Estudo comparativo das regulamentações de reprodução assistida e das leis de abortamento de Brasil, Alemanha, Colômbia e França / Comparative study of regulations of assisted reproduction and abortion laws between Brazil, Germany, Colombia and France

OBJETIVO: Descrever as regulamentacões de Reprodução Humana Assistida (RHA) e as leis de abortamento do Brasil, Alemanha, Colômbia e Franc¸a. MÉTODO: Foi feito estudo qualitativo transversal das regulamentações referentes à reproducão humana assistida e ao abortamento no Brasil, na Colômbia, Alemanha e Franca entre agosto de 2014 e março de 2015. RESULTADOS: Para a RHA o Brasil tem a resolucão do Conselho Federal de Medicina 2.013/2013, a Colômbia o decreto 1.546/1998 para a doacão de gametas, a Alemanha e Franc¸a leis específicas. Em relacão à lei do abortamento, os quatro países têm leis específicas. CONCLUSÃO: Considerando todas as regulamentacões de RHA e leis de abortamento, verificamos que os países encontram-se em situacões distintas em relacão à RHA e que todos têm leis específicas para o abortamento.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to describe the regulations of Assisted Human Reproduction (AHR) and the abortion laws of Brazil, Germany, Colombia and France. METHOD: A cross-sectional qualitative study of regulations relating to assisted human reproduction and abortion in Brazil, Colombia, Germany and France between august 2014 and March 2015. RESULTS: For the AHR Brazil has the resolution of the Federal Council of Medicine 2013/2013, Colombia has the 1546/1998 decree for the donation of gametes, Germany and France have specific laws. Regarding the abortion law, the four countries have specific laws. CONCLUSION: Considering all the regulations of AHR and abortion laws, we found that these countries are in different situations regarding the AHR and that they all have specific laws for abortion.

Haemolymph and fat body metallo-protease associated with Enterobacter cloacae infection in the bloodsucking insect, Rhodnius prolixus

Analysis of zymograms with SDS-polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis containing gelatin as substrate, and performed on samples of haemolymph or fat body taken from Rhodnius prolixus inoculated or not with Enterobacter cloacae, demonstrated distinct patterns of protease activities: (i) in the haemolymph two proteases were induced in insects inoculated with bacteria; (ii) two proteases were detected in the fat bodies derived from non-inoculated controls or insect inoculated with sterile culture medium; (iii) haemolymph and fat body had both the same apparent molecular weights proteases (46 and 56 kDa); and (iv) these enzymes were characterized as metallo-proteases. The association of these enzymes in Rhodnius infected with bacteria was discussed.

Effects of azadirachtin on Rhodnius prolixus: immunity and trypanosoma interaction

The effects of azadirachtin, a tetranortriterpenoid from the neem tree Aradirachta indica J. on both immunity and Trypanosoma cruzi interaction within Rhodniusprolixus and other triatomines, were presented Given through a blood meal, azadirachtin affected the immune reactivity as shown by a significant reduction in numbers of hemocytes and consequently nodule formation follwing challenge with Enterobacter cloacae ß12, reduction in ability to produce antibacterial activities in the hemolymph when injected with bacteria, and decreased ability to destroy the infection caused by inoculation of E. cloacae cells. A single dose of azadirachtin was able to block the development of T. cruzi in R. prolixus if given through the meal at different intervals, together with, before or after parasite infection. Similary, these results were observed with different triatomine species and different strains of T. cruzi. Azadirachtin induced a permanent resistance of the vector against reinfection with T. cruzi. The significance of these data is discussed in relation to the general mode of azadirachtin action in insects

Aspects of classification of Hemiptera hemocytes from six triatomine species

The objective of this work was to characterize, and compare different morphological types of hemocytes of Rhodnius prolixus, Rhodnius, Rhodnius neglectus, Triatoma infestans, Panstrongylus megistus, and Dipetalogaster maximus. This information provides the basis for studying the cellular immune systems of these insects. Seven morphological hemocyte types wereidentified by phase-contrast microscopy: prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, granular cells, cytocytes, oenocytoids, adipohemocytes and giant cells. All seven types of hemocytes are not present in every species. For example, adipohemocytes and oenocytoids were not observed in P. megistus and P. infestans, and giant cells were rarely found in any of the species studied. The hemocytes of rhodnius and Dipetalogaster are more similar to each other than those from Triatoma and Panstrongylus which in turn closely resemble each other. Emphasis is placed on methodological problems arising in this work wicah are discussed in detail

Effects of proallatotoxins (precocenes) on the development and reproduction of Rhodnius prolixus: some data

Proallatotoxins, and particularly preconcenes, are exceptionally promising models for studying Rhodnius prolixus physiology and for comparison with other natural compounds with anti-hormonal activities. Effects of preconcenes on feeding, development and reproduction of R. prolixus are being detailed. The precocenes reveal significant effects on feeding, moulting cycle (inducing precocious metamorphosis and ecdysial stasis), and reproduction of these insect. The mechanism of action of proallatotoxins was discussed based on the corpus allatum cytotoxic effect and on the ecdysteroid biosynthesis in prothoracic glands and ovaries. Further studies of these compounds on R. prolixus are need and will hopefully reveal other unesplored points regarding the action of the proallatotoxins on insects.

Short-and long-term effects of proallatotoxin (ethoxyprecocene II) on Rhodnius prolixus females

A ovogênese e a postura de ovos pode ser inibida, durante o primeiro ciclo reprodutivo de Rhodnius prolixus, por um único tratamento com etoxiprecoceno II. Esta inibiçäo, se medida pelo crescimento dos ovócitos, maturaçäo de ovos e ovipostura, depende da dose do composto utilizado. A produçäo de ovos, no entanto, pode ser parcial ou totalmente restabelecida após dois subseqüentes repastos de sangue sem a droga. Estes dados sugerem que a açäo do etoxiprecoceno II sobre o corpus allatum näo é irreversível em fêmeas de Rhodnius prolixus

Effects of precocene and azadirachtin in Rhodnius prolixus: some data on development and reproduction

The results presented in this paper clearly indicate that precocene and azadirachtin are effective inhibitors of moulting and reproduction in the hemipteran Rhodnius prolixus. The time of application is important and only applications of these substances early in the intermoulting period cause their effects in nymphs. The inhibition of moulting is fully reversed by ecdysone therapy. Precocene and azadirachtin also affected drastically the oogenesis and egg deposition in this insect. Precocene-induced sterilization is reversed by application of juvenile hormone III. However, this hormone is unable to reverse the effect of azadirachtin on reproduction. Ecdysteroid titers in nymphs and adult females are decreased by these treatments. In vitro analysis suggest that precocene and azadirachtin may act directly on the prothoracic glands and ovaries producing ecdysteroids. Based on these and other findings the possible mode of action of these compounds on the development and reproduction of Rhodnius prolixus is discussed.

Alteraçöes biomorfogênicas causadas pela aplicaçäo de precoceno II em ninfas de Triatoma infestans (Klug, 1834) (Hemiptera, reduviidae, triatominae) / Biomorphogenetic changes caused by the application or prococene II in nymphs of Triatoma infestans (klug, 1834) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae

O precoceno II aplicado topicamente em ninfas de 4ª estádio, nas dosagens de 200, 300 e 400 micron-grama/1 micron-litro de acetona, proporcionou o aparecimento de adultóides, em diferentes percentagens com as seguintes características: tegumento alterado, aparelho bucal deformado, asas braquípteras, tarsos trímeros, ocelos, evidentes e genitália externa com estruturas desenvolvidas e deformadas; genitália interna em estágio intermediário entre ninfas de 4§ e 5§ estádios. Os adultóides apresentaram um período de sobrevivência inversamente proporcional à dosagem aplicada, variando de 3 a 22 dias, näo tendo se alimentado devido as alteraçöes

Efficacy of ivermectin against the bloodsucking insect, Rhodnius prolixus (hemiptera, triatominae)

A alimentaçäo de ninfas e adultos de Rhodnius prolixus em camundongos tratados previamente com ivermectin (0,2 mg/kg peso corporal, via subcutânea) resultou em alta mortalidade dos insetos. Este efeito foi mais drástico em ninfas de 1§ e 2§ estádios. Foi observado que as ninfas de 3§ estádio alimentadas 24-48 horas após o tratamento dos camundongos demonstraram uma mortalidade maior do que os insetos alimentados 72 horas após o tratamento. Os insetos de 3§ estádio sobreviventes aos tratamentos apresentaram uma inibiçäo total das mudas. Fêmeas adultas alimentadas em camundongos 24 horas após o tratamento com invermectin demonstraram uma considerável reduçäo na produçäo de ovos. Este efeito näo foi revertido por uma posterior alimentaçäo em camundongos normais. Foi sugerido que dose subletal de ivermectin poderia interferir no controle neuro-endócrino do desenvolvimento e reproduçäo do inseto