Acropigmentación reticulada de Dohi: revisión de genodermatosis con pigmentación reticular a partir de un caso clínico / Reticulated acropigmentation of Dohi: review of genodermatosis with reticular pigmentation

La acropigmentación reticulada de Dohi (ARD) o discromía simétrica hereditaria se encuentra dentro de los desórdenes con pigmentación reticular hereditaria. Es una rara entidad que se describió por primera vez en 1929 en Japón por Toyama. Presenta herencia autosómica dominante y el gen responsable se encuentra en el cromosoma 1q21 que codifica para una proteína ARN-adenosina desaminasa (ADAR1 o DSRAD). A pesar, que es un desorden benigno y no reviste complicaciones suele ser estéticamente desfigurante. A continuación, se presenta un caso clínico y se realizará una revisión de la literatura de los otras genodermatosis con pigmentación reticular.

Hereditary symmetric dyschromatosis, also known as reticulated acropigmentation of Dohi is included within a spectrum of reticulate pigment disorders of the skin. It’s a pigmentary disorder characterized by the presence of hypopigmented and hyperpigmented macules giving a reticular pattern in acral areas. It is a rare entity first described in 1929 by Toyama in Japan. It has autosomal dominant inheritance and the responsible gene codes for an RNA adenosine deaminase protein (ADAR1 or dsRAD) on chromosome 1q21. Although, it`s a benign disorder, it can be aesthetically disfiguring. We present a case report and review of the literature of genodermatosis with reticular pigmentation.

Eritema discromicum perstans (EDP) o dermatosis cenicienta: revisión a propósito de dos casos / Erythema discromicum perstans (EDP) or cystic dermatosis: review of two cases

El eritema discromicum perstans (EDP) o Dermatosis cenicienta es una entidad clínica poco común, de curso crónico e irreversible. Se presenta como máculas hiperpigmentadas color gris-ceniza, de tamaño y forma variable, distribuidas en cara, tronco, y extremidades. En Chile existen pocos casos reportados. La etiología es actualmente desconocida. Los hallazgos histopatológicos no son específicos de EDP, por lo que el diagnóstico es clínico e histopatológico. Aunque se han reportado múltiples opciones de tratamiento, ninguno ha demostrado ser efectivo de manera consistente. Presentamos dos casos de EDP y una revisión de los principales aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos e histopatológicos de esta entidad.

Erythema dyschromicum perstans (EDP) or cinderella Dermatosis is an uncommon clinical entity, of chronic and irreversible course. Clinically it appears as hyper pigmented gray-ashy macules, of variable size and shape, distributed on face, trunk, and extremities. There are few cases reported on Chile. Etiology is currently unknown. The histopathological features are not characteristic of EDP, so the diagnosis is based upon clinical findings plus histopathology. Although there are several treatment options, none of them have been demonstrated to be consistently effective. We present two cases of EDP and a review of the clinical, epidemiological, and histopathological features of this entity.

Tatuajes traumáticos en Chile tratados con láser Q-switched Nd:YAG: reporte de nueve casos / Traumatic tattoos in Chile treated with Q-switched laser Nd: YAG: report of nine cases

Introducción: Los láser Q-switched (QS) son actualmente los equipos más utilizados en el tratamiento de los tatuajes traumáticos. Reportamos los resultados del tratamiento de nueve pacientes con este tipo de tatuajes. Materiales y métodos: Fue utilizado el láser Revlite (Hoya ConBio®) QS Nd:YAG 1064 nm. Los parámetros del equipo fueron ajustados en cada paciente variando entre los siguientes valores; diámetro de punta (spot size) 4-6 mm, energía 3,5-7 J/cm2 y 5-10 hercios (Hz). El tiempo mínimo entre cada sesión fue de ocho semanas. Se realizaron fotografías antes y después de cada sesión para evaluar el aclaramiento de las lesiones. Resultados: obtuvimos un aclaramiento completo(>95 por ciento) en tres pacientes en 1,6 +/- 0,5 sesiones y un excelente resultado (75 por ciento-95 por ciento) en un paciente luego de siete sesiones láser. De los cinco pacientes restantes, tres de ellos han tenido una buena respuesta (50 por ciento-75 por ciento) en 1,6 +/- 0,5 sesiones, sin embargo dos de ellos siguen en tratamiento. Solo dos pacientes obtuvieron un aclaramiento razonable (25 por ciento-50 por ciento), uno de ellos abandonó y el otro sigue en tratamiento. Conclusiones: El láser QS Nd:YAG1064 nm es eficaz para el tratamiento de los tatuajes traumáticos.

Introduction: Q-switched are the most used lasers in the treatment of traumatic tattoos. We report the results of treatment of nine patients with these tattoos. Materials and Methods: We used the Revlite QS Nd:YAG 1064 nm laser(Hoya ConBio®). The device parameters were adjusted for each patient varying between the following values; spot size4-6 mm, energy 3,5-7 J/cm2 and 5-10 Hz. The minimum time in between each session was eight weeks. Photographs were taken before and after each session to assess the clearance of the lesions. Results: We achieved a complete clearance (>95 percent) in three patients at 1.6 +/- 0.5 sessions and excellent results (75 percent-95 percent) in one patient after seven laser sessions. Of the remaining five patients, three of them have had a good response (50 percent-75 percent) in 1.6 +/- 0.5 sessions, however two of them are still under treatment. Only two patients had a reasonable clearance (25 percent-50 percent). Conclusion: QS laser Nd: YAG 1064 nm is effective in the treatment of traumatic tattoos.

Mongolian spots.

Mongolian spots (MS) are birthmarks that are present at birth and their most common location is sacrococcygeal or lumbar area. Lesions may be single or multiple and usually involve < 5% total body surface area. They are macular and round, oval or irregular in shape. The color varies from blue to greenish, gray, black or a combination of any of the above. The size varies from few to more than 20 centimetres. Pigmentation is most intense at the age of one year and gradually fades thereafter. It is rarely seen after the age of 6 years. Aberrant MS over occiput, temple, mandibular area, shoulders and limbs may be confused with other dermal melanocytoses and bruises secondary to child abuse, thus necessitating documentation at birth. Although regarded as benign, recent data suggest that MS may be associated with inborn errors of metabolism and neurocristopathies. Mongolian spots usually resolve by early childhood and hence no treatment is generally needed if they are located in the sacral area. However, sometimes it may be required for extrasacral lesions for cosmesis.

Tratamiento de lesiones pigmentarias en pacientes pediátricos con laser Q-switched Nd: YAG / Treatment of pigmented lesions in pediatric patients with laser Q-switched Nd: YAG

Las lesiones pigmentarias en la infancia pueden ser: epidérmicas, como las efélides, las máculas café con leche, los nevos pigmentarios, los lentigos y el nevo Spilus; dermoepidémicas, como el nevo de Becker y la pigmentación postinflamatoria; y de localización dérmica, como el nevo de Ota, la mancha mongólica, el nevo de Ito y el nevo de Hori. El avance en la tecnología láser nos permite tratar muchas de estas lesiones en forma segura y eficaz. Se hace una revisión de la literatura sobre el uso del láser Q-switched neodymium yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) para el tratamiento de lesiones pigmentarias.

Pigmented lesions in children can be due to pigment located in the epidermis, such as freckles, café au lait spots, pigmented nevi, lentigo and Spilus nevus; in the dermo-epidermal junction such as Becker´s nevus, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation and others are due to pigment in the dermis, like nevus of Ota, Mongolian spots, nevus of Ito and Hori´s nevus. Recent advances in laser technology make possible the treatment of many of these lesions possible in a safe and efficacious way. This is a literature review about the applications of Q-switched neodymium yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) for the treatment of pigmented lesions in children.

Lesiones cromáticas de la cavidad bucal: lesiones blancas, rojas y pigmentadas: introducción / Cromatic lesions of the oral cavity: white, red and pigmented lesions: introduction

El diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz de las lesiones de la cavidad bucal (CB) es necesario debido a su posible significado. Dichas patologías pueden ser entidades benignas; manifestaciones de enfermedades sistémicas ya diagnosticadas o no, e inclusive lesiones malignas. Es frecuente, encontrar en la CB lesiones de color blanco, rojo, marrón, azul, o de otros colores que, a los efectos de este artículo, se les denominará lesiones cromáticas (LC). El dentista debe conocerlas y tratarlas en consecuencia o, si loconsidera oportuno, derivar al especialista correspondiente. Se presentaran una serie de artículos, cuyo propósito es realizar una revisión de los pasos de la historia clínica (HC), junto conuna breve descripción de la etiología, las características clínicas y el tratamiento de las LC. Además, se ilustran los diferentes tipos de lesiones con algunos casos clínicos.

The diagnosis and the early treatment of the lesions that could be find in the oral cavity (OC) is very important due to itssignificance. Those lesions could range from benign, meaningless lesions to oral manifestation of systemic disease with or without diagnosis and also malignant lesions. White, red and pigmented lesions are found very frequent in the OC, which for this paperwould be called chromatic lesions (CL). The dentist should know them, treat them or send the patient for proper treatment. The aim of these papers is review the clinic history and physical examination with a brief description of the etiology, clinical characteristic and the treatment of the CL. Also some clinical cases are presented in order to illustrated the different lesions.

A quantitative evaluation of pigmented skin lesions using the L*a*b* color coordinates

The evaluation of pigmentary skin lesions by clinical doctors has been based on subjective and qualitative judgements. Observations have mostly relied on visual inspection, making the effects of treatment difficult to evaluate with any precision. For this reason there is a real need for an objective method to evaluate prognosis after treatment. Recent scientific measurements such as reflectance spectrophotometry and reflectance colorimetry have provided accurate quantitative color information about skin lesions, but these techniques are costly and difficult to apply in the clinical field. The purpose of this study was to develop a simple and cost-effective way of evaluating treatment results. We have developed a software program using the L*a*b* color coordinate system to quantify the effect of treatment and have successfully demonstrated its clinical usefulness. Our method compares the relative color difference between normal skin and skin lesions before and after treatment, instead of measuring the absolute color of skin lesions. The accuracy of our quantitative color analysis was confirmed by the simulated images of hemangioma and ota nevus. Clinical efficacy was also confirmed through a blind test involving 3 clinicians who were asked to grade the treatment effects of 13 cases of hemangioma and 7 cases of ota nevus. These subjective clinical grades correlated well with the treatment results obtained using the proposed color analysis system (Correlation coefficient = 0.84).

Doença de Schamberg: capilarite linfocítica pigmentar purpúrica / Schamberg's disease: lymphocitic pigmentar purpuric capilaritis

Objetivos: Revisäo da doença de Schamberg enfocando os aspectos imunológicos e terapêuticos. Métodos: A doença de Schamberg, o líquen aureus, e as purpúras de Majocchi, Gougerot-Blum, e ectematosa de Doucas-Kapetanakis, pertencem ao espectro das chamads púrpuras simples. As lesöes purpúricas pigmentadas säo geralmente assintomáticas e näo têm etiopatogenia estabelecida. Resultados: A púrpura de Schamberg apresenta um quadro histopatológico de inflamaçäo com hemorragia, sem necrose fibrinóide (capilarite ou pervasculite). A agressäo vascular, com estravazamentode hemácias e conseqüente deposiçäo de hemossiderina, é secundária a reaçöes imunológicas mediadas por linfócitos T na regiäo capilar dérmica. As citocinas e oa umento da expressäo das moléculas de adesäo endoteliais promovem a aderência células T -queratinócitos. A ativaçäo precoce destes receptores de adesäo endoteliais, determina a organizaçäo do infiltrado inflamatório pericapilar. Alteraçöes sutis no sistema coagulaçäo-fibrinólise foram descritas. Näo há terapia definida. A pentoxifilina, diminuindo a adesäo de células T às células endoteliais e aos queratinócitos, foi útil no controle das lesöes de alguns casos. Há um potencial futuro para a utilizaçäo de outras estratégias terapêuticas antiinflamatórias. Conclusöes: A púrpura de Schamberg é uma capilarite com a participaçäo de linfócitos T, queratinócitos, citocinas e moléculas de adesäo. Requer terapia antiinflamatória potente.

Dermopigmentación en leucodermias / Dermopigmentation in leucodermas

Dentro de las discromías cutáneas que han sido tratadas mediante dermopigmentación o tatuaje, las leucodermias son las que se han visto más beneficiadas por esta terapéutica. Es condición indispensable para su indicación que la acromía sea definitiva o haya permanecido estable durante años. En el presente trabajo se muestra la utilidad del método respecto a la leucodermia punctata et reticularis de Matsumoto y se discuten diversos aspectos técnicos de la dermopigmentación