Estratificação de Risco e Profilaxia do Tromboembolismo Venoso no Mieloma Múltiplo / Venous Thromboembolism Risk Stratification and Prophylaxis in Multiple Myeloma / Estratificación del Riesgo y Profilaxis del Tromboembolismo Venoso en el Mieloma Múltiple

A trombose representa um desafio no cenário do mieloma múltiplo. O avanço no arsenal terapêutico para o tratamento desse câncer trouxe aumento de sobrevida, mas paralelamente acarretou aumento na incidência dos eventos trombóticos, com impacto na morbidade e na mortalidade. Além disso, o perfil epidemiológico dessa população favorece a coexistência de doença cardiovascular, que compartilha com o câncer mecanismos fisiopatológicos trombogênicos. Assim, apesar do uso de anticoagulantes e antiagregantes plaquetários, a estratégia ideal para profilaxia permanece obscura e o desafio vai além da padronização do modelo de avaliação de risco e da terapia anticoagulante. Este trabalho buscou apresentar o estado da arte sobre o tema com o objetivo de discutir a tromboprofilaxia no mieloma múltiplo, enfatizando a abordagem da doença cardiovascular como parte integrante da estratégia.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the second main cause of death of cancer patients and can be the first manifestation of neoplasms or occur at any time point of the course of the disease1-3. Subgroups have different risks with higher rates observed in specific cancers, including pancreas, stomach and multiple myeloma (MM)1.Associated with higher risk of death, thrombotic events do have an important adverse impact as they may lead to treatment interruption, increased morbidity and economic burden4. In this scenario, MM is challenging, it is the second most common hematologic cancer with a risk of VTE nine-fold higher than in the general population1,5. The high-risk results from patient, treatment and disease-related factors. The epidemiologic profile of the patient with MM favors the coexistence of additional thromboembolic risks, nevertheless, advances of oncologic treatment increased global survival and thrombotic risk4. It is known that 10% of the population with MM will develop VTE at some time point of the disease's course4,6, with high incidence in the first six months post-diagnosis5.Inconsistencies in applying the current thromboprophylaxis recommendations have been found. Due to the lack of robust data and standardized models of risk stratification, many physicians tend to rely on their clinical experience7.The ideal thromboprophylaxis of MM remains unknown

Pulmonary embolism in pediatrics: A 10-year experience from a tertiary center in Brazil

ABSTRACT Introduction: Although still rare, pulmonary embolism (PE) in children has been increasing over the years. Data regarding this group of patients are still sparse, which contributes to the lack of standardized prophylaxis protocols and the misdiagnosis. This study aimed to determine the incidence of pediatric PE at a Brazilian tertiary hospital, describe clinical characteristics and identify possible risk factors. We also analyzed the diagnosis and management of PE. Methods: This was a retrospective review of tertiary Brazilian single-center data of all pediatric patients (0 - 18 years) with acute PE, diagnosed radiologically, from September 2009 to May 2019. Results: The incidence of PE was 3.3 cases per 10,000 hospitalized children. All the twenty-three cases had some risk factor identified and sixteen of them (69.5%) had more than one risk factor. The most important were central venous catheter (39.1%), malignancy (34.8%) and recent surgery (34.8%). Among the children with identifiable symptoms (69.5%), the most common was dyspnea (56.2%). Only one patient did not receive antithrombotic therapy because of the high bleeding risk and most patients (70.6%) were treated for 3 to 6 months. Among the nineteen patients alive at the end of the six-month follow-up, ten (52.6%) repeated the PE image control. Seven of them (70.0%) had complete or partial resolution of the thrombosis and none had worsening images. Conclusion: Our lower incidence than that of the current literature may reflect underdiagnosis due to low suspicion of PE. At least one risk factor was identified in all patients, which emphasizes the importance of increasing awareness of high-risk children.

Climatério e lúpus eritematoso sistêmico / Climacteric and systemic lupus erythematosus

O lúpus eritematoso sistêmico é uma doença crônica, complexa e multifatorial que apresenta manifestações em vários órgãos. O seu acometimento ocorre 10 vezes mais no sexo feminino do que no masculino. É uma doença com uma clínica variada e com graus variados de gravidade, causando fadiga, manifestações cutâneas, como rash malar, fotossensibilidade, queda de cabelo e manifestações musculoesqueléticas, como artralgia, mialgia e atrite. Podem ocorrer flares (crises), que se caracterizam por aumento mensurável na atividade da doença. No climatério, no período da pré-menopausa, o lúpus eritematoso sistêmico ocorre com mais frequência, podendo ocorrer também na pós-menopausa. Algumas doenças são mais frequentes na fase do climatério, e a presença do lúpus pode influenciar na sua evolução, como a doença cardiovascular, osteoporose e tromboembolismo venoso. A terapia hormonal oral determina aumento do risco de tromboembolismo venoso no climatério, e na paciente com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico há aumento dos riscos de flares e de trombose. Em vista disso, a terapia hormonal é recomendada apenas para pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico estável ou inativo, sem história de síndrome antifosfolípides e com anticorpos antifosfolípides negativa, devendo-se dar preferência para a terapia estrogênica transdérmica, em menor dose e de uso contínuo. Na paciente com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico ativo ou com história de síndrome antifosfolípides ou com anticorpos antifosfolípides positiva, recomenda-se a terapia não hormonal, como os antidepressivos. (AU)

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic, complex, multifactorial disease that manifests in several organs. Its involvement occurs 10 times more in females than in males. It is a disease with a varied clinic and varying degrees of severity, causing fatigue, skin manifestations such as malar rash, photosensitivity, hair loss and musculoskeletal manifestations such as arthralgia, myalgia and arthritis. Flare may occur, which are characterized by measurable increase in disease activity. In the climacteric, in the premenopausal period, systemic lupus erythematosus occurs more frequently, and may also occur in the postmenopausal period. Some diseases are more frequent in the Climacteric phase and the presence of lupus can influence its evolution, such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis and venous thromboembolism. Oral hormone therapy determines an increased risk of venous thromboembolism in the climacteric and in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus there is an increased risk of flares and thrombosis. In view of this, hormone therapy is only recommended for patients with stable or inactive systemic lupus erythematosus, without a history of antiphospholipid syndrome and with antiphospholipid antibodies, giving preference to transdermal estrogen therapy, at a lower dose and for continuous use. In patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus or with a history of antiphospholipid syndrome or positive antiphospholipid antibodies, non-hormonal therapy, such as antidepressants, is recommended. (AU)

ABC-AF-Stroke score predicts thromboembolism in non-anticoagulated patients following successful atrial fibrillation ablation: a report from the Chinese Atrial Fibrillation Registry / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#The age, biomarkers, and clinical history (ABC)-atrial fibrillation (AF)-Stroke score have been proposed to refine stroke risk stratification, beyond what clinical risk scores such as the CHA2DS2-VASc score can offer. This study aimed to identify risk factors associated with thromboembolism and evaluate the performance of the ABC-AF-Stroke score in predicting thromboembolism in non-anticoagulated AF patients following successful ablations.@*METHODS@#A total of 2692 patients who underwent successful ablations with discontinued anticoagulation after a 3-month blanking period in the Chinese Atrial Fibrillation Registry (CAFR) between 2013 and 2019 were included. Cox regression analysis was conducted to present the association of risk factors with thromboembolism risk. The ABC-AF-Stroke score was evaluated in terms of discrimination, including concordance index (C-index), net reclassification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), clinical utilization by decision curve analysis (DCA), and calibration by comparing the predicted risk with the observed annualized event rate.@*RESULTS@#After a median follow-up of 3.5 years, 64 patients experienced thromboembolism events. Age, prior history of stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA), high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (cTnT-hs), and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) were independently associated with thromboembolism risk. The ABC-AF-Stroke score performed statistically significantly better than the CHA2DS2-VASc score in terms of C-index (0.67, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.59-0.74 vs. 0.60, 95% CI: 0.52-0.67, P = 0.030) and reclassification capacity. The DCA implied that the ABC-AF-Stroke score could identify more thromboembolism events without increasing the false positive rate compared to the CHA2DS2-VASc score. The calibration curve showed that the ABC-AF-Stroke score was well calibrated in this population.@*CONCLUSIONS@#In this real-world study enrolling non-anticoagulated AF patients following successful ablations, age, prior history of stroke/TIA, level of NT-proBNP, and cTnT-hs were independently associated with an increased risk of thromboembolism. The ABC-AF-Stroke score was well-calibrated and statistically significantly outperformed the CHA2DS2-VASc score in predicting thromboembolism risk.

Antitrombóticos en las prótesis valvulares biológicas: ¿cuál es el mejor camino a seguir? / Antithrombotics in biological valve prostheses: what is the best way forward? / Antitrombóticos em próteses de válvulas biológicas: qual é o melhor caminho a seguir?

La enfermedad valvular cardíaca es una condición muy frecuente en la población general y un porcentaje considerable de estos pacientes requieren un tratamiento intervencionista sobre su valvulopatía para lograr atenuar su evolución natural. En este contexto, en la actualidad ha aumentado el uso de las prótesis valvulares biológicas para su tratamiento y, con ello, surge el dilema del manejo antitrombótico en estos pacientes en términos de prevención de tromboembolias y eventos hemorrágicos. ¿Cuál es el fármaco más efectivo y seguro en el período posoperatorio temprano? ¿Qué antitrombóticos podemos utilizar en el período posoperatorio tardío? ¿Qué estrategia seguimos cuando el paciente presenta otras indicaciones de anticoagulación? El objetivo de esta revisión es valorar la evidencia actual respecto al tratamiento antitrombótico en pacientes portadores de prótesis valvulares biológicas con y sin indicaciones adicionales de anticoagulación.

Heart valve disease is a very common condition in the general population and a considerable percentage of these patients require interventional treatment for their valve disease to mitigate its natural evolution. In this context, the use of biological prosthetic valves for their treatment has now increased, and with this, the dilemma of antithrombotic management in these patients arises, in terms of prevention of thromboembolism and hemorrhagic events. What is the most effective and safe drug in the early postoperative period? What antithrombotics can we use in the late postoperative period? What strategy do we follow when the patient presents other indications for anticoagulation? The objective of this review is to assess the current evidence regarding antithrombotic treatment in patients with biological prosthetic valves with and without additional indications for anticoagulation.

A valvopatia é uma condição muito comum na população geral e uma porcentagem considerável desses pacientes necessita de tratamento intervencionista para sua valvopatia para amenizar sua evolução natural. Nesse contexto, o uso de próteses valvares biológicas para seu tratamento tem aumentado, e com isso surge o dilema do manejo antitrombótico nesses pacientes em termos de prevenção de tromboembolismo e eventos hemorrágicos. Qual é o fármaco mais eficaz e seguro no pós-operatório imediato? Que antitrombóticos podemos usar no pós-operatório tardio? Que estratégia seguimos quando o paciente apresenta outras indicações de anticoagulação? O objetivo desta revisão é avaliar as evidências atuais sobre o tratamento antitrombótico em pacientes com próteses valvares biológicas com e sem indicações adicionais de anticoagulação.

Vascular Spectrum of Imaging Findings in COVID-19: Ischemic, Hemorrhagic, and Thromboembolic Complications

Abstract Ischemic strokes secondary to occlusion of large vessels have been described in patients with COVID-19. Also, venous thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism have been related to the disease. Vascular occlusion may be associated with a prothrombotic state due to COVID-19-related coagulopathy and endotheliopathy. Intracranial hemorrhagic lesions can additionally be seen in these patients. The causative mechanism of hemorrhage could be associated with anticoagulant therapy or factors such as coagulopathy and endotheliopathy. We report on cases of ischemic, thrombotic, and hemorrhagic complications in six patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Chest computed tomography (CT) showed typical SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia findings in all the cases, which were all confirmed by either serology or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests.

Avaliação da bioequivalência entre duas formulações de rivaroxabana ­ 20 mg comprimido revestido ­ administradas em jejum e pós-prandial em voluntários sadios / Evaluation of bioequivalence between two rivaroxaban formulations ­ coated tablet 20 mg ­ administered under fasting and fed conditions in healthy volunteers

Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a bioequivalência entre duas formulações de rivaroxabana 20 mg comprimido revestido, sendo a formulação teste produzida por Sanofi Medley, Brasil e a formulação referência (Xarelto®) comercializada por Bayer S/A. Métodos: Os estudos foram conduzidos em voluntários sadios de ambos os sexos e as formulações foram administradas em dose única, sob o estado de jejum e pós-prandial. Cada estudo foi conduzido de maneira independente, sendo ambos do tipo aberto, randomizado e com intervalo (washout) de sete dias entre os períodos. O estudo em jejum foi realizado em quatro períodos, com 48 voluntários, enquanto o pós-prandial foi realizado em dois períodos, com 36 voluntários. Resultados: Na administração em jejum, a razão entre a média geométrica da formulação teste e referência (T/R) de Cmáx foi de 100,77%, com intervalo de confiança de 90% (IC 90%) de 94,24% a 107,76%. Para ASC0-t, a razão T/R foi de 100,65%, com IC 90% de 96,13% a 105,39%. Na administração pós-prandial, a razão T/R de Cmáx foi de 110,63%, com IC 90% de 102,39% a 119,54%. Para ASC0-t, a razão T/R foi de 104,65%, com IC 90% de 98,44% a 109,12%. Conclusões: As formulações teste e referência foram consideradas estatisticamente bioequivalentes em ambas as condições de administração, de acordo com os critérios exigidos pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa). A formulação teste foi registrada na Anvisa e disponibilizada para comercialização, contribuindo, assim, para a ampliação da disponibilidade do tratamento para doenças tromboembólicas e para a redução de custos ao paciente e ao Sistema Único de Saúde.

Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence between two formulations of rivaroxaban 20 mg coated tablet, the test formulation being manufactured by Sanofi Medley, Brazil and the reference formulation (Xarelto® ) commercialized by Bayer S/A. Methods: The studies were conducted in healthy volunteers of both sexes and the formulations were administered in a single dose, under fasting and fed conditions. Each study was conducted independently, both being open-label, randomized and with a seven-day interval (washout) between periods. The fasting study was carried out in four periods, with 48 volunteers, while the fed study was carried out in two periods, with 36 volunteers. Results: In the fasting administration, the ratio between.

Diretrizes Brasileiras para o tratamento farmacológico de pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19: Diretriz conjunta da Associação Brasileira de Medicina de Emergência, Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira, Associação Médica Brasileira, Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular, Sociedade Brasileira de Infectologia, Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia e Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia / Brazilian Guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of patients hospitalized with COVID-19: Joint guideline of Associação Brasileira de Medicina de Emergência, Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira, Associação Médica Brasileira, Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular, Sociedade Brasileira de Infectologia, Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia, Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia

Há diversas terapias sendo utilizadas ou propostas para a COVID-19, muitas carecendo de apropriada avaliação de efetividade e segurança. O propósito deste documento é elaborar recomendações para subsidiar decisões sobre o tratamento farmacológico de pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19 no Brasil. Métodos: Um grupo de 27 membros, formado por especialistas, representantes do Ministério da Saúde e metodologistas, integra essa diretriz. Foi utilizado o método de elaboração de diretrizes rápidas, tomando por base a adoção e/ou a adaptação de recomendações a partir de diretrizes internacionais existentes (GRADE ADOLOPMENT), apoiadas pela plataforma e-COVID-19 RecMap. A qualidade das evidências e a elaboração das recomendações seguiram o método GRADE. Resultados: Foram geradas 16 recomendações. Entre elas, estão recomendações fortes para o uso de corticosteroides em pacientes em uso de oxigênio suplementar, para o uso de anticoagulantes em doses de profilaxia para tromboembolismo e para não uso de antibacterianos nos pacientes sem suspeita de infecção bacteriana. Não foi possível fazer uma recomendação quanto à utilização do tocilizumabe em pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19 em uso de oxigênio, pelas incertezas na disponibilidade e de acesso ao medicamento. Foi feita recomendação para não usar azitromicina, casirivimabe + imdevimabe, cloroquina, colchicina, hidroxicloroquina, ivermectina, lopinavir/ ritonavir, plasma convalescente e rendesivir. Conclusão: Até o momento, poucas terapias se provaram efetivas no tratamento do paciente hospitalizado com COVID-19, sendo recomendados apenas corticosteroides e profilaxia para tromboembolismo. Diversos medicamentos foram considerados ineficazes, devendo ser descartados, de forma a oferecer o melhor tratamento pelos princípios da medicina baseada em evidências e promover economia de recursos não eficazes.

Several therapies are being used or proposed for COVID-19, and many lack appropriate evaluations of their effectiveness and safety. The purpose of this document is to develop recommendations to support decisions regarding the pharmacological treatment of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Brazil. Methods: A group of 27 experts, including representatives of the Ministry of Health and methodologists, created this guideline. The method used for the rapid development of guidelines was based on the adoption and/or adaptation of existing international guidelines (GRADE ADOLOPMENT) and supported by the e-COVID-19 RecMap platform. The quality of the evidence and the preparation of the recommendations followed the GRADE method. Results: Sixteen recommendations were generated. They include strong recommendations for the use of corticosteroids in patients using supplemental oxygen, the use of anticoagulants at prophylactic doses to prevent thromboembolism and the nonuse of antibiotics in patients without suspected bacterial infection. It was not possible to make a recommendation regarding the use of tocilizumab in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 using oxygen due to uncertainties regarding the availability of and access to the drug. Strong recommendations against the use of hydroxychloroquine, convalescent plasma, colchicine, lopinavir + ritonavir and antibiotics in patients without suspected bacterial infection and also conditional recommendations against the use of casirivimab + imdevimab, ivermectin and rendesivir were made. Conclusion: To date, few therapies have proven effective in the treatment of hospitalized patients with COVID-19, and only corticosteroids and prophylaxis for thromboembolism are recommended. Several drugs were considered ineffective and should not be used to provide the best treatment according to the principles of evidence-based medicine and promote economical resource use.

The relationship between fasting blood glucose level and thromboembolism events in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: To explore the relationship between fasting blood glucose level and thromboembolism events in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Methods: This was an observational study based on data from a multicenter, prospective Chinese atrial fibrillation registry cohort, which included 18 703 consecutive patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) in 31 hospitals in Beijing from August 2011 to December 2018. Patients were divided into 5 groups according to status of comorbid diabetes and fasting glucose levels at admission: normal blood glucose (normal glucose group), pre-diabetes group, strict glycemic control group, average glycemic control group and poor glycemic control group. Patients were followed up by telephone or outpatient service every 6 months. The primary follow-up endpoint was thromboembolic events, including ischemic stroke and systemic embolism. The secondary endpoint was the composite endpoint of cardiovascular death and thromboembolic events. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and multifactorial Cox regression were used to analyze the correlation between fasting glucose levels and endpoint events. Results: The age of 18 703 patients with NVAF was (63.8±12.0) years, and there were 11 503 (61.5%) male patients. There were 11 877 patients (63.5%) in normal blood glucose group, 2 023 patients (10.8%)in pre-diabetes group, 1 131 patients (6.0%) in strict glycemic control group, 811 patients in average glycemic control group and 2 861 patients(4.3%) in poor glycemic control group. Of the 4 803 diabetic patients, 1 131 patients (23.5%) achieved strict glycemic control, of whom 328 (29.0%) were hypoglycemic (fasting blood glucose level<4.4 mmol/L at admission). During a mean follow-up of (51±23) months (up to 82 months), thromboembolic events were reported in 984 patients (5.3%). The survival curve analysis of Kaplan Meier showed that the incidence rates of thromboembolic events in normal glucose group, pre-diabetes group, strict glycemic control group, average glycemic control group and poor glycemic control group were 1.10/100, 1.41/100, 2.09/100, 1.46/100 and 1.71/100 person-years, respectively (χ²=53.0, log-rank P<0.001). The incidence rates of composite endpoint events were 1.86/100, 2.17/100, 4.08/100, 2.58/100, 3.16/100 person-years (χ²=72.3, log-rank P<0.001). The incidence of thromboembolic events and composite endpoint events in the other four groups were higher than that in the normal blood glucose group (P<0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that compared with normal glucose group, the risk of thromboembolism increased in pre-diabetes group(HR=1.23, 95%CI 1.00-1.51, P=0.049), strict glycemic control group(HR=1.32, 95%CI 1.06-1.65, P=0.013) and poor glycemic control group(HR=1.26, 95%CI 1.01-1.58, P=0.044). Conclusion: Both high or low fasting glucose may be an independent risk factor for thromboembolic events in patients with NVAF.

Risk Factors Analysis of Thromboembolism in Patients with Lymphoma Chemotherapy / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the risk factors affecting thromboembolism in lymphoma patients with chemotherapy.@*METHODS@#Three hundred and four consecutive lymphoma patients treated by chemotherapy between January 2012 and July 2019 were enrolled and retrospectively analyzed, consisting of 111 patients with thromboembolism and 193 without thromboembolism. Univariate analysis was used to compare the clinical characteristics and related laboratory examination between the patients, while multivariate Logistic regression analysis were used to identify the risk factors affecting thromboembolism in lymphoma patients with chemotherapy.@*RESULTS@#Univariate analysis showed that the female, BMI <18.5 or >24, ≥60 years old, with abnormal platelets before chemotherapy, prolonged single hospitalization days and patients at Ann Arbor stage III and IV could increase the incidence of thromboembolism in lymphoma patients treated by chemotherapy. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that abnormal platelet count before chemotherapy, patients at Ann Arbor stage III and IV, and female were all the independent risk factors affecting thromboembolism in lymphoma patients thromboembolism after chemotherapy (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#For lymphoma chemotherapy patients, female, abnormal platelet count before chemotherapy and Ann Arbor stages III and IV show a significantly higher risk for thromboembolism. Thus, preventive anticoagulation therapy is recommended.

Acometimento miocárdico na Doença de Chagas: uma perspectiva a partir da avaliação pela ressonância magnética cardiovascular / Myocardial involvement in Chagas Disease: from the perspective of cardiovascular magnetic ressonance assessment

A doença de Chagas representa um importante problema de saúde pública, sobretudo nos países endêmicos da América Latina. Dentre suas apresentações clínicas, a cardiomiopatia crônica é a mais frequente. De patogênese multifatorial, o acometimento miocárdico pode levar à insuficiência cardíaca, a eventos tromboembólicos, a arritmias e à morte súbita. Nesse contexto, a ressonância magnética cardiovascular é um excelente método não invasivo para a investigação do dano miocárdico e a compreensão dos mecanismos e consequências relacionados às essas lesões. Com elevada resolução espacial e capacidade de caracterização tecidual, a ressonância magnética cardiovascular proporciona análise morfofuncional altamente confiável e possibilita a identificação de marcadores de risco de eventos adversos em pacientes com doença de Chagas, sendo de grande utilidade para o diagnóstico e o acompanhamento desses indivíduos na rotina clínica. (AU)

Chagas disease represents an important public health problem, especially in endemic countries in Latin America. Chronic cardiomyopathy is its most frequent clinical presentation. Myocardial involvement has a multifactorial pathogenesis and can lead to heart failure, thromboembolic events, arrhythmias, and sudden death. In this context, cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is an excellent noninvasive method for investigating myocardial damage and understanding the mechanisms and consequences of these injuries. CMR has high spatial resolution and tissue characterization capacity, enabling a highly reliable morphofunctional analysis and the identification of risk markers for adverse events in patients with Chagas disease. This exam is very useful for the diagnosis and follow-up of these patients in the routine clinical setting. (AU)

The effect and correlation of smoking with platelet indices, neutrophil lymphocyte ratio and platelet lymphocyte ratio

ABSTRACT Introduction: Smoking is associated with the occurrence and progression of cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory disorders and malignancies. Objective: To study the platelet indices, neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in smokers and their correlation with smoking pack-years. Method: A total of 110 smokers and 110 non-smokers were included. The smokers were grouped into three groups: mild (<5 pack-years), moderate (5-10 pack-years) and heavy (>10 pack-years). The platelet count, plateletcrit (PCT), mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet distribution width (PDW) were noted. The NLR and PLR were calculated and the statistical analysis was made using the Student's T-test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Spearman's correlation coefficient. Results: The platelet count, PCT and PDW were significantly higher with mean values: 218.56 ± 121.31 vs 203.23 ± 80.35 (p-value = 0.038), 0.27 ± 0.10 vs 0.26 ± 0.10 (p-value = 0.041) and 12.54 ± 1.45 vs 11.99 ± 1.70 (p-value = 0.001) in smokers and non-smokers, respectively. The PLR differed significantly with mean values: 119.40 ± 84.81 in smokers and 181.99 ± 313.09 in non-smokers, with a p-value of 0.045. A significant positive correlation was found between pack-years of smoking and platelet count and PLR with the Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.250 and 0.198 and p-values, 0.008 and 0.037, respectively. The Platelet Count, PCT, MPV and PDW varied significantly between mild, moderate and heavy smoker groups, with p-values of 0.045, 0.010, 0.015 and 0.017, respectively. Conclusion: The platelet indices and inflammatory markers NLR and PLR are derived from routine blood investigations, which are easily available and inexpensive. The monitoring of platelet indices, along with the PLR, can be used as early predictors of morbidity in smokers.

Endovascular Repair of Primary Thoracic Aortic Mural Thrombus Following Upper Limb Embolization

Abstract We report the case of a 41-year-old female who presented with left upper limb embolization due to primary thoracic aortic mural thrombus; this latter represented an uncommon condition with difficult diagnosis and a high rate of life-threatening complications. Upper extremities embolization is extremely rare because it usually occurs in the lower limbs. Management strategy is still controversial, and no clear guidelines indicate superiority of either conservative or invasive treatment approach to date. Our report illustrates how endovascular exclusion of thoracic aortic mural thrombus has the advantage to be a low-risk procedure that represents a definitive therapy.

Enfoque del tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo desde el momento inicial en el servicio de urgencias / Initial Approach to Acute Pulmonary Embolism since the Initial Moment in the Emergency Department / Abordagem para tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo desde o momento inicial no departamento de emergência

El tromboembolismo pulmonar es la manifestación más grave de la enfermedad tromboembólica venosa y la tercera causa de mortalidad cardiovascular. Su sintomatología puede ir desde un cuadro asintomático o con síntomas leves, hasta el paro cardiaco. Dentro del enfoque de esta patología es importante tener en cuenta escalas que permiten estimar la probabilidad de que determinado paciente con ciertos signos, síntomas y factores de riesgo presente un tromboembolismo pulmonar, así como escalas diseñadas para valorar el riesgo de morir, en pacientes en los que ya se estableció este diagnóstico. Los pilares del tratamiento son la anticoagulación y la trombólisis, sin embargo, esta última está indicada únicamente en algunos casos. La presente revisión tiene como objetivo presentar una actualización de la evidencia sobre el enfoque diagnóstico y terapéutico del tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo, desde el ingreso del paciente al servicio de urgencias.

Pulmonary embolism is the most severe manifestation of venous thromboembolic disease and the third cause of cardiovascular mortality. Its symptoms can range from asymp-tomatic or mild symptoms to cardiac arrest. The approach to patients with suspected pulmonary embolism includes scores that allow estimating the clinical probability that a certain patient with certain signs, symptoms and risk factors will present a pulmonary thromboembolism, as well as scores that classify patients by severity and risk of hemody-namic decompensation. Treatment is based on anticoagulation and thrombolysis, which is used only in certain patients. The goal of this review is to present updated evidence regarding diagnosis and treatment of acute pulmonary embolism from the moment the patient arrives at the emergency room.

A embolia pulmonar é a manifestação mais grave da doença tromboembólica venosa e a terceira principal causa de mortalidade cardiovascular. Seus sintomas podem variar de sintomas assintomáticos ou leves a parada cardíaca. No enfoque desta patologia, é importante levar em consideração escalas que permitem estimar a probabilidade de um determinado paciente com determinados sinais, sintomas e fatores de risco apresentar tromboembolismo pulmonar, bem como escalas destinadas a avaliar o risco de morrer, em pacientes nos quais esse diagnóstico já foi estabelecido. Os pilares do tratamento são a anticoagulação e a trombólise, porém, esta última está indicada apenas em alguns casos. A presente revisão tem como objetivo apresentar uma atualização das evidências sobre a abordagem diagnóstica e terapêutica do tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo, desde a admissão do paciente no pronto-socorro.

Profilaxis farmacológica para la prevención de la enfermedad tromboembólica en paciente con enfermedad cerebrovascular / Pharmacological prophylaxis for the prevention of thromboembolic disease in patients with cerebrovascular disease

INTRODUCCIÓN: La enfermedad cerebrovascular es un conjunto de alteraciones atribuidas a lesiones agudas y focales en el sistema nervioso central, en su mayoría secundaria a aterosclerosis DESARROLLO: En la prevención de la enfermedad cerebrovascular, existen dos grandes grupos farmacológicos, los antitromboticos y los anti plaquetarios, los cuales impactan en la calidad de vida de estos pacientes mejorando el pronóstico de los mismos. CONCLUSIONES: La enfermedad cerebrovascular comparte factores de riesgo de enfermedad tromboembólica, por lo que se recomienda iniciar profilaxis.

INTRODUCTION: Cerebrovascular disease is a group of alterations attributed to acute and focal lesions in the central nervous system, mostly secondary to atherosclerosis. DEVELOPMENT: In the prevention of cerebrovascular disease, there are two major pharmacological groups, antithrombotics and antiplatelet drugs. , which impact the quality of life of these patients, improving their prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: Cerebrovascular disease shares risk factors for thromboembolic disease, so it is recommended to start prophylaxis.

Riesgo de tromboembolismo venoso y uso adecuado de terapia tromboprofiláctica / Risk of venous thromboembolism and adequate use of thromboprophylactic therapy

INTRODUCCIÓN. El tromboembolismo venoso es una complicación prevenible en pacientes hospitalizados y la estratificación del riesgo mejora la seguridad del paciente, su valoración evita su ocurrencia. OBJETIVO. Evaluar el riesgo de tromboembolismo venoso y uso adecuado de terapia tromboprofiláctica en pacientes hospitalizados. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio analítico transversal. Población de 412 y muestra de 373 pacientes encuestados, distribuidos: 186 en Unidades Clínicas, 163 en Unidades Quirúrgicas y 24 en Obstetricia del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín, desde el 21 al 23 de febrero del 2019. La tabulación y análisis de datos se realizó en el programa estadístico International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, versión 21. RESULTADOS. Se categorizó como alto riesgo de tromboembolismo venoso al 76,67% (286; 373) de pacientes; 49,46% (144; 163) postquirúrgicos y 69,40% (129; 286) clínicos de alto riesgo de tromboembolismo venoso, recibiendo tromboprofilaxis farmacológica de forma adecuada el 38,80% (56; 144) de quirúrgicos y 57,40% (74; 129) de clínicos. CONCLUSIÓN. Se determinó que el uso de tromboprofilaxis no farmacológica y farmacológica con heparina de bajo peso molecular en pacientes hospitalizados con riesgo de tromboembolismo venoso, fue bajo.

INTRODUCTION. Venous thromboembolism is a preventable complication in hospitalized patients and risk stratification improves patient safety, its ocurrence is prevented by its assessment. OBJECTIVE. To evaluate the risk of venous thromboembolism and ade-quate use of thromboprophylactic therapy in hospitalized patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Cross-sectional analytical study. Population of 412 and sample of 373 patients surveyed, distributed: 186 in clinical wards, 163 in surgical wards and 24 in obstetrics of the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialties Hospital, from february 21 to 23, 2019. Data tabulation and analysis was performed in the statistical program International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 21. RESULTS. 76,67% (286; 373) of patients were categorized as high risk of venous thromboembolism; 49,46% (144; 163) post-surgical and 69,40% (129; 286) clinical patients as high risk of venous thromboembo-lism, with 38,80% (56; 144) of surgical and 57,40% (74; 129) of clinical patients receiving adequate pharmacological thromboprophylaxis. CONCLUSIONS. The use of nonpharma-cological and pharmacological thromboprophylaxis with low-molecular-weight heparin in hospitalized patients at risk of venous thromboembolism was low.

Aumento dos fatores de risco e suscetibilidade para o desenvolvimento de eventos tromboembólicos em indivíduos portadores de doença falciforme infectados pela Covid-19: uma revisão integrativa / Increased risk and susceptibility factors for the development of thromboembolic events in individuals with sickle cell disease infected by Covid-19: an integrative review

Introdução: diante das preocupações causadas pela pandemia do novo Corona vírus e doença relacionada (COVID-19), seja para profissionais de saúde ou da sociedade em geral, estudos relacionados aos riscos para indivíduos com doença falciforme (DF) são ainda escassos. A doença falciforme possui um estado de hipercoagulabilidade, inclusive em pacientes estáveis, sendo assim, a infecção causada pela COVID-19 possivelmente agrava as manifestações fisiopatológicas desses pacientes, podendo ter consequências fatais. Objetivo: identificar eventos tromboembólicos causados pela COVID-19 que são frequentes na DF e podem trazer complicações para esses indivíduos, com consequente aumento do risco de mortalidade. Metodologia: revisão integrativa, onde foram identificados inicialmente 278 estudos, dos quais 264 foram excluídos, sendo então mantidos 14 artigos, os quais foram categorizados conforme o desenho estabelecido para cada um destes estudos, considerando como critérios de qualidade os itens definidos na escala PEDro, associados a outros parâmetros sugestivos de artigos de boa qualidade, como o Índice H, fator de impacto, representatividade dos autores na área do estudo e instituições as quais estes autores estão vinculados. Resultados: com base nas informações descritas, identificou-se o risco aumentado de indivíduos portadores de doença falciforme para o desenvolvimento de eventos tromboembólicos graves diante da exposição à COVID-19. Conclusão: o indivíduo portador de Doença Falciforme diante da infecção pela COVID-19 tem maior risco e suscetibilidade de desenvolvimento de complicações tromboembólicas, consequentemente aumentando suas chances de mortalidade. É de grande importância a realização de estudos clínicos sobre os efeitos tromboembólicos da COVID-19 em pacientes com DF devendo ser incentivados.

Introduction: in view of the concerns caused by the new Coronavirus pandemic and its disease (COVID-19), whether for health professionals or society in general, studies related to the risks for diseases with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) are still scarce. Sickle cell disease has a state of hypercoagulability, even in stable patients, thus, an infection caused by COVID-19, possibly worsens the pathophysiological manifestations of these patients, which can have fatal consequences. Objective: to identify thromboembolic events caused by COVID-19, which are frequent in the SCD and can cause complications for these individuals, with a consequent increase in the risk of mortality. Methodology: integrative review, in which 278 studies were identified, of which 264 were excluded, and 14 articles were then kept, and they were categorized according to the design established for each of these studies, considering as quality criteria the items written in PEDro scale, associated with other criteria suggestive of good quality articles, such as H Index, impact factor, representativeness of authors in the study area and institutions, such as which these authors are linked to. Results: based on the information described, an increased risk of patients with sickle cell disease for the development of serious thromboembolic events exposed to exposure to COVID-19 was identified. Conclusion: people diagnosed with Sickle Cell Disease if infected with COVID-19 have a higher risk and susceptibility to the development of thromboembolic complications, consequently enhancing their chances of mortality. Clinical studies on thromboembolic effects of COVID-19 in patients with DF are of great importance and must be encouraged.