Trombosis de la vena porta: a propósito de 4 casos en el Hospital Militar “Dr. Carlos Arvelo” / Portal vein thrombosis: with regard to 4 cases in Hospital Militar

La trombosis venosa portal es una oclusión de la misma por un coágulo y/o trombo; o por otras causas como cirrosis, cáncer de hígado, páncreas o estómago. Afecta únicamente al tronco portal. En ausencia de un tumor maligno que invada o comprima el eje esplenoportal, la trombosis es el mecanismo etiopatogénico más frecuente que ocasiona la obstrucción venosa. Según las series estudiadas en un 7%-22% de los pacientes con trombosis portal no se identifica una condición protrombótica (trombosis portal idiopática). No obstante, en el resto de ocasiones en un 40% de casos existe un factor local desencadenante y en un 60% de casos restantes factores trombogénicos sistémicos. En más de un 15 % de estos pacientes coexisten factores etiológicos múltiples. Las consecuencias clínicas de la trombosis venosa del eje esplenoportal dependen del momento evolutivo en el que se encuentre ésta, pero también de la extensión del trombo. La principal manifestación suele ser el dolor abdominal, con frecuencia irradiado a espalda. Pueden aparecer síntomas inespecíficos como fiebre sin foco conocido, síntomas dispépticos (náuseas y plenitud postprandial) y malestar general. Los parámetros de función hepática, albúmina y tiempo de protrombina muestran mínimas alteraciones. En este trabajo quisimos exponer 4 casos de pacientes de nuestro centro a los cuales se les realizó el diagnóstico de trombosis de la vena porta, con edades comprendidas entre 30-60 años, con predominio del sexo masculino, y quienes han cumplido regularmente su tratamiento no presentando complicaciones durante su evolución, manteniéndose estables en su control entre 2003 y 2009...

Portal vein thrombosis is its occlusion by a clot and/or thrombus, or by other causes such as cirrhosis, cancer of liver, pancreas or stomach. It affects the portal trunk only. Whenever a malignant tumor invading or compressing the splenoportal axis is not present, thrombosis is the most frequent ethiopathogenetic mechanism causing vein obstruction. According to the studied series, in 7-22% of patients with portal thrombosis no prothrombotic condition (idiopathic portal thrombosis) is identified. However, in 40% of the remaining cases there is a local triggering factor, and the other 60% shows systemic thrombogenetic factors. Multiple etiologic factors coexist in over 15% of said patients. The clinical consequences of the splenoportal axis vein thrombosis depend on the evolution momentum where the thrombosis is found, and also on the thrombus’ dimension. Abdominal pain could be the main manifestation, frequently irradiated to the back. Non-specific symptoms could appear, such as fever of unknown origin, dyspeptic symptoms (nausea and postprandial fullness), and general malaise. The parameters of hepatic function, albumin, and of prothrombin time show minimal changes. In this study the cases of 4 patients of this health center were exposed; said patients were diagnosed with portal vein thrombosis and were of ages ranging 30-60, male-sex prevalence, who regularly followed their treatment and did not present complication in their evolution, staying stable in their 2003 and 2009 control...

Trombosis venosa portal extrahepática asociada a infección por citomegalovirus en una paciente con síndrome mielodisplásico: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis associated with cytomegalovirus infection in a female patient with myelodysplastic syndrome: report of a case and review of literature

La trombosis venosa portal extrahepática (TVPHE) ocurre en etapas tempranas de la vida como complicación de onfalitis, canulación de vena umbilical, sepsis intraabdominal, deshidratación y estados de hipercoagulabilidad. En la adultez, se describe la asociación a estados de hipercoagulabilidad, principalmente deficiencias de proteínas C y S, postraumática, manipulación portal, pancreatitis, así como obstrucción o invasión tumoral. En la mitad de estos casos, la etiología es desconocida. Hay reportes en la literatura de TVPEH asociada a procesos infecciosos severos como sepsis por Fusobacterium necrophorum, Fusobacterium nucleatum, así como infección por Citomegalovirus; sin embargo estos reportes son muy escasos. Paciente femenino de 56 años de edad, con antecedente de síndrome mielodisplásico, quien acude por clínica de dolor abdominal difuso, ictericia obstructiva y trastornos en el funcionalismo hepático. Dentro de las evaluaciones efectuadas se realiza Ultrasonido Endoscópico (USE) con evidencia de trombosis venosa profunda portal y mesentérica superior con hipertensión portal, várices esofágicas y fundicas. Se plantea probable origen infeccioso por lo que se solicita serologia para CMV con niveles elevados de IgG, se inicia tratamiento antiviral con valganciclovir y betabloquenates con evolución satisfactoria luego de un año. Conclusión: A pesar de que la trombosis venosa portal asociada a la infección por CMV es un evento poco frecuente en individuos inmunocompetentes, el descarte de esta debe ser incluida dentro del plan diagnóstico de trombosis del lecho esplenoportal...

Extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis (EHPVT) occurs in early stages of life as a complication of omphalitis, cannulation of the umbilical vein, intra-abdominal sepsis, dehydration, and hypercoagulable states, mainly C and S proteins deficiencies, post-traumatic, portal vein manipulation, pancreatitis, as well as tumor invasion or obstruction. Etiology is unknown in half of these cases. In the literature, there are reports of EHPVT associated with severe infectious processes such as sepsis by Fusobacterium necrophorum, Fusobacterium nucleatum, as well as infection by Cytomegalovirus (CMV). Nonetheless, such reports are very scarce. Female patient aged 56, con antecedent myelodysplastic syndrome, who attends the clinic with diffuse abdominal pain, obstructive icterus, and liver function disturbances. Among the assessments performed, an Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) is carried out evidencing upper mesenteric and deep portal vein thrombosis with portal hypertension, esophageal and fundic varices. A probable infectious origin is stated, thus serology is requested for CMV with elevated levels of IgG; antiviral treatment is started with Valgancyclovir and Beta-Blockers with satisfactory evolution after one year. Conclusion: Despite the portal vein thrombosis associated with the infection by CMV is a rare event in immunocompetetnt persons, discarding it must be included in a diagnosis plan for splenic-portal bed thrombosis...

Malformación de abernethy tipo 1: presentación de un caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Type-1 abernethy malformation: a clinic case presentation and review of literature

Se presenta caso de preescolar masculino de 5 años con antecedente de hepatoesplenomegalia desde el año de vida, quien consultó con clínica de hematuria, se realizó ecografía abdominal con hallazgos: de imágenes hipoecoicas difusas en el parénquima hepático, dificultad para valorar el sistema porta, esplenomegalia. Eco Doppler del sistema venoso portal presencia de anomalía vascular portal, no se observo porta principal, se realizó Angiotac multicorte del sistema arterial venoso portal y mesenterico que confirmo Agenesia de la vena Porta. Se diagnóstico malformación de Abernethy tipo I. Las malformaciones del sistema venoso abdominal son alteraciones vasculares raras. El primer acontecimiento de la ausencia congénita de la vena porta viene dado por un shunt cava mesenterico, los shunts portocava (SPC), son malformaciones infrecuentes descritas por Abernethy en 1973, se clasifican en dos grupos según la presencia tipo (II) o ausencia de la vena porta tipo (I). La malformación de Abernethy tipo I usualmente se relaciona a otras anomalías congénitas tales como: defectos cardiacos, atresia de vías biliares y poliesplenia, más frecuentes en el sexo femenino; en varones puede no encontrarse anomalías congénitas asociadas...

A 5-year old preschool male case is presented, with antecedent hepatosplenomegaly since one year old, who attended clinic consult with haematuria; abdominal echography was performed with the following findings: diffuse hypoecoic images on liver parenchyma, difficulties to assess the portal system, splenomegaly. Echo-Doppler of portal vein system evidenced the presence of portal vascular abnormality, no main portal vein was observed. A Multislice CT Angiography of the mesenteric and portal arterial-venous system was performed, which confirmed portal vein agenesis. Type-I Abernethy Malformation was diagnosed. The abdominal venous system’s malformations are rare vascular disturbances. The first event expressed by the portal vein congenital absence is evidenced by a caval-mesenteric shunt. Porta-Caval Shunt (PC-Shunts) are uncommon malformations described by Abernethy in 1973 that are classified into two groups as per the presence -Type II- or the absence -Type I- of portal vein. Type-I Abernethy Malformation is usually connected with other congenital abnormalities such as: heart defects, biliary tract atresia, and polysplenia, which are more frequent in females. Associated congenital abnormalities could not be found in males...

Evaluation of the mortality rate caused by different periods of selective portal vein occlusion in rats / Avaliação da mortalidade causada por diferentes períodos de oclusão seletiva da veia porta em ratos

Mortality from acute selective portal vein occlusion (SPVO) is a matter of concern for surgeons during the management of traumatic portal vein injury. However, mortality rates related to different periods of SPVO remains undetermined. PURPOSE: To determine the mortality rates resulting from different periods of acute SPVO in rats. METHODS: Wistar male rats were randomized into 8 experimental, and 8 control groups. Experimental animals underwent SPVO during 15 to 75 minutes, and control groups underwent sham procedures. All surviving animals were followed up to 14 days for assessment of mortality rate. RESULTS: Death rates varied from 0 percent in the 15 min SPVO group, to 100 percent with 65 and 75 minutes of SPVO. A strongly positive correlation was observed between mortality rates and SPVO periods (p 30 min) of SPVO.

A mortalidade da oclusão seletiva da veia porta (OSVP) preocupa os cirurgiões durante o tratamento de lesão traumática da veia porta. Entretanto, as taxas de mortalidade decorrentes de diferentes períodos de OSVP não estão determinadas. OBJETIVO: Determinar a mortalidade Decorrente de diferentes períodos de oclusão seletiva da veia porta (OSVP) em ratos. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar machos foram randomizados em 8 grupos experimentais e 8 controles. Os experimentais foram submetidos a OSVP por períodos de 15 a 75 minutos, seguidos de observação até o óbito, e os sobreviventes até 14 dias. Os grupos controles receberam idênticos procedimentos, exceto a OSVP. RESULTADOS: A mortalidade, a partir do momento da oclusão, aumentou progressivamente, de 0 por cento no grupo de 15min, atingindo 100 por cento nos grupos de 65min e 75min de OSVP. Houve alta correlação positiva entre mortalidade e duração da OSVP (p 30 minutos).

Evaluation of the mortality rate caused by different periods of selective portal vein occlusion in rats

Mortality from acute selective portal vein occlusion (SPVO) is a matter of concern for surgeons during the management of traumatic portal vein injury. However, mortality rates related to different periods of SPVO remains undetermined. PURPOSE: To determine the mortality rates resulting from different periods of acute SPVO in rats. METHODS: Wistar male rats were randomized into 8 experimental, and 8 control groups. Experimental animals underwent SPVO during 15 to 75 minutes, and control groups underwent sham procedures. All surviving animals were followed up to 14 days for assessment of mortality rate. RESULTS: Death rates varied from 0 percent in the 15 min SPVO group, to 100 percent with 65 and 75 minutes of SPVO. A strongly positive correlation was observed between mortality rates and SPVO periods (p<0.001) with either linear or quadratic regression analysis tests. All deaths in the 20min and 25min SPVO groups occurred after 75 min from the moment of clamping (or after 60 min from unclamping); death from 30 or more min SPVO occurred predominantly within 75 min from clamping moment (or within 60 min from unclamping). (Exact Fisher test, p=0.009). CONCLUSIONS: The mortality from SPVO in rats increases with longer duration of SPVO; with deaths occurring later for short periods (< 25 min) of SPVO and earlier for longer periods (> 30 min) of SPVO.

A mortalidade da oclusão seletiva da veia porta (OSVP) preocupa os cirurgiões durante o tratamento de lesão traumática da veia porta. Entretanto, as taxas de mortalidade decorrentes de diferentes períodos de OSVP não estão determinadas. OBJETIVO: Determinar a mortalidade Decorrente de diferentes períodos de oclusão seletiva da veia porta (OSVP) em ratos. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar machos foram randomizados em 8 grupos experimentais e 8 controles. Os experimentais foram submetidos a OSVP por períodos de 15 a 75 minutos, seguidos de observação até o óbito, e os sobreviventes até 14 dias. Os grupos controles receberam idênticos procedimentos, exceto a OSVP. RESULTADOS: A mortalidade, a partir do momento da oclusão, aumentou progressivamente, de 0 por cento no grupo de 15min, atingindo 100 por cento nos grupos de 65min e 75min de OSVP. Houve alta correlação positiva entre mortalidade e duração da OSVP (p<0.001; tanto em teste de Regressão linear quanto quadrática). Os óbitos decorrentes de 20 e 25 min de OSVP ocorreram após 75min do clampeamento (ou após 60 min do desclampeamento); os decorrentes de 30min ou mais ocorreram predominantemente antes de decorridos 75 min do clampeamento (ou 60 min do desclampeamento). (Teste exato de Fisher, p<0.05). CONCLUSÕES: A mortalidade da OSVP em ratos aumenta com a maior duração da oclusão; os óbitos ocorrem mais tardiamente após oclusões breves (< 25 min), e mais precocemente nas oclusões mais prolongadas (> 30 minutos).

Selective transcatheter embolization for treatment of post-traumatic hepatic artery and portal vein pseudoaneurysms.

The authors report a case of post-traumatic hepatic artery and portal vein pseudoaneurysms caused by blunt abdominal trauma, with multiple organ injuries including liver laceration. Abdominal spiral CT, CDS and DSA were performed to confirm the diagnosis. Both pseudoaneurysms were treated successfully with selective transcatheter embolization.

Non-biliary mishaps during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

BACKGROUND: The most important complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) are biliary tract injuries. Non-biliary complications can be equally devastating, but have received less attention in literature. METHODS: The case files of 1748 patients who underwent LC over a period of seven years (1997-2003) in our department were retrospectively reviewed to identify non-biliary complications and their management. RESULTS: Nine patients (0.5%) sustained significant non-biliary injury while undergoing LC. The commonest was duodenal perforation during dissection of the Calot's triangle (3 cases). Other complications included diaphragmatic injury (2 cases), and small bowel injury while inserting the umbilical port, right external iliac artery injury during insertion of Veress needle, portal vein injury during dissection, and liver laceration while using a delivery system to extract the gall bladder (1 each). All these complications were detected and managed intra-operatively. During the same period, 10 patients sustained biliary injury. CONCLUSION: Intra-operative non-biliary injuries during LC occur as frequently as biliary injuries, and can be life-threatening and difficult to manage.

Transcatheter coil embolization of a traumatic intrahepatic arterioportal fistula.

Traumatic arterioportal fistulas are rare lesions in the pediatric age group. This case highlights the safe and effective management of intrahepatic arterioportal fistulas by transcatheter coil embolization.

Lesäo traumática de veia porta / Traumatic injury of the portal hepatic vein

Realizou-se estudo retrospectivo de 32 pacientes com lesäo de veia porta traumática, atendidos no Pronto Socorro de Cirurgia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Säo Paulo, de abril de 1978 a 1988. As lesöes de veia porta foram divididas em três grupos segundo sua localizaçäo, a saber: grupo I - justa hiliar (11 pacientes), grupo II - pedículo hepático (14 pacientes), grupo III - retropancreático (7 pacientes). O grupo I e III englobam os pacientes com lesöes de difícil tratamento, determinando altas taxas de mortalidade, 54,5% e 71,4% respectivamente. As manobras cirúrgicas adotadas para a abordagem destas lesöes incluem a manobra de Pringle, de Kocher, hepatotomia e pancratotomia. O grupo II, compreendeu lesöes de naus fácil controle cirúrgico porque possibilitou o clampeamento vascular proximal e distal. Todos os pacientes apresentaram pelo menos uma lesäo abdominal associada, e em 30 pacientes esteve presente outra lesäo vascular concomitante. A mortalidade global de 13 pacientes (40,6%), sendo que 12 deles (37,5%) em conseqüência de sangramento. Tendo em vista os resultados, sugere-se que na presença de múltiplas lesöes associadas ou se a sutura for de difícil execuçäo, a ligadura de veia pode ser a melhor opçäo para o tratamento, principalmente nas lesöes justa hilares ou retropancreáticas

Lesöes traumáticas da veia porta / Traumatic injuries of the portal vein

É apresentado um estudo das lesöes traumáticas da veia porta encontradas em um levantamento realizado no Hospital de Pronto-Socorro de Porto Alegre, correspondendo aos traumatismos abdominais, de qualquer etiologia, tratados cirurgicamente no período compreendido entre 1978 e 1987. Entre 2.893 casos catalogados, apenas 9(0,3%) apresentavam lesäo da veia porta. Este tipo de traumatismo esteve, mais freqüentemente, associado aos ferimentos penetrantes de abdome (oito casos). O tratamento cirúrgico consistiu de rafia ou ligadura do vaso, em todos os casos. As lesöes associadas estiveram relacionadas com a mortalidade, assim como o tipo de procedimento adotado para o tratamento