Metformin and Sildenafil Attenuate Inflammation and Suppress Apoptosis After Ischemia/Reperfusion Injuries in Rat Urinary Bladder / 대한배뇨장애요실금학회지

Purpose@#Although metformin and sildenafil can protect various organs against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injuries, their effects and mechanisms of action in bladder I/R injuries remain unknown. This study investigated the effects and mechanisms of action of metformin and sildenafil against bladder I/R insults in rats. @*Methods@#One hundred male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, each of which contained 20 rats: a sham-operated group, a bladder I/R group, and bladder I/R groups treated with metformin, sildenafil, or both agents. Ischemia was induced by clamping the bilateral common iliac arteries with atraumatic vascular clamps for 2 hours, followed by reperfusion for 7 days. During this period, rats were injected once daily with 4-mg/kg metformin and/or 1-mg/kg sildenafil. @*Results@#I/R injuries induced increased malondialdehyde levels and myeloperoxidase activity and decreased superoxide dismutase activity. These changes were attenuated by treatment with metformin and/or sildenafil. The I/R group had significantly higher Jun N-terminal kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Bax, caspase-3, and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) levels, and lower extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and Bcl-2 levels in the bladder than the sham-operated group; these changes were significantly ameliorated by metformin and/or sildenafil treatment. No differences in the levels of these markers were observed between rats coadministered metformin and sildenafil and those treated with either agent alone. @*Conclusions@#Metformin and sildenafil protected the rat bladder against I/R injuries. This effect may have been due to the inhibition of reactive oxygen species production through MAPK, Bax, and Bcl-2 activation, and the restoration of inflammation through NF-κB inhibition. However, the combination of metformin and sildenafil was not more effective than either agent alone.

Machine Learning Approaches for the Prediction of Prostate Cancer according to Age and the Prostate-Specific Antigen Level

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of machine learning methods that combine data on age and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels for predicting prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 943 patients who underwent transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsy at Chungnam National University Hospital between 2014 and 2018 because of elevated PSA levels and/or abnormal digital rectal examination and/or TRUS findings. We retrospectively reviewed the patients’ medical records, analyzed the prediction rate of prostate cancer, and identified 20 feature importances that could be compared with biopsy results using 5 different algorithms, viz., logistic regression (LR), support vector machine, random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting, and light gradient boosting machine. RESULTS: Overall, the cancer detection rate was 41.8%. In patients younger than 75 years and with a PSA level less than 20 ng/mL, the best prediction model for prostate cancer detection was RF among the machine learning methods based on LR analysis. The PSA density was the highest scored feature importances in the same patient group. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the prediction rate of prostate cancer using machine learning methods not inferior to that using LR and that these methods may increase the detection rate for prostate cancer and reduce unnecessary prostate biopsy, as they take into consideration feature importances affecting the prediction rate for prostate cancer.

Increased Expression of Neuregulin 1 and erbB2 Tyrosine Kinase in the Bladder of Rats With Cyclophosphamide-Induced Interstitial Cystitis / 대한배뇨장애요실금학회지

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in expressions of neuregulin (NRG)1 and erbB2 tyrosine kinase (ErbB2) in bladders of rats with cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced interstitial cystitis (IC). METHODS: Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the IC group (n=16) and the control group (n=8). After inducing IC with intraperitoneal CYP injection, expressions of NRG1 and ErbB2 were analyzed using western blotting and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: In Western blotting, relative intensities and distributions of both NRG1 and ErbB2 were approximately 1.5- and 3.2-fold higher, respectively, in the IC group than in the control group (mean+/-standard deviation: 1.42+/-0.09 vs. 0.93+/-0.15 and 0.93+/-0.16 vs. 0.29+/-0.08, P<0.05). In the rat bladder samples, mRNA expression levels of NRG1 and ErbB2 were higher in the IC group than in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our study has demonstrated significant changes in mRNA expression and immunoreactivity of NRG1 and ErbB2 receptors in the urinary bladder after CYP-induced IC. These results suggest that the up-regulated NRG1 may play a role in inducing an overactive bladder and promoting regeneration in the inflammatory bladder with CYP-induced IC.

Expression of Aquaporin-3 in Ipsilateral Rat Kidney With Unilateral Partial Ureteral Obstruction

PURPOSE: Aquaporin (AQP), a protein located in the cellular membrane, allows rapid passage of water across the cell membrane. Various AQP subtypes have been associated with ureteral obstruction. In particular, AQP3 has two functions: water and glycerol transport. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of AQP3 in the ipsilateral rat kidney in unilateral partial ureteral obstruction (UPUO). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats (n=30, 200-250 g) were divided into two groups. A sham operation was performed in the control group (n=10) and UPUO of the left upper ureter with a silicone tube was induced in the UPUO group (n=20). The left kidney was obtained from both groups 7 days after the operations. The kidney specimens underwent immunofluorescent staining with AQP3 monoclonal antibody, and the density of AQP3 in the tissue was measured with an image analyzer. RESULTS: In the UPUO group, thinning of the epithelial layer and infiltration of inflammatory cells was seen along with the localized expression of AQP3 in the basolateral aspect of the principal collecting duct cells. The mean optical density of AQP3 was significantly lower in the UPUO group than in the control group (100.9+/-17.5 compared with 131.7+/-16.9; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that a decrease in the expression of AQP3 may be the result of a urinary stasis reaction caused by UPUO in response to local and intrarenal factors. These changes suggest that AQP3 may have a pathophysiological role in UPUO.

Is the Expression of Androgen Receptor Protein Associated With the Length of AC Repeats in the Type III 5-alpha Reductase Gene in Prostate Cancer Patients?

PURPOSE: Type III 5-alpha reductase (SRD5A3; steroid 5-alpha reductase 3) may be associated with the progression of prostate cancer (PCa). The aim of our study was to determine whether the length of AC repeats in the SRD5A3 gene is associated with the risk of PCa and the expression of androgen receptor (AR) protein in Korean men. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We compared the length of AC repeats in the short tandem repeat (STR) region of the SRD5A3 gene in 68 PCa patients and 81 control subjects by genotyping. A total of 55 patients in the PCa group underwent radical prostatectomy. We evaluated the expression of AR protein by using Western blotting and tested the association between the type of AC repeats in the SRD5A3 gene and AR protein expression and clinical and pathologic parameters. RESULTS: The short type of STR had less than 21 copies of AC repeats in the SRD5A3 gene. The SS type (short and short type) of STR of the SRD5A3 gene was 2.2 times as likely to occur in PCa patients as in controls (odds ratio, 2.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.14 to 4.31; p=0.019). However, AC repeats of the SRD5A3 gene were not associated with AR protein expression or clinical or pathologic parameters in PCa samples. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the short AC repeats of SRD5A3 polymorphism are associated with an increased risk of PCa. SRD5A3 polymorphism may contribute to a genetic predisposition for PCa.

Comparison of Laparoscopic Radiofrequency Ablation and Open Partial Nephrectomy in Patients With a Small Renal Mass

PURPOSE: We have performed both open partial nephrectomy (OPN) and laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation (RFA) on selected patients since January 2007 and have been following these patients through serial laboratory assessments and computed tomography (CT). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate long-term oncologic outcomes and renal function status for laparoscopic RFA versus OPN at a minimum follow-up of 3 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 55 patients with exophytic, single small renal masses were treated with either OPN (n=14) or laparoscopic RFA (n=41) by a single surgeon. The indications for laparoscopic RFA were as follows: 1) cases with the greatest dimension of the renal mass <3 cm, and 2) cases in which the collecting system, renal calyx, and great vessels were free from the tumor margins by 1 cm. RESULTS: The estimated blood loss (EBL), the operation time, and the mean number of hospital days was significantly lower in the laparoscopic RFA group than in the OPN group. Oncologic data did not differ significantly between the two groups. Creatine clearance levels did not differ significantly compared with those before the operation in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest excellent therapeutic outcomes with laparoscopic RFA with achievement of effective operative times, hospital stays, and EBL compared with OPN. According to our indications for laparoscopic RFA, laparoscopic RFA is an effective minimally invasive therapy for the treatment of small renal masses, yielding oncologic outcomes and renal function equivalent to those of OPN.

Neoadjuvant Hormonal Therapy Preceding Radical Prostatectomy for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: Early Postoperative Complications and Biochemical Recurrence

PURPOSE: The effect of neoadjuvant hormonal therapy (NHT) on radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) for prostate cancer is various and remains a controversy for urologists. We conducted this study to comparatively evaluate whether NHT before RRP is indicated and beneficial in the aspects of postoperative complications, positive surgical margin, and biochemical recurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between September 2006 and December 2009, 69 men were scheduled for RRP as a treatment for clinically localized and locally advanced prostate cancer and were divided into two groups. Group 1 (n=31, 44.9%) was treated with RRP only, and group 2 (n=38, 55.1%) underwent RRP with preoperative NHT. We evaluated clinical parameters, surgical parameters, and the positive margin rate in surgical specimens and the biochemical recurrence rate. RESULTS: There were no statistical differences in age, body mass index (BMI), preoperative biopsy Gleason score, initial serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), or quality of life (QoL) between the two groups (p>0.05). We also observed no differences in the transfusion rate, mean catheterization time, or positive margin rate (p>0.05). However, the mean operative time was significantly higher in the RRP with preoperative NHT group than in the other group (p=0.034). There was no significant difference in the biochemical recurrence rate during the last follow-up according to NHT (p=0.102) or positive surgical margin (p=0.473). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that there were no clinical benefits to the administration of NHT before RRP from the viewpoint of biochemical recurrence.

Changes in Urinary Symptoms and Tolerance due to Long-term Ureteral Double-J Stenting / 대한배뇨장애요실금학회지

PURPOSE: Most studies have reported the effects of short-term double-J ureteral stenting on patient symptoms. We reviewed the changes in symptoms and the factors associated with tolerance due to long-term stenting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated 20 patients (mean age+/-SD, 58.3+/-11.8 years). The patients consisted of those with cervical cancer (n=12), retroperitoneal fibrosis (n=5), colon cancer (n=1), rectal cancer (n=1), and endometrial cancer (n=1). A questionnaire that included domains for urinary symptoms and quality of life (QoL) scores for evaluation of urinary symptoms (International Prostate Symptom Score, or IPSS), a 10-cm linear visual analogue scale (VAS) score rated from 0 (no pain) to 10 (unendurable pain) for tolerance, and uroflowmetry were performed at every replacement. RESULTS: Frequency and urgency on the storage symptom score, residual urine sensations, and intermittency on the voiding symptom score were significantly aggravated at the initial stenting (p<0.05), but the sum of the storage symptom score and urgency improved with time (p<0.05). The quality of life score and total IPSS score also changed significantly (p<0.05). However, although the QoL score and the total IPSS score after stenting were not decreased to less than before stenting, the QoL score was significantly decreased at 9 months (p<0.05), and the total IPSS score was significantly decreased at 12 months (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The symptoms were acutely aggravated at first, but the results showed increased tolerance with time. Adaptation of the bladder and desensitization of the patients may be important factors in the increased tolerance.

Expression of Nitric Oxide Synthase and Aquaporin-3 in Cyclophosphamide Treated Rat Bladder / 대한배뇨장애요실금학회지

PURPOSE: The expression of Nitric oxide Synthase (NOS) and aquaporin (AQP) water channels in rat bladder is recently reported. The aim of this study is to evaluate the expression of inducible NOS (iNOS), aquaporin-3 (AQP-3) in cyclophosphamide (CYP) induced rat bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The 32 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into cystitis group (n=20) and control group (n=12). In cystitis group, 100mg/kg CYP was injected every second day for 1 week whereas in control group, normal saline was injected. After extracting of the bladder and dividing dome, body and trigone of the bladder, independently H&E staining and immunohistochemical staining for iNOS and AQP-3 were performed. Expressions of iNOS and AQP-3 were analyzed with a confocal laser scanning microscope and an image analyzer. RESULTS: The expression of iNOS significantly increased in the mucosa, submucosa layer of dome in cystitis group (p<0.05). The expression of AQP-3 significantly increased in the mucosa, submucosa, vessel layer of dome in cystitis group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that inflammatory change activates NOS and AQP-3 expression in the bladder tissue of rats. These may imply that NOS and AQP-3 have a pathophyiological role in the cyclophophamide induced interstitial cystitis. Further study on the NOS and AQP-3 in bladder is needed for clinical application.

Prostate-Specific Antigen Test Interval according to Baseline Prostate-Specific Antigen and Age

PURPOSE: The optimal interval at which to repeat prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurement is controversial. We evaluated the probability of the serum PSA value increasing above specific cutoff values (4.0 ng/ml, 3.0 ng/ml, and 2.5 ng/ml) on annual follow-up visits in men with a lower baseline PSA than each cutoff value. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 2002 and 2006, a total of 14,459 men aged 40 to 79 years who underwent serum PSA determinations at least twice during health examinations at 11 medical centers were enrolled in this study. To reduce probable bias, we excluded men with pyuria, those with a baseline or follow-up PSA level of 10.0 ng/ml or more, and those with a history of medication with 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors. Serum PSA underwent logarithmic conversion to work out the normal distribution. The cumulative rate of freedom from increase in PSA above 4.0 ng/ml, 3.0 ng/ml, and 2.5 ng/ml was estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method according to baseline PSA range and age. The significance level was 1%. RESULTS: The rate of increase in PSA was lower in men who had a baseline PSA value in the low range and whose age was in the 40s or 50s. However, the cumulative rate of freedom from increase in PSA decreased as the PSA cutoff value was lowered. The optimal screening interval for men in their 40s and 50s whose baseline serum PSA level was 1.0 ng/ml or lower was 3 years when the significance level for PSA rising above 4.0 ng/ml was 1%. It was 2 years and 1 year, respectively, when the cutoff value was lowered to 3.0 ng/ml or 2.5 ng/ml. An annual PSA screening interval was recommended in men older than their 60s. CONCLUSIONS: The PSA test interval should be individualized according to baseline PSA, age, and PSA cutoff value.

Early Experience of Prostate Cancer Treated with CyberKnife(TM) Radiotherapy

PURPOSE: We investigated the outcome in patients with prostatic cancer treated by means of CyberKnife(TM) radiotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between July 2007 and April 2009, 16 patients with prostate cancer underwent CyberKnife(TM) radiotherapy. The histologic diagnosis was established by transrectal ultrasonography-guided biopsy. Radiotherapy was performed for a dose of 34 Gy at 8.5 Gy per day over 4 to 18 days. Nine patients were treated with hormone therapy. After treatment, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) relapse was evaluated with periodic PSA follow-up. RESULTS: The numbers of patients in clinical stages T2 and T3 were 13 and 3, respectively. Two patients had lymph node metastasis with no distant metastasis. The numbers of patients with a Gleason grade of 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 were 1, 5, 4, 3, and 2, respectively. The mean time to PSA nadir and the mean PSA at nadir were 7 months and 0.43 ng/ml, respectively. To date, there has been no biochemical failure or clinical recurrence. No severe complications were observed in any patients; observed minor complications [n (%)] were perianal pain [2 (12.5%)] and defecation discomfort [2 (12.5%)]. CONCLUSIONS: Generally good responses were observed in patients treated with CyberKnife(TM) radiotherapy for prostate cancer. No severe complications were observed. More patients and a longer follow-up are required for further conclusions.

The Beneficial Effect of Korean Red Ginseng on Rat Bladder Contractility and Oxidant Damage Following Ischemia/Reperfusion

PURPOSE: N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a potent antioxidant, and a free radical scavenger. We investigated the possible effects of NAC after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) of rat bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: I/R injury was induced by abdominal aorta clamping and ischemia for 60minutes, followed by 120minutes reperfusion. Twenty rats were divided into four groups: sham operation + saline group (S+S), sham operation + NAC group (S+NAC), I/R + saline group (I/R+S), I/R + NAC group (I/R+NAC). Blood levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined using the free oxygen radical tests (FORT). Superoxide generation was measured based on lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was analyzed in order to measure lipid peroxidation. RESULTS: In I/R+S group, the isometric contractile responses to carbachol were significant lower than other groups and were reversed by the pretreatment with NAC. The level of FORT and MDA showed a marked increase in I/R+S group compared with S+S group. NADPH-stimulated superoxide production was also significantly increased. I/R+NAC decreased these parameters compared with I/R+S group. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that treatment with NAC reversed the low contractile responses of rat bladder and prevented oxidative stress following I/R.

The Influences of Bladder Outlet Obstruction on Improvement of Storage Symptoms in Patients Who Underwent Transurethral Resection of Prostate / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: To investigate the influences of preoperative bladder outlet obstruction(BOO) to be adjusted by age and prostate volume on improvement of storage symptoms in patients who underwent transurethral resection of prostate(TURP) in a long term follow up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed retrospective study of 75 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) who had undergone TURP and preoperative urodynamics from July 2004 to December 2006. 18 patients of them were lost follow up in this period, so we analyzed 57 patients in this study. The degrees of BOO were measured by the Abrams-Griffiths (AG) number calculated according to the preoperative urodynamic data. International Prostate Symptom Score(IPSS) questionnaire were used to evaluate improvement of symptoms. Especially IPSS questions number 2, 4 and 7 were used to evaluate storage symptoms. Partial correlation analysis was done between the AG numbers and the degree of storage symptoms improvement, adjusted by the age and the prostate volume. RESULTS: There were significant decreases of the IPSS(p=0.029), storage symptom score(p=0.024) and frequency score(p=0.017) in BOO group compared to the non-BOO group. The changes of IPSS(gamma=-0.338, p=0.012), storage symptoms score(gamma=-0.292, p=0.031) and frequency symptom score (gamma=-0.305, p=0.023) were significantly correlated with AG number. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that the preoperative AG number derived from urodynamics was an important factor in predicting the postoperative results. It would be expected that the patients with high AG numbers might be more improved storage symptom after TURP.

A Multi-institutional Study on Histopathological Characteristics of Surgically Treated Renal Tumors: the Importance of Tumor Size

PURPOSE: The incidence of accidentally detected small renal tumors is increasing throughout the world. In this multi-institutional study performed in Korea, histopathological characteristics of contemporarily surgically removed renal tumors were reviewed with emphasis on tumor size. MATERIALS and METHODS: Between January 1995 and May 2005, 1,702 patients with a mean age of 55 years underwent surgical treatment at 14 training hospitals in Korea for radiologically suspected malignant renal tumors. Clinicopathological factors and patient survival were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 1,702 tumors, 91.7% were malignant and 8.3% were benign. The percentage of benign tumors was significantly greater among those 4cm (4.5%) (p or = T3 was significantly less among tumors 4cm (26.8%) (p or = 3 was also significantly less among tumors 4cm (50.9%) (p < 0.001). The 5-year cancer-specific survival rate was 82.7%, and T stage (p < 0.001), N stage (p < 0.001), M stage (p = 0.025), and Fuhrman's nuclear (p < 0.001) grade were the only independent predictors of cancer-specific survival. CONCLUSION: In renal tumors, small tumor size is prognostic for favorable postsurgical histopathologies such as benign tumors, low T stages, and low Fuhrman's nuclear grades. Our observations are expected to facilitate urologists to adopt function-preserving approach in the planning of surgery for small renal tumors with favorable predicted outcomes.

Effect of 5alpha-reductase Inhibitor (Finasteride) on Bleeding during Transurethral Resection of Prostate

PUROPOSE: The efficacy of finasteride in the treatment of hematuria associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is well known. Recent studies have also shown that finasteride reduce angiogenesis and prostatic bleeding associated with BPH. We evaluated that pretreatment with finasteride could decrease perioperative bleeding associated with transurethral resectrion of prostate (TURP) in this way. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 56 patients who underwent TURP due to BPH between January 2004 and August 2006 were evaluated. Of the patients, 30 recieved pretreatment with finasteride 5mg daily (group 1) while 26 did not undergo any pretreatment (control group). In the group 1, 17 had pretreatment period of 3months or more (group 2). In all patients we evaluated the degree of perioperative bleeding, intended as a reduction tendency in hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) value in the 24 h following TURP. Also, we evaluated the correlation of the preoperative factor and postoperative change of Hb and Hct. RESULTS: Difference of reduction tendency in Hb and Hct between group 1 and control group was not significant (p=0.86, 0.95, respectively). Difference between group 2 and control was not significant (p=0.56, 0.29, respectively). The change of Hb and Hct correlated with prostate volume, significantly (p=0.006, 0.010). Also, operation time was correlated with the change of Hb and Hct (p=0.006, 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: There were no significant difference of the perioperative bleeding according to finasteride medication or medication duration.

The Effects of Estrogen on Detrusor Contraction and the Expression of Muscarinic Receptors in Ovariectomized Rats / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of estrogen on detrusor contraction and the expression of muscarinic receptors in ovariectomized rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 24 Sprague-Dawley female virgin rats(12 weeks old) were separated into three groups of 8 rats each. Group I served as a control group, group II was the ovariectomized only rats(Ovx group) and Group III was given estradiol benzoate(0.8mg/kg/day) subcutaneously for 7 consecutive days, beginning 1 week after ovariectomy(Ovx+E group). At the end of the experimental period, each rat was sacrificed and the urinary bladder was removed for contractile studies. The expressions of M2 and M3 receptors in the bladder epithelium and the muscle layer were investigated by performing immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS: The Ovx group showed a significantly decreased bladder contractile function on the KCl and carbachol-induced contractile tests, whereas the Ovx+E group showed increased contractility(p<0.05). The Ovx+E group showed an increase of smooth muscle compared to the other groups. Ovariectomy induced a significant increase in the M3 receptors density in the bladder body, as compared to the control group(p<0.05) but there was no significant difference between the Ovx group and the Ovx+E group. CONCLUSIONS: Bladder dysfunction of menopausal women is thought not to be related with the changes of muscarinic receptors. Our results suggest that the detrusor contractility of menopausal women might be improved after estrogen replacement therapy.

The Effects of Genistein to Expression of Fatty Acid Synthase in Breast Cancer Cells / 한국유방암학회지

PURPOSE: The relatively low incidence of breast cancer in Asian countries with cultures which traditionally eat a large amount of soy is worth noticing in research fields. Genistein is a isoflavone phytoestrogen found in soy and its consumption may have a role in cancer etiology. We have established a hypothesis that a diet high in soy consumption is related to a low incidence of breast cancer. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is a multi-protein enzyme responsible for de novo biosynthesis of fatty acids. Recent studies have demonstrated that high levels of FAS occurs in a subset of human cancers, such as breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and prostate cancer. High level of FAS are associated with a poor prognosis. Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) are a family of transcription factors that regulate genes involved in lipid metabolism, including FAS. Recent studies show that expression of SREBP1c is correlates with FAS expression. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of genistein on the expression of FAS in breast cancer cells. METHODS: We performed immunofluorescent staining to examine the expression of FAS under different concentration of genistein. RT-PCR was also performed to investigate the mRNA expression of FAS and SREBP1c in different conditioned breast cancer cells treated with different concentration of FAS inhibitor and genistein. RESULTS: By immunofluorescent staining, the FAS expression after treatment with the FAS inhibitor, C75, decreased at a micron10 M concentration. However the expression of FAS decreased at all concentrations of genistein (0.5, 1, 5, 10 micronM). The mRNA levels of FAS and SREBP1c after treatment with C75 decreased constantly according to time and concentration. However the effect was noted only after 12 hr. The mRNA level of FAS and SREBP1c following treatment with genistein decreased at only a 10 micronM concentration (p<0.005). CONCLUSION: Genistein may down regulate FAS expression in breast cancer cells through modulation of SREBP-1c. This finding may account for the relatively low incidence of breast cancer in Asians who consume a large amount of soy in their diet.

Study of the Duration of Pyuria after Transurethral Prostatectomy / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: Persistent pyuria is one of the common complications after transurethral prostatectomy (TURP). Postoperative pyuria has an effect on postoperative voiding symptoms. Thus, postoperative urinalysis and urine culture are reliable indicators when following up voiding symptoms. In our study, possible preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative factors influencing the development and duration of pyuria and bacteriuria after TURP were evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2004 and November 2005, 82 patients who underwent TURP due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were evaluated. The risk factors of the duration of the postoperative pyuria were divided into preoperative, intraoperative postoperative, and evaluated the differences and correlations according to these risk factors. RESULTS: The average durations of pyuria of 26 and 23 patients under and over the age of 70 were 4.12+/-2.69 and 6.61+/-4.51 weeks, respectively (p= 0.03). The average duration of pyuria of 12 patients with no preoperative pyuria and 37 with preoperative pyuria were 4.97+/-3.12 and 6.25+/-5.55 weeks, respectively (p=0.04). Separating patients according to the resected volume of prostate, the average duration of pyuria of 16 and 33 patients with resected prostate volumes greater than and less than 7g were 3.56+/-2.16 and 6.12+/-4.20 weeks, respectively (p=0.03). The age and average duration of pyuria showed a positive correlation (p=0.031). CONCLISIONS: Significant differences were observed in the duration of pyuria according to age, preoperative pyuria and resected volume of prostate.

Comparative Analysis of Clinical Parameters in Acute Pyelonephritis / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: To compare the variable inflammatory parameters of acute pyelonephritis patients treated with inpatient therapy at 13 hospitals, according to the age and gender distributions. MATERIALS AND MATHODS: A total of 3,544 medical records of patients with confirmed acute pyelonephritis, and admitted to hospital between January 2000 and December 2005, were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 43.2+/-16.2 years old, with a male:female ratio of 1 : 5.1. The average duration of hospital admission was 7.9+/-5.3 days. Underlying diseases were found in 23.0% (749/3,252 patient), largely due to diabetes (35.1%). Radiological abnormal findings were found in 13.7%. The leukocyte count, ratio of segmented form, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), c-reactive protein, pyuria, positive blood culture, positive urine culture were 11,014+/-5,778/mm(3), 74.8+/-14.5%, 44.0+/-32.0 mm/hr, 12.4+/-9.3mg/dl, 83.9%, 10.5% and 46.7%, respectively. E. coli grow in 79% of the urine culture positive patients. In a comparison of 3 age groups (61 years), the elderly patients had a greater number of underlying diseases and more pathogens in cultured blood. When divided into males and females, the elderly male patients had more pathogen in cultured urine, but contrary to the male patients, the elderly female patients had elevated leukocyte count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Also, the old patient group had more resistance to ampicillin when they had E. coli as the uropathogen (p=0.021). Patients with higher ESR required longer hospital admission periods. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that variable clinical parameters of acute pyelonephritis patients treated with inpatient therapy differed according to both gender and age group in Korea. Therefore, these factors should be taken into account in the treatment plan.

Clinical Outcome of Acute Bacterial Prostatitis, a Multicenter Study / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: Few studies have examined acute prostatitis in Korea. To initiate the investigation of this topic, a multi-center retrospective analysis of acute prostatitis was conducted. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The clinical records of 335 patients from 13 hospitals, diagnosed with acute prostatitis, between January of 1994 and October of 2004, were reviewed. For each patient, the urine culture, changes in the PSA (prostate-specific antigen) value and the prostate volume, the incidence of prostate abscess, the use of antibiotics, and whether the disease went into remission or progressed to chronic prostatitis were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients, time from the onset of symptom to admission and number of days of admitted were 54.9+/-15.1 (16-85) years, 2.4+/-3.4 (16-85) days and 7.5+/-3.9 (1-25) days, respectively. The chief symptoms of the patients were high fever, dysuria and urinary frequency. Routine urinalysis found pyuria in 82% and hematuria in 70% of patients. The causative organisms of 43.0% of the patients were cultured, with the chief organisms found to be E. coli (67%) and P. aeruginosa (13%), et al. The mean PSA and prostate volume on initial diagnosis were 24.6+/-30.2ng/ml and 45.8 +/-17.4ml, respectively, and a prostate abscess was found in 4 patients (3.1%). The antibiotics injected during patient admission were: cephalosporin family (68%), aminoglycosides (70%) and quinolone family (43%). An additional alpha blocker was used in 49% of cases. Oral quinolone (91%), cephalosporin (9%) and alpha blocker (44%) were prescribed for a mean 32.5 (2-180) days after discharge. 259 (77%) of the patients were available for follow-up. Of these, 21% took antibiotics over an 8 week treatment period, and 8% over a 12 week period. The disappearance of pyuria after treatment was observed in a mean of 13 days after the end of treatment. After 13 weeks of treatment, 11 (50%) of the 22 patients who received prostate massage (4.2% of all follow up patients) were found to have chronic prostatitis. The mean PSA and prostate volume declined during follow up, to 6.13+/-10.38ng/ml and 37.5+/-13.5ml, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, the most common chief symptom of acute prostatitis was a high fever, with the most common causative organism being E. coli. Patients were admitted for approximately one week, and treated with antibiotic for about one month, after which time PSA elevation was observed in 80% of patients. Although all acute prostatitis patients were treated with proper antibiotics, progression to chronic prostatitis was observed in 4.2% of patients.