Significance of tumor-associated neutrophils, lymphocytes, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in non-invasive and invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma

Background@#Tumor-infiltrating neutrophils and lymphocytes play essential roles in promoting or combating various neoplasms. This study aimed to investigate the association between tumor-infiltrating neutrophils and lymphocytes and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in the progression of urothelial carcinoma. @*Methods@#A total of 106 patients diagnosed with urothelial carcinoma were was. Pathological examination for tumor grade and stage and for tumor-infiltrating neutrophils, both CD4 and CD8+ T lymphocytes, as well as the neutrophil- to-lymphocyte ratio were evaluated. @*Results@#The presence of neutrophils and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio correlated with high-grade urothelial neoplasms. In both low- and high-grade tumors, the lymphocytes increased during progression from a non-invasive neoplasm to an early-invasive neoplasm. CD8+ T lymphocytes increased in low-grade non–muscle-invasive tumors compared to non-invasive tumors. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in CD8+ T lymphocytes during progression to muscle-invasive tumors. @*Conclusions@#Our results suggest that tumor-infiltrating neutrophils and CD8+ T lymphocytes have a significant effect on tumor grade and progression.

Epidemiology of Measles in Sudan

Few epidemiological studies have been undertaken of measles disease among Sudanese, although measles is the third leading cause of death since 1995among childhood diseases that can be prevented by immunization. The measles vaccine was introduced into the EPI programin 1985. In the run-up to the introduction of the vaccine, the country suffered from measles epidemics periodically and extensively, ranging from 50,000 to 75,000 cases and from 15,000 to 30,000 deaths per year. Simple actions can save a million livesof children throughimmunizationcoverage, eye care programs, maternal and child health education, maintaining and improving the general nutritional status of Sudanesechildren. Continuous surveillance and monitoring systems and evaluation are essential tasks at all levels to improve performance, identify and address problems throughout establishing and increasingthe surveillance system. This review highlights a brief overview of measles epidemiology in Sudan and determinants of a measles outbreak, clinical symptoms, complications, and surveillance sites and the ways for prevention and control of measles disease. The review established that it is crucial to enforce coordination between governmental and non-governmental agencies for an effective disease surveillancesystem in the area, especially in those affected by civil wars

Epidemiology of Measles Cases in South Darfur State, Sudan, 2011-2015 / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Case-based surveillance measles data was defined according to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. A total of 511 measles cases were studied from 2011 to 2015 in Southern Darfur State, Sudan and 58.1% of cases were confirmed from Nyala city. About 43.4% of cases were males, 56.6% of cases were female, and 47.7% were children under five years old. Similarity, within February to June, the cases increased by 8.0% in children vaccinated through measles campaign, and 5.3% in children that used child vaccination card and 78.7% in unvaccinated one. The epidemiologically linked (EPI-Linked) measles cases declined from 2011 to 2015; consequently, Measles still remain to be a significant challenge in south Darfur state, Sudan.

Clinical and radiographic study of two different designs for restoring unilateral mandibular distal extension bases

The present study was carried out to evaluate and compare two different designs for restoring unilateral mandibular distal extension [Kennedy class II]. Twenty patients were selected from the Proshtodontic out patient clinic Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University. Their age ranged from 30-40 years. They had mandibular distal extension opposing natural teeth. All the patients were free from any systemic diseases that might influence the results. Also they had no previous prosthetic appliances. They were subjected to proper scalling, root planning and occlusal adjustment when necessary. The patients were randomly classified into two groups Group A: received RPD containing the distal saddle, Ceka extracoronal attachment, lingual bar and double Acker clasps. While Group B: received RPD containing the distal saddle, RPI clasp, cingulum rest on both canines, lingual bar and double Acker clasps. The following investigations were carried out; periodontal reaction of the abutments [Pocket depth, Gingival index and Probing attachment level], bone changes at abutments and residual alveolar ridge areas using Quantitative digital subtraction radiography and Gray scale levels. The results showed that the mean gingival scores in the Ceka group were higher than the RPI ones as regards the mean pocket depth and the mean attachment level. The mean alveolar bone loss in the Ceka group was high and statistically significant when compared to the RPI one. Based on the previous clinical and radiographical results, it could be concluded that:- The RPI clasp assembly causes less alveolar bone loss at the abutments compared to the Ceka assembly. The RPI clasp causes less resorption rates at the residual alveolar ridge when compared to the Ceka design. The RPI group showed less bone density changes when compared to the Ceka group. It can be concluded that the gingival indices may not be sufficient to reflect the changes of the whole periodontium. While the quantitative digital subtraction radiography enable the numerical statistical analysis between the study groups. Using the Gray scale level to trace the bone density changes is a sensitive alarming methodology pointing out to the sites of future bone loss before it occurs