The Current Status of Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer (PC) is the commonest malignancy in men that causes significant morbidity and mortality. The incidence has quadrupled in the last three decades. This is predominantly due to its increased detection by excellent newer techniques like Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) evaluation, Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS), Transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy, Contrast enhanced ultra sound studies, Multiparametric (Mp) MRI (MpMRI) and Nuclear medicine. Its incidence shows a rise in India. With the availability of PSAand trans-rectal biopsy, nowadays the majority of prostate cancers (PC) are diagnosed at an asymptomatic early stage (T1). Most PC are adenocarcinomas while a small percentage are ductal carcinomas, mucinous carcinomas, signet ring cell carcinomas and small cell carcinomas. These variants have poor prognosis. The anatomy of prostate will help us to further understand the basis of TRUS studies. The whole prostate can be divided into Transition Zone (TZ),Central Zone (CZ) and Peripheral Zone (PZ). This zonal anatomy of prostate is vital to understand the PC, since PC is predominantly seen as follows: TZ – 20%; CZ – 10%; and PZ – 70%. PSAis an extremely valuable tool in the evaluation of PC. It is exclusively produced by the prostate and to a lesser extent by the seminal vesicles. It is present in all post-pubertal men and absent in women and men following radical prostatectomy. Though the PSA is a vital parameter to detect PC, it can also be elevated in: i) Benign prostrate hypertrophy; ii) Prostate inflammation; iii) Prostatic infarct; iv) Postdigital rectal examination; and v) Sexual activity. The normal value of PSA is 0-4 ng/mL. The two techniques that are available to assess PSA levels are polyclonal assay or monoclonal assay. The monoclonal assay is the most commonly used method the world over. The accepted PSA values are: <4ng/mL (normal); 4.0-10.00ng/mL (borderline) and >10 ng/mL (abnormal). Other than normal PSA values, there are other PSA parameters which are often useful in confirming the diagnosis of PC. These are: i) PSAdensity; ii) PSAvelocity; iii) PSAdoubling time; iv) Other markers like PCA3; and v) PC is associated with more protein bound PSA(less free PSA) than in BPH. Free PSA (FPSA) can enhance the specificity of the total PSA value for detection of the PC while reducing the number of unnecessary biopsies. Another new finding is that of levels of insulin like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) appear to be directly associated with the presence of PC.

Anticancer Activity of Oscillatoria Terebriformis Cyanobacteria in Human Lung Cancer Cell Line A549.

Purpose: To evaluate the anti-cancer properties of the cyanobacterial extract of Oscillatoria terebriformis Methods: The extract was tested in Human lung cancer cell lines and examined for its effect on cell viability, nuclear morphology and sub-G1 formation. Cell viability was determined by micro culture tetrazolium technique (MTT), nuclear morphology investigated using 4’-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining technique, and apoptosis assay using DNA fragmentation. Results: The results showed decreasing cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Altered cell morphology after treatment with the extract demonstrated that cells experienced apoptosis. Conclusion: The data demonstrate that Oscillatoria Terebriformis extract induced apoptosis in Human lung cancer A549 cells, and therefore, has a potential as an anti-cancer agent.