A Study Of The Oxidative Stress And Antioxidant Status In Diabetic Subjects Who Are On Treatment With Metformin

Background:Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of DM and its complications. However, antioxidant status and its contribution to type 2 DM are less explored in South Indian population. Metformin, is a bi-guanide anti hyperglycemic agent used for the management of type 2 diabetes. Aim:To study the alteration in oxi-dant and antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic subjects on treatment with Metformin and to evaluate the effect of met-formin in improving the total antioxidant status. Methodology:All subjects were T2DM patients, on metformin mon-otherapy(500mg,bd)andweregroupedintoGroup1andGroup2basedontheirHbA1cvalueswithresponsetometformin. Baseline parameters (B.P, Waist Hip ratio, BMI, family history), glycemic status, lipid profile, Total anti-oxidant capacity (TAC), Malondialdehyde (MDA) and serum Metformin levels were assayed. Results:Fasting insulin (?Iu/ml), TAC (?M), MDA (nmol/ml), Metformin (?g/ml) values in group 1 and group II are 22.38 ± 2.7, 14 ± 3.9, 268.71± 23.12, 355.75 ± 26.32, 3.37 ± 0.21, 1.68 ± 0.05, 0.17 ± 0.01, 0.08 ± 0.005 respectively. Oxidative stress was higher with reduced antioxidant status in Group I compared to Group II subjects. Conclusion:It may be concluded that total antioxidant status is lower in type 2 diabetic subjects of Group 1 category compared to diabetic subjects in the Group 2 and it may be related to the beneficial effects of the biguanide, Metformin.

Serum high sensitive c-reactive protein and anticardiolipin antibody level in cad patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The increased incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is not fully explained by the conventional risk factors. Our aim was to determine the association of biomarkers, high sensitive CRP and anticardiolipin antibody (acL) with severity of coronary artery disease in patients with and without type 2 DM. In our study, hsCRP level was significantly high in CAD with DM and found to be positively correlated with severity (p<0.01) while anticardiolipin antibody does not show any significant change among the two groups. Our study concluded that increased risk of CAD in type 2 DM patients is not only because of dyslipidemia but inflammatory events also play a major role. hsCRP was found to be a valuable predictor for CAD in type 2 DM.

Effect of Diclofenac Sodium At Low Concentration Level On The Rate Of Orthodontic Tooth Movement In Rat.

The purpose was to evaluate the influence of a NSAID, Diclofenac Sodium (DFS) on the tissue reaction related to orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Methods: 27 adult male wistar rats were divided into 3 Groups of 9 each. Orthodontic closed coil spring was placed between rat incisor and molar to produce a 50 gm of force. The experimental Groups1 and 2 received orthodontic force and either DFS of 0.0025mg/0.05ml or 0.05ml of saline, Group 3 received only orthodontic force and served as a control group. At the end of day 5, 10 and 15 the animals were sacrificed and histological examination was performed. Results: Student’s t test showed a statistically significant difference between the control Groups and experimental Groups. Group 1 showed a statistically significant reduction in osteoclastic cell count at day 5, 10 and15 when compared to Group 2 and Group 3. Conclusion: The results indicate that the Diclofenac Sodium even at low concentration level diminishes the number of osteoclasts probably by inhibiting the secretion of prostaglandins there by reducing the OTM.

Effect of taurine on carotid intima media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Background : Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) has been proposed as a surrogate marker to identify diabetic patients at higher risk for CAD. Oxidative stress has been postulated to be involved in the development of atherosclerosis. Objective: The present study was to evaluate the effect of taurine on serum lipids, lipid peroxidation and RBC antioxidant status and vessel changes in type 2diabetes. Design :Twenty individuals T2DM, aged 35 -50 were enrolled. Twenty age and sex-matched healthy individuals served as controls. Taurine was given to both controls and diabetics at a dose of 500mg / day for a period of 30 days. Blood glucose, serum lipids, TBARS in plasma,RBC, antioxidant status in RBC were estimated before and after taurine supplementation. Intima media thickness in both common carotid arteries were assessed by using Doppler B mode ultrsonograghy. Results: Taurine significantly reduced the serum lipids, lipid peroxidation and improved the antioxidant enzymes in diabetics. Intima media thickness was significantly high in type 2 diabetics.Taurine significantly reduced the intima media thickness in both common carotid arteries in type 2 diabetics. Conclusion: Taurine by its antioxidant effect could be useful in retarding atherosclerosis in diabetics and thereby preventing the complications.

Association of insulin resistance with redox imbalance in patients with non diabetic hypertension.

Oxidative stress involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Hypertension itself acts as source of oxidative stress. Insulin resistance is involved in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. In the present study an attempt was made to study the association between insulin resistance and oxidative stress in non diabetic hypertensive patients. Two hundred and three, non diabetic hypertensive patients and two hundred and ten, healthy normotensive subjects were enrolled in this study. Malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, Fasting insulin and HOMA-IR levels were estimated in both groups. Fasting insulin, reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and MDA shows significant difference between cases and controls. Among the patients HOMA-IR were significantly correlated with lipid peroxides and shows negative correlation between HOMAIR and glutathione peroxidase. Increased HOMA-IR was found in non diabetic hypertensive patients. This study reveals the link between oxidative stress and insulin resistance.

Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme activity by reduced glutathione: A dose dependent invitro study.

The Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is a dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase and plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure. Several potent inhibitors of this enzyme have been reported to be active antihypertensive agents. Sulfhydryl (SH) group containing ACE inhibitors used as a antihypertensive agents. Reduced glutathione (GSH) as antioxidant play an important role in reducing the blood pressure. Several recent studies have shown that reduced glutathione enhance nitric oxide pathway and increases the bioavailability of nitric oxide resulting in vasodilatation. In this study reduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione (GS-SG) were investigated for inhibition against ACE using Hip-His-Leu (HHL) as substrate. The inhibition of ACE by different concentrations of reduced glutathione was much more than that of oxidized glutathione. The inhibition of ACE by reduced glutathione ranges from 12.5% to 60%. Oxidized glutathione shows less than 5% of inhibition. This study shows that apart from the antioxidant role, reduced glutathione inhibits ACE activity which plays a crucial role in the regulation of blood pressure.

Auto antibodies against oxidized low density lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in patients with essential hypertension

Lipid peroxidation has been suggested to play a key role in the oxidative modification of LDL (oxd-LDL) which stimulate the production of auto antibodies by Bcells and anti-oxd LDL antibodies are produced. These antibodies could represent a biological marker of oxidative stress and serve as markers of atherosclerosis. Essential hypertension is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis, recently border line hypertension also has been shown to be a risk factor for atherosclerosis. The aim of this study is to examine the correlation between oxd -LDL antibodies and lipid peroxidation in patient with essential hypertension. Blood samples were collected from patients with essential hypertension (n=155) and healthy individuals (n=160) levels of Malonaldihyde (MDA), Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, HDL and LDL were estimated by spectrophotometry and levels of Oxd- LDL antibodies were obtained by ELISA. Plasma levels of MDA, anti-oxdLDL antibodies, Total cholesterol and LDL Cholesterol is higher in patients than those in controls. Among patients concentration of MDA, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were not significantly different, however the concentration of anti-oxd LDL were higher in essential hypertensive patients (p=0.003). Significant positive correlation was observed between plasma levels of MDA, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and the concentration of anti-oxdLDL in patients but not in the controls. In conclusion High concentrations of anti-oxdLDL and MDA suggest an increase in oxidative stress that would contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. The observed correlation of MDA with anti-oxdLDL indicates the relationship between free radicals and atherosclerosis in essential hypertension.

Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Tephrosia purpurea leaf extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.

Diabetes mellitus is a worldwide leading metabolic syndrome, associated with profound alterations in carbohydrate, lipids, lipoproteins and protein metabolisms. Worldwide, traditional practitioners for the treatment of diabetes and its complications use a wide variety of medicinal plants. In the present study the aqueous extract of Tephrosia purpurea leaves (TpALet) was evaluated for its antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Profound alterations in the concentrations of blood glucose, lipids and lipoproteins were observed in diabetic rats. Oral administration of TpALet to diabetic rats at a dose of 600 mg/kg body weight significantly reduced the level of blood glucose and increased the level of plasma insulin as well as normalized the lipids and lipoproteins profile. The present study thus demonstrated that TpALet has prominent antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.

Hypolipidemic effect of methanolic extract of Dolichos biflorus Linn. in high fat diet fed rats.

High fat diet fed rats showed significant increased levels of plasma and tissue total cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids, plasma LDL cholesterol and decreased level of plasma HDL cholesterol. Methanolic extract of D. biflorus administration to high fat diet fed rats showed near to normal levels of the above lipids in plasma and tissues. Higher dose of the extract (400 mg/kg body weight) showed comparable results with standard drug atorvastatin. It is concluded that the methanolic extract of D. biflorus possesses hypolipidemic activity in high fat diet fed rats.

Renoprotective effect of grape seeds extract in ethylene glycol induced nephrotoxic mice.

Grape seed extract treatment in ethylene glycol (EG) induced nephrotoxic mice improved antioxidant status and significantly decreased urinary lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and lipid peroxidation. The extract rendered antioxidant protection against oxidative stress induced by EG and may help in protecting renal tissue against EG toxicity.

Antiatherogenic effect of taurine in high fat diet fed rats.

The role of taurine on atherogenesis induced by high fat diet in rats, a species which depends entirely on taurine for conjugation of bile acids has been investigated. Wistar male rats were fed on (p.o.) taurine in addition to high fat diet (11% coconut oil w/w) for 6 months. High fat diet caused significant increase of serum total cholesterol (2 fold), serum triglycerides (92.6%), LDL cholesterol (92.3%) and body weight gain (2.8 fold). Taurine administration significantly reduced serum cholesterol (37%), triglycerides (94.5%), LDL cholesterol (34%), body weight (46%). It also significantly reduced aortic cholesterol and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and there was a significant increase of reduced glutathione. Taurine significantly increased fecal bile acids which may have resulted in significant decrease of serum cholesterol. Aortic lesion index was significantly decreased in the taurine administered group suggesting the antiatherogenic effect of taurine. It is concluded that taurine attenuated the atherogenesis possibly by its hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant property.