Development of Predictive Models in Patients with Epiphora Using Lacrimal Scintigraphy and Machine Learning / 대한핵의학회잡지

PURPOSE@#We developed predictive models using different programming languages and different computing platforms for machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) that classify clinical diagnoses in patients with epiphora. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of these models.@*METHODS@#Between January 2016 and September 2017, 250 patients with epiphora who underwent dacryocystography (DCG) and lacrimal scintigraphy (LS) were included in the study. We developed five different predictive models using ML tools, Python-based TensorFlow, R, and Microsoft Azure Machine Learning Studio (MAMLS). A total of 27 clinical characteristics and parameters including variables related to epiphora (VE) and variables related to dacryocystography (VDCG) were used as input data. Apart from this, we developed two predictive convolutional neural network (CNN) models for diagnosing LS images. We conducted this study using supervised learning.@*RESULTS@#Among 500 eyes of 250 patients, 59 eyes had anatomical obstruction, 338 eyes had functional obstruction, and the remaining 103 eyes were normal. For the data set that excluded VE and VDCG, the test accuracies in Python-based TensorFlow, R, multiclass logistic regression in MAMLS, multiclass neural network in MAMLS, and nuclear medicine physician were 81.70%, 80.60%, 81.70%, 73.10%, and 80.60%, respectively. The test accuracies of CNN models in three-class classification diagnosis and binary classification diagnosis were 72.00% and 77.42%, respectively.@*CONCLUSIONS@#ML-based predictive models using different programming languages and different computing platforms were useful for classifying clinical diagnoses in patients with epiphora and were similar to a clinician's diagnostic ability.

Diagnostic Performance of ¹⁸F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/CT for Chronic Empyema-Associated Malignancy

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT) for chronic empyema-associated malignancy (CEAM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT images of 33 patients with chronic empyema, and analyzed the following findings: 1) shape of the empyema cavity, 2) presence of fistula, 3) maximum standardized uptake value (SUV) of the empyema cavity, 4) uptake pattern of the empyema cavity, 5) presence of a protruding soft tissue mass within the empyema cavity, and 6) involvement of adjacent structures. Final diagnosis was determined based on histopathology or clinical follow-up for at least 6 months. The abovementioned findings were compared between the ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT images of CEAM and chronic empyema. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was also performed. RESULTS: Six lesions were histopathologically proven as malignant; there were three cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, two of squamous cell carcinoma, and one of poorly differentiated carcinoma. Maximum SUV within the empyema cavity (p < 0.001) presence of a protruding soft tissue mass (p = 0.002), and involvement of the adjacent structures (p < 0.001) were significantly different between the CEAM and chronic empyema images. The maximum SUV exhibited the highest diagnostic performance, with the highest specificity (96.3%, 26/27), positive predictive value (85.7%, 6/7), and accuracy (97.0%, 32/33) among all criteria. On ROC analysis, the area under the curve of maximum SUV was 0.994. CONCLUSION: ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT can be useful for diagnosing CEAM in patients with chronic empyema. The maximum SUV within the empyema cavity is the most accurate ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT diagnostic criterion for CEAM.

Development of Predictive Models in Patients with Epiphora Using Lacrimal Scintigraphy and Machine Learning / 대한핵의학회잡지

PURPOSE: We developed predictive models using different programming languages and different computing platforms for machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) that classify clinical diagnoses in patients with epiphora. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of these models.METHODS: Between January 2016 and September 2017, 250 patients with epiphora who underwent dacryocystography (DCG) and lacrimal scintigraphy (LS) were included in the study. We developed five different predictive models using ML tools, Python-based TensorFlow, R, and Microsoft Azure Machine Learning Studio (MAMLS). A total of 27 clinical characteristics and parameters including variables related to epiphora (VE) and variables related to dacryocystography (VDCG) were used as input data. Apart from this, we developed two predictive convolutional neural network (CNN) models for diagnosing LS images. We conducted this study using supervised learning.RESULTS: Among 500 eyes of 250 patients, 59 eyes had anatomical obstruction, 338 eyes had functional obstruction, and the remaining 103 eyes were normal. For the data set that excluded VE and VDCG, the test accuracies in Python-based TensorFlow, R, multiclass logistic regression in MAMLS, multiclass neural network in MAMLS, and nuclear medicine physician were 81.70%, 80.60%, 81.70%, 73.10%, and 80.60%, respectively. The test accuracies of CNN models in three-class classification diagnosis and binary classification diagnosis were 72.00% and 77.42%, respectively.CONCLUSIONS: ML-based predictive models using different programming languages and different computing platforms were useful for classifying clinical diagnoses in patients with epiphora and were similar to a clinician's diagnostic ability.

Clinical Significance of Incidental Focal ¹⁸F-FDG Uptake in the Spinal Cord of Patients with Cancer / 대한핵의학회잡지

PURPOSE: We investigated the incidence, location, and clinical significance of focal ¹⁸F-FDG uptake of the spinal cord in patients with cancer.METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 22,937 consecutive adult patients with known or suspicious malignancy who underwent ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT. PET/CT scans with incidental focal spinal cord uptake were selected and retrospectively reviewed to determine the presence, location, number, and maximum standardized uptake value (SUV(max)) of any focal hypermetabolic lesions of the spinal cord. In subjects with focal spinal uptake, clinical characteristics and clinical follow-up results, including follow-up PET/CT, were reviewed.RESULTS: Incidental focal spinal cord uptake was observed in 69 of 22,937 adult patients (incidence = 0.3%; M:F = 31:38; age, 55.8 ± 14.7 years). Seventy-eight focal hypermetabolic lesions on spinal cord in the PET/CT scans of the 69 study subjects were analyzed. The most common sites of focal spinal cord uptake were the T12 vertebra (47/78; 60.3%) and L1 vertebra (20/78; 25.6%). Multifocal cord uptake was found in 8 of 69 patients (11.6%). The average SUV(max) for cord uptake was 2.5 ± 0.5 (range, 1.4∼3.9). There was no clinical or imaging evidence of abnormalities in the spinal cord, both at the time of PET/CT and during clinical follow-up.CONCLUSIONS: Although incidental focal ¹⁸F-FDG uptake of the spinal cord is rare in patients with cancer, it may be physiological or benign, but it should not be considered as malignant involvement. Common sites for the uptake were in the T12 and L1 spine levels.

Prognostic Significance of Volume-Based PET Parameters in Cancer Patients

Accurate prediction of cancer prognosis before the start of treatment is important since these predictions often affect the choice of treatment. Prognosis is usually based on anatomical staging and other clinical factors. However, the conventional system is not sufficient to accurately and reliably determine prognosis. Metabolic parameters measured by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) have the potential to provide valuable information regarding prognosis and treatment response evaluation in cancer patients. Among these parameters, volume-based PET parameters such as metabolic tumor volume and total lesion glycolysis are especially promising. However, the measurement of these parameters is significantly affected by the imaging methodology and specific image characteristics, and a standard method for these parameters has not been established. This review introduces volume-based PET parameters as potential prognostic indicators, and highlights methodological considerations for measurement, potential implications, and prospects for further studies.

Diffuse Thyroid Uptake Incidentally Found on 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography in Subjects without Cancer History

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the clinical significance of incidental diffuse thyroid uptake (DTU) on 18F-FDG PET in subjects without a history of cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 2062 studies from adults who underwent 18F-FDG PET as a cancer screening program. Subjects were divided into the following two groups: with (group I) or without (group II) DTU. The presence of DTU and the thyroid visual grading score were compared with thyroid function tests, serum anti-microsomal antibody (AMA) levels, and the presence of diffuse parenchymal change (DPC) on ultrasonography (USG). RESULTS: DTU was found in 6.6% of the scans (137/2062). Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and AMA levels were significantly higher in group I than in group II. Increased AMA level (55.1%) and DPC (48.7%) were more frequently found in group I (p < 0.001). The proportion of subjects with any abnormal results in serum free thyroxine, triiodothyronine, TSH, or AMA levels or DPC on USG was significantly higher in group I than in group II (71.5% vs. 10.6%, p < 0.001), and was significantly and gradually increased according to the visual grading score group (0 vs. 1-2 vs. 3-4 = 10.6% vs. 58.5% vs. 90.9%, p < 0.001). TSH and is AMA levels were significantly increased according to the visual grading score. CONCLUSION: The presence or degree of incidental DTU on 18F-FDG PET is closely correlated with increased serum AMA and TSH levels, and the presence of DPC on USG. Therefore, the most plausible pathological cause of DTU may be cell damage by an autoimmune mechanism.

Prognostic Value of Volume-Based 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT Parameters in Patients with Clinically Node-Negative Oral Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognostic value of volume-based metabolic parameters measured with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) in patients with clinically node-negative (cN0) oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) as compared with other prognostic factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we included a total of 57 patients who had been diagnosed with cN0 tongue cancer by radiologic, 18F-FDG PET/CT, and physical examinations. The maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), average SUV (SUVavg), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) for primary tumors were measured with 18F-FDG PET. The prognostic significances of these parameters and other clinical variables were assessed by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. RESULTS: In the univariate analysis, pathological node (pN) stage, American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage, SUVmax, SUVavg, MTV, and TLG were significant predictors for survival. On a multivariate analysis, pN stage (hazard ratio = 10.555, p = 0.049), AJCC stage (hazard ratio = 13.220, p = 0.045), and MTV (hazard ratio = 2.698, p = 0.033) were significant prognostic factors in cN0 OTSCC patients. The patients with MTV > or = 7.78 cm3 showed a worse prognosis than those with MTV < 7.78 cm3 (p = 0.037). CONCLUSION: The MTV of primary tumor as a volumetric parameter of 18F-FDG PET, in addition to pN stage and AJCC stage, is an independent prognostic factor for survival in cN0 OTSCC.

Current Status and Problems of PET/CT Data on CD for Inter-hospital Transfer / 핵의학분자영상

PURPOSE: This study was performed to find the current problems of positron emission tomography / computed tomography (PET/CT) data on CD for inter-hospital transfer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects were 746 consecutive 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT data CDs from 56 hospitals referred to our department for image interpretation. The formats and contents of PET/CT data CDs were reviewed and the email questionnaire survey about this was performed. RESULTS: PET/CT data CDs from 21 of 56 hospitals (37.5%) included all transaxial CT and PET images with DICOM standard format which were required for authentic interpretation. PET/CT data from the others included only secondary capture images or fusion PET/CT images. According to this survey, the main reason of limited PET/CT data on CD for inter-hospital transfer was that the data volume of PET/CT was too large to upload to the Picture Archiving and Communication System. CONCLUSION: The majority of hospitals provided limited PET/CT data on CD for inter-hospital transfer, which could be inadequate for accurate interpretation and clinical decision making. It is necessary to standardize the format of PET/CT data on CD for inter-hospital transfer including all transaxial CT and PET images with DICOM standard format.

Clinical Significance of Focal Breast Lesions Incidentally Identified by 18F-FDG PET/CT / 핵의학분자영상

PURPOSE: We evaluated the incidence and malignant risk of focal breast lesions incidentally detected by 18F-FDG PET/CT. Various PET/CT findings of the breast lesions were also analyzed to improve the differentiation between benign from malignant focal breast lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects were 3,768 consecutive 18F-FDG PET/CT exams performed in adult females without a history of breast cancer. A focal breast lesion was defined as a focal 18F-FDG uptake or a focal nodular lesion on CT image irrespective of 18F-FDG uptake in the breasts. The maximum SUV and CT pattern of focal breast lesions were evaluated, and were compared with final diagnosis. RESULTS: The incidence of focal breast lesions on PET/CT in adult female subjects was 1.4% (58 lesions in 53 subjects). In finally confirmed 53 lesions of 48 subjects, 11 lesions of 8 subjects (20.8%) were proven to be malignant. When the PET/CT patterns suggesting benignancy (maximum attenuation value > 75 HU or 20) were added as diagnostic criteria of PET/CT to differentiate benign from malignant breast lesions along with maximum SUV, the area under ROC curve of PET/CT was significantly increased compared with maximum SUV alone (0.680+/-0.093 vs. 0.786+/-0.076, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The malignant risk of focal breast lesions incidentally found on 18F-FDG PET/CT is not low, deserving further diagnostic confirmation. Image interpretation considering both 18F-FDG uptake and PET/CT pattern may be helpful to improve the differentiation from malignant and benign focal breast lesion.

18F-FDG PET/CT in Multiple Myeloma: Is It Necessary to Include the Skull and Lower Extremity Distal to Mid-Thigh? / 핵의학분자영상

PURPOSE: We evaluated whether it was necessary to perform whole body acquisition of 18F-FDG PET/CT including whole skull and lower extremity (LE) distal to mid-thigh (MT) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty patients underwent 45 whole body 18F-FDG PET/CT scans including skull and LE distal to MT. PET scans were divided by 2 subgroups according to the presence of abnormal focal 18F-FDG uptake in skull or LE distal to MT. Clinical characteristics including age, sex, and stages were compared between the 2 subgroups. RESULTS: Of total 45 whole body PET/CT scans, focally increased abnormal FDG uptake in the skull or LE distal to MT suggesting myeloma involvement was found in 22 scans (48.9%) of 14 patients (46.7%). Skull lesions were more frequently observed than LE lesions distal to MT on PET (86.4% vs. 40.9%, p0.05). CONCLUSION: Abnormal lesions in the skull or LE distal to MT on 18F-FDG PET/CT did not affect significantly on the tumor burden and Durie/Salmon plus stage of MM. Therefore, torso PET acquisition including head may be sufficient for evaluating patients with MM.

Diagnosis and Post-Therapeutic Evaluation of Arteriovenous Malformations in Extremities Using Transarterial Lung Perfusion Scintigraphy / 핵의학분자영상

PURPOSE: Differential diagnosis between arteriovenous (AVMs) and non-arteriovenous malformations (nAVMs) is important in patients with congenital vascular malformations, because AVMs can cause hemodynamic alteration and require immediate treatment. We investigated whether transarterial lung perfusion scintigraphy (TLPS) was useful for the diagnosis and post-therapeutic evaluation of AVMs in extremities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-seven patients (M:F=26:31, 21+/-13 yr, 9 upper and 48 lower extremities) suspected of congenital vascular malformations in extremities underwent TLPS using 99mTc-MAA before embolization/sclerotherapy. Dose-corrected shunt fraction (SF) was calculated from time-activity curve of the lung. Final diagnosis of AVMs was determined by angiography. In patients with AVMs, follow-up TLPS was done for post-therapeutic evaluation. RESULTS: Sixteen patients (8 upper and 8 lower extremities) had AVMs, while the remaining 41 had nAVMs (1 upper and 40 lower extremities). The mean SF of AVMs on TLPS was significantly higher than that of nAVMs (66.4+/-25.8% vs. 2.8+/-4.3%, p=0.003). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of TLPS (cut-off of SF = 20.0%) in diagnosis of AVMs before treatment were 93.8% (15/16), 100% (41/41) and 98.2% (56/57), respectively. The follow-up TLPS and angiography for post-therapeutic evaluation showed concordant results in 13 of 16 patients (81.3%) with AVMs. The mean SF of TLPS was significantly decreased after embolization/sclerotherapy (69.5+/-24.0% vs. 41.0+/-34.7%, p=0.01). CONCLUSION: TLPS provides hemodynamic information of AVMs in extremities semiquantitatively. Furthermore, the results of TLPS showed a high concordance rate with angiographic findings. Therefore, TLPS is useful for the diagnosis and post-therapeutic evaluation of AVMs in extremities.