticatory system, with multiple etiologies. OBJECTIVE: Since craniocervical dystonia can involve the same neuromuscular structure as the temporomandibular joint, we sought to assess the correlation between temporomandibular disorders and craniocervical dystonia. METHOD: We applied the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders to 42 patients with craniocervical dystonia, in order to identify orofacial pain and temporomandibular characteristics on the day of botulinum toxin injection. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients (52.3 percent) reported temporomandibular joint pain; 24 (57.1 percent), joint sounds; 20 (47.6 percent), masticatory muscle pain; and 21 (50 percent), diminished jaw mobility. The patients with oromandibular dystonia presented temporomandibular disorders more frequently than did patients with other types of craniocervical dystonia (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Temporomandibular disorders occur frequently in patients with oromandibular dystonia. Further studies should address the proper treatment of temporomandibular disorders associated with dystonia.

As disfunções temporomandibulares são um conjunto de alterações musculoesqueléticas no sistema mastigatório de etiologia multifatorial. OBJETIVO: A distonia craniocervical pode envolver as mesmas estruturas neuromusculares da articulação temporomandibular. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a correlação entre distúrbios temporomandibulares e distonia craniocervical. MÉTODO: Aplicamos o Critério Diagnóstico para Pesquisa em Disfunção Temporomandibular em 42 pacientes com distonia craniocervical a fim de identificar dor orofacial e características da articulação temporomandibular no dia da injeção de toxina botulínica. RESULTADOS: Vinte e dois pacientes (52,3 por cento) relataram dor na articulação temporomandibular, enquanto 24 apresentaram sons articulares (57,1 por cento), 20 dor na musculatura mastigatória (47,6 por cento) e redução da mobilidade mandibular foi observada em 21 pacientes (50 por cento). Os pacientes com distonia oromandibular apresentaram disfunção temporomandibular em maior frequência do que aqueles com outros tipos de distonia craniocervical (p<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A disfunção temporomandibular é frequente em pacientes com distonia oromandibular. Novos estudos devem abordar o tratamento adequado das disfunções temporomandibulares associado à distonia.

Application of Botulinum toxin Type A: An arsenal in dentistry.

An extremely effective way of preventing damage to and enhancing treatment of dental hard tissues and restorations would be to ''de-programme'' the muscles responsible for excessive destructive forces and other gnathological-related diseases. The new paradigm is the intramuscular injection of Botulinum toxin type A (BOTOX) into the affected muscles. It is a natural protein produced by anaerobic bacterium, Clostridium botulinum. The toxin inhibits the release of acetylcholine (ACH), a neurotransmitter responsible for the activation of muscle contraction and glandular secretion, and its administration results in reduction of tone in the injected muscle. There are seven distinct serotypes of Botulinum toxin, viz., A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, which differ in their potency, duration of action, and cellular target sites. This paper describes the different applications of BOTOX in dentistry.