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1.
Medicina (Ribeiräo Preto) ; 47(3): 301-307, jul.-set. 2014.
Article Dans Portugais | LILACS | ID: lil-752836

Résumé

A Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas (ABP), introduzida no ensino de Ciências da Saúde na McMaster University, Canadá, em 1969, é uma proposta pedagógica que consiste no ensino centrado no estudante e baseado na solução de problemas, reais ou simulados. Os alunos, para solucionar esse problema,recorrem aos conhecimentos prévios, discutem, estudam, adquirem e integram os novos conhecimentos.Essa integração, aliada à aplicação prática, facilita a retenção do conhecimento. Portanto, a ABP valoriza, além do conteúdo a ser aprendido, a forma como ocorre o aprendizado, reforçando o papel ativo do aluno neste processo, permitindo que ele aprenda como aprender. A ABP oferece diversas vantagens, como o desenvolvimento da autonomia, a interdisciplinaridade, a indissociabilidade entre teoria e prática,o desenvolvimento do raciocínio crítico e de habilidades de comunicação, e a educação permanente. Porém, para a sua utilização são necessários investimentos em recursos humanos e materiais, além de um programa de capacitação de professores e alunos bem estruturado, que devem sempre ser considerados antes de sua implementação.


The Problem-Based Learning (PBL), introduced at McMaster University School of Medicine, Canada, in 1969, is a student-centered pedagogical approach based on critical thinking and problem solving. In order to solve a problem, students use their prior knowledge, discuss, study, acquire and integrate new information. This learning integration, combined with a practical application, facilitates knowledge retention.Therefore, students become actively involved in the learning process and improve the capacity of learn how to learn. PBL has several advantages, such as, it stimulates the development of autonomy on learning; interdisciplinary; integration of knowledge and practice; development of teamwork, critical thinking and communication skills; and continuing education. However, to be able to implement PBL on curriculum, it’s necessary investments in human and material resources, including a well-structured training program for teachers and students.


Sujets)
Humains , Apprentissage par problèmes/méthodes , Mentors/enseignement et éducation , Professions de santé/enseignement et éducation , Évaluation des acquis scolaires , Conflit d'intérêts , Connaissances, attitudes et pratiques en santé
2.
Medicina (Ribeiräo Preto) ; 47(3): 324-331, jul.-set. 2014.
Article Dans Portugais | LILACS | ID: lil-752833

Résumé

As diferentes formas de avaliação são elementos centrais do processo de ensino-aprendizagem de qualquer programa educacional, e devem ser bem planejadas e implementadas em todas as propostas curriculares,especialmente na formação de profissionais na área da saúde. Uma avaliação do estudante adequada e de qualidade guarda estreita relação com a competência e capacitação do profissional que será entregue à sociedade. Neste contexto, a avaliação formativa e a capacitação dos professores para prover feedback efetivo, frequente, e de qualidade são fundamentais na formação dos futuros profissionais da saúde. Este artigo faz uma revisão sobre avaliação formativa, feedback e debriefing.


The different assessment forms are major elements of any teaching and learning process in educational programs, and should be considered as a core component to be planned and implemented in all curriculums, especially in the health professions education. A regular and qualified students’ assessment is closely related to competence and skills of the professionals that will be delivered to society. In this context, formative assessment and well-trained staff to provide effective and regular feedback are essentials in the formation of the future generation of health professionals. This article focuses primarily on formative assessment, feedback and debriefing.


Sujets)
Humains , Mâle , Femelle , Apprentissage , Évaluation des acquis scolaires/méthodes , Formation des Ressources en Santé Humaine , Comportement d'utilisation d'outil , Personnel de santé/enseignement et éducation , Rétroaction , , Corps enseignant/normes , Professions de santé/enseignement et éducation , Exercice de Simulation/méthodes
4.
Clinics ; 68(6): 750-759, jun. 2013. tab, graf
Article Dans Anglais | LILACS | ID: lil-676948

Résumé

OBJECTIVE: Subjects exposed to laboratory animals are at a heightened risk of developing respiratory and allergic diseases. These diseases can be prevented by simple measures such as the use of personal protective equipment. We report here the primary findings of the Laboratory Animals and Respiratory Allergies Study regarding the prevalence of allergic diseases among laboratory animal workers, the routine use of preventive measures in laboratories and animal facilities, and the need for prevention programs. METHODS: Animal handlers and non-animal handlers from 2 Brazilian universities (University of São Paulo and State University of Campinas) answered specific questionnaires to assess work conditions and symptoms. These subjects also underwent spirometry, a bronchial challenge test with mannitol, and skin prick tests for 11 common allergens and 5 occupational allergens (rat, mouse, guinea pig, hamster, and rabbit). RESULTS: Four hundred fifty-five animal handlers (32±10 years old [mean±SD], 209 men) and 387 non-animal handlers (33±11 years old, 121 men) were evaluated. Sensitization to occupational allergens was higher among animal handlers (16%) than non-animal handlers (3%, p<0.01). Accessibility to personal protective equipment was measured at 85% (median, considering 73 workplaces of the animal handler group). Nineteen percent of the animal handlers indicated that they wear a respirator at all times while handling animals or working in the animal room, and only 25% of the animal handlers had received an orientation about animal-induced allergies, asthma, or rhinitis. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our data indicate that preventive programs are necessary. We suggest providing individual advice to workers associated with institutional programs to promote a safer work environment. .


Sujets)
Adulte , Animaux , Femelle , Humains , Mâle , Adulte d'âge moyen , Jeune adulte , Assistants vétérinaires , Animaux de laboratoire , Maladies professionnelles/épidémiologie , Exposition professionnelle/effets indésirables , Exposition professionnelle/prévention et contrôle , Hypersensibilité respiratoire/épidémiologie , Tests de provocation bronchique , Brésil/épidémiologie , Études transversales , Maladies professionnelles/étiologie , Maladies professionnelles/prévention et contrôle , Dispositifs de protection , Facteurs de risque , Hypersensibilité respiratoire/étiologie , Hypersensibilité respiratoire/prévention et contrôle , Tests cutanés , Enquêtes et questionnaires
5.
Medicina (Ribeiräo Preto) ; 36(2/4): 241-247, abr./dez. tab
Article Dans Portugais | LILACS | ID: lil-400378

Résumé

Exacerbações de DPOC causam aumento da morbimortalidade, internação, piora da qualidade de vida e custos para o paciente e para o sistema de saúde. O paciente com DPOC apresenta, aproximadamente, duas a três exacerbações ao ano, principalmente no inverno, causando progressiva deterioração fisiológica e aumento da inflamação das vias aéreas. O tratamento se faz com broncodilatadores, corticosteróides, oxigenoterapia, ventilação mecânica e antibióticos, em alguns casos


Sujets)
Humains , Mâle , Femelle , Bronchopneumopathies obstructives , Ventilation artificielle
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