Effect of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma and ErCr YSGG LASER activation of three fluoride varnishes on surface re-mineralization of enamel A SEM-EDX analysis

Effect of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma and ErCr YSGG LASER activation of three fluoride varnishes on surface re-mineralization of enamel A SEM-EDX analysisBackground: Dental remineralization is the process of transporting minerals from the surrounding environment (i.e., saliva and biofilm) into partially demineralized tooth structures. Remineralization can be induced by professional therapies such as fluoride-based treatments that have the highest level of supporting evidence. High-intensity LASER and nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma therapy have been known to increase the resistance of enamel to demineralization by surface modification. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the surface remineralization of enamel using ErCr:YSGG LASER and nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTP) activation with three different fluoride varnishes. Methodology: Sixty-eight extracted premolars were used which were sectioned mesiodistally to obtain 135 specimens and artificial caries were induced on the experimental surface. They were then randomly divided into three groups (n = 45): MI Varnish (GC Japan), Vanish Varnish (3M ESPE), and Embrace Varnish (Pulpdent). After varnish application, these groups were further divided into three subgroups based on the activation therapy used. Fifteen samples from each group were treated with ErCr:YSGG LASER, 15 samples with NTP, and 15 samples were the control that did not undergo activation. After 9 days of pH cycling, the mean ion concentration of the surface calcium and phosphate ions was recorded using FEG-SEM and EDX analysis. The data were statistically analyzed. Results: One-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test accepting P < 0.05 were performed for comparisons between all analyses groups. Vanish Varnish showed a higher Ca/P ratio in LASER, NTP, and control subgroups, followed by MI Varnish and Embrace Varnish. ErCr:YSGG LASER therapy showed an improved Ca/P ratio in all varnishes than NTP therapy and control. Conclusion: ErCr:YSGG LASER therapy showed positive effects toward improving the Ca/P, followed by NTP therapy as compared to control in all three varnishes indicating their role in enhancing the effects of remineralization. Vanish Varnish showed a higher Ca/P ratio indicating better remineralization post activation.

Comparative evaluation of antibacterial efficacy different bioactive smart composites An in vitro study

Background: Composites are the widely used restorative materials, and over the year, newer restorative composites have been introduced to eliminate the drawbacks of previous ones. The recent advance in restorative dentistry is bioactive restorative materials. However, bacterial plaque formation on these restorations is the primary reason for secondary caries. Aims and objectives: The purpose of this study was to do the comparative evaluation of bioactive restorative composites (Beautifil Flow Plus, Activa BioACTIVE, and Filtek Z250 XT as control) for their antibacterial efficacy under in vitro conditions. Materials and Method: Thirty material blocks were used for this evaluation. Antibacterial efficacy was checked against Streptococcus mutans and observed under confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results: The results showed that Activa BioACTIVE shows maximum number of dead bacteria on the material surface compared to other groups. Conclusion: It can be concluded as it has maximum antibacterial efficacy among tested materials.

Moyer's Mixed Dentition Predictable Values Correlation Among Hindu Children of Bhopal City.

Context: Prediction values based on a particular race cannot be considered as universal. It requires revision according to developing malocclusion and relative size of the tooth. Aim: To evaluate the applicability of Moyer’s mixed dentition analysis with derivation of regression equation for Hindu children of Bhopal city; Materials and methods: The mesio-distal width of permanent mandibular incisors, maxillary and mandibular canine and premolars were measured for 200 children of 12-16 years of age using digital vernier caliper; Statistical analysis: Student’s ‘t’ test was applied to compare the actual and predicted values and linear regression equations were derived for prediction of tooth size. The correlation between the sums of the canine, premolars in both arches and mandibular incisors was done by using coefficient of correlation (r). The Student’s unpaired t test was applied to compare the tooth dimensions between male and female;Results: Moyer’s prediction values was not an accurate method to estimate tooth dimensions in the present study sample. The mesio-distal crown dimensions in both the arches were larger in males compared to the females ;Conclusion: Statistically significant difference was present between predicted values of Moyer’s table and the values obtained in present study sample. So uses of newly devised regression equations are recommended for prediction of the combined mesiodistal width of canines and premolars in Hindu populations of Bhopal city.

Cariogenic potential of most commonly prescribed liquid oral medicines for children.

Consumption of liquid oral medicine by frequently ill children, significantly increases the risk of tooth demineralization. In this study a survey was conducted wherein the pediatricians, pharmacist and medical representatives of Bhopal city were enquired about the most commonly prescribed liquid oral medicines for children. The four categories of medicines reported were: antipyretics/analgesics, antibiotics, antihistaminics/antitussives and multivitamins. Three samples from each category were taken. Sugar concentration was evaluated by Lane-Eynon general volumetric method and pH was measured by using digital pH meter (EU-TECH). High concentration of sugar was found in 50% of samples and 90% samples showed low pH. Sugar concentration was in a range of 20.6 to 68.2% and pH in a range of 3.8 to 8.5. As sugar in medication is a potential threat to teeth, therefore, alternatives including sugar substitute should be considered.

Prevalence of dental caries and treatment needs among hemophilic children of kota city, rajasthan.

Background: Hemophilic children must be thought of as special patients. Although there have been number of studies regarding with oral surgical, periodontal management of hemophilia there is paucity for the dental caries and its severity in hemophiliac children. The objective of this study is to assess prevalence of dental caries and treatment needs among hemophilic children attending Rajasthan hemophilia society, Kota City, Rajasthan. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on a group of children suffering from haemophilia with age ranging from 0 to 15 years. Dentition Status and Treatment Needs Index (WHO 1997) was used to record dental caries. A total of 164 subjects of both the sexes were examined. Over all prevalence of dental caries was 87.19%. The present study showed dental caries prevalence and treatment needs was high among hemophilic patients indicating need for dental services at the earliest as a preventive measure for these patients.

Chocolate mouth rinse: Effect on plaque accumulation and mutans streptococci counts when used by children.

Background: Glucosyltransferases (GTF) play an important role in the adherence of bacteria to acquired pellicle. Cocoa bean husk extract (CBHE) has been shown to possess anti-glucosyltransferase and antibacterial activity. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of CBHE on plaque accumulation and mutans streptococcus count when used as a mouth rinse by children. Materials and Methods: Scaling of the teeth of the selected children was done and the children were instructed to refrain from their routine oral hygiene practices till the morning of the fourth day; they were instead given a placebo mouth rinse for use during this period. On the fourth day, saliva was collected from each subject for microbiological analysis and plaque was disclosed and scored using the modified Quigley and Hein plaque index; later, the teeth were cleaned. After 1 week, scaling of the subjects was done and they were given CBHE mouth rinse to rinse their mouth, following the above protocol. The data was statistically analyzed using Wilcoxon's signed rank test. Results: There was a 20.9% decrease in mutans streptococci counts and a 49.6% decrease in plaque scores in the CBHE group as compared to the placebo group, which was highly significant (P value Conclusion: CBHE is highly effective in reducing mutans streptococci counts and plaque deposition when used as a mouth rinse by children.

Papillon-Lefevre syndrome: Report of two cases in the same family.

Papillon-Lefevre syndrome is a very rare syndrome of autosomal recessive inheritance characterized by palmar-plantar hyperkeratosis and early onset of a severe destructive periodontitis, leading to premature loss of both primary and permanent dentitions. Various etiopathogenic factors are associated with the syndrome but a recent report has suggested that the condition is linked to mutations of the cathepsin C gene. Two cases of Papillon-Lefevre syndrome in the same family, having all of the characteristic features, are presented. An 11-year-old girl and a 9-year-old boy presented with the complaints of loose teeth. Both expressed hyperkeratosis of palms, soles, and knees. Severe generalized periodontal destruction, with mobility of teeth, was evident on intraoral examination; orthopantomograph examination showed severe generalized loss of alveolar bone in both the patients.

Estimation of trace elements in sound and carious enamel of primary and permanent teeth by atomic absorption spectrophotometry: an in vitro study.

The influence of trace elements on the prevalence of caries is a complex subject. However, the demonstration of an inverse relationship between caries prevalence and fluoride (F) intake indicates the potential effect of trace elements on caries. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This in vitro study sought to estimate and compare the trace element concentrations in sound and carious enamel of primary and permanent teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty sound and carious primary and permanent teeth, extracted from children and adolescents of Davangere city, were collected. The teeth were divided into four groups (of ten each) and enamel samples were prepared by mechanical grinding. The trace elements were estimated using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study showed the presence of 18 trace elements (F, Sr, K, Al, Si, Ni, B, Fe, Cu, Mn, Co, Cr, Zn, Mg, Se, Pb, Mo, and V) in the enamel of sound and carious primary and permanent teeth. The mean, standard deviation, and range (at 95% confidence level) were calculated for each element. The concentrations of F, Sr, and K were significantly ( P <0.05) higher in sound enamel of permanent teeth than in sound enamel of primary teeth. The concentrations of F, Sr, K, Al, and Fe were significantly ( P <0.05) higher in sound enamel of permanent teeth than in carious enamel of permanent teeth. The concentrations of F, K, and Si were significantly ( P <0.05) higher in sound enamel of primary teeth than in carious enamel of primary teeth.

Comparison of antibacterial properties of two fluoride-releasing and a nonfluoride-releasing pit and fissure sealants.

Occlusal pits and fissures are the most susceptible sites for the development of dental caries and prevention is difficult in the areas of occurrence. Although only 12.5% of all the tooth surfaces are occlusal, these surfaces develop more than two-thirds of total caries experienced by children. The fate of the bacteria is of significance when they are inadvertently sealed by a dental sealant. This study aimed in examining the antibacterial properties of three commercially available sealants, viz., Teethmate-F, Helioseal-F and Helioseal. Antibacterial testing was done by disc diffusion method. Selective agars were used to grow Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus, which are implicated in the pathogenesis of dental caries. Statistical analysis was carried out using student's t test. The study proved that Helioseal-F and Helioseal did not possess antibacterial properties and Teethmate-F was the only sealant that showed antibacterial properties.

Effect of antiasthmatic medication on dental disease: dental caries and periodontal disease.

The prevalence of asthma has been increasing since the 1980s. Asthma and tooth decay are the two major causes of school absenteeism. There are few studies present in the literature. The objectives of the present study were to know the severity of dental caries and periodontal problems in children before and after taking antiasthmatic medication. The present study was conducted on 105, six- to fourteen-year-old asthmatic children to determine the condition of their dental caries and their periodontal status before and after taking antiasthmatic medication, for a period of 1 year and these were matched with their controls. The results showed that salbutamol inhaler shows increased caries rate with high significance over other groups, which was followed by salbutamol tablets and beclamethasone inhaler respectively. It has been concluded that antiasthmatic medication has its effects on dental caries and periodontal disease and asthmatic patients are recommended to adopt more precautionary oral hygiene practices and keep their caries activity and periodontal health under constant check.

In vitro comparison of NiTi rotary instruments and stainless steel hand instruments in root canal preparations of primary and permanent molar.

This study is an attempt to compare the NiTi rotary and K-files hand instrumentation on root canal preparation of primary and permanent molars for their efficiency in preparation time, instrument failure and shaping the canals. About 20 primary mandibular second molar (I) and 20 permanent mandibular first molar (II) were selected. Each was further divided into 10 for K-files (a) and 10 for NiTi (b) groups, respectively. Results showed that preparation time Ib Ia and IIab<IIa, which was highly significant. In instrument failure, Ia (40%), IIa (30%) showed more deformation but not fracture and Ib (10%), IIb (20%) showed fracture, but not deformation. Profiles showed good canal taper and smoothness compared to the K-files. To conclude profile 0.04 taper 29 series, prepared canal rapidly than conventional K-file with good taper, smoothness though the flow was not satisfactory. Instrument failure with K-files was less. In primary teeth preparation time, instrument failure with profile was less compared to the permanent. To conclude it's encouraging to use the profiles in primary teeth.

Knowledge and attitude of 2,000 parents (urban and rural - 1,000 each) with regard to avulsed permanent incisors and their emergency management, in and around Davangere.

It is well recognized today that for long-term success, the management of traumatized teeth optimally should be carried out as soon as possible. Since, majority of traumatic injuries occur at home, the ultimate prognosis of an avulsed tooth may depend on knowledge of the treatment procedure, possessed by his or her parents. The purpose of this study was therefore to evaluate the parental knowledge and attitude regarding the emergency management of avulsed teeth in children (in Davangere--both urban and rural, 1,000 each).

Unusual presentation of inverted impacted premolars as a result of dentigerous cyst: a case report.

A case of dentigerous cyst associated with upper right lateral incisor that had resulted in displacement of the canine, inverted impaction of both the premolars and dilaceration of apical 1/3 of central incisor is reported here.

Conscious sedation--an artist's science! An Indian experience with midazolam.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate Midazolam as a Paediatric conscious sedative agent for a routine Indian dental setup and to compare its efficacy and safety when administered by intranasal and intramuscular routes, at a dosage of 0.2 mg/kg body weight. The present study was accomplished in two phases: Phase 1: Preliminary dose finding pilot study on 10 children. Phase 2: Single dose, randomized parallel clinical trial on 40 children between the ages of 2 and 5 years. These children were randomly assigned to two groups consisting of 20 subjects each. Group M, received Midazolam intramuscularly, while Group N received Midazolam intranasally. Both the intranasal and intramuscular groups showed highly significant decrease in crying levels, motor movements and sensory perception levels, post-sedation (P P < 0.001). Midazolam could be safely and successfully employed by intranasal and intramuscular routes for Paediatric conscious sedation in a routine dental setup with basic facilities at a dosage of 0.2 mg/ kg body weight. Whenever the clinical situation warrants a faster action, peak and recovery, the intranasal route should be the obvious choice.

Double facial and a lingual trace talon cusps: A case report.

Talon cusp is an uncommon odontogenic anomaly, presented as an accessory cusp like structure on the crown of an anterior tooth. Their presence may create diagnostic, esthetics, occlusal, pulpal and periodontal problems. This case report describes an unusual double facial talon cusp along with lingual trace talon on left maxillary central incisor.

Management of temporo-mandibular joint ankylosis in growing children.

Although temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis is one of the most common pathologies afflicting the facial skeleton, it is also the most overlooked and under-managed problem in children. The TMJ forms the very cornerstone of cranio-facial integrity and hence its ankylosis in growing children adversely affects the growth and development of the jaws and occlusion. Impairment of speech, difficulty in mastication, poor oral hygiene, rampant caries and acute compromise of the airway pose a severe psychologic burden on the tender minds of children. The aim of this article is to present an overview of efficient management strategies, based on a case report, so as to increase its awareness among all dental surgeons involved in the treatment of children.

"Moebius syndrome": a case report.

Moebius syndrome is an extremely rare disorder characterized by a lifetime facial paralysis, involving sixth and seventh cranial nerves with malformations of orofacial structures and the limbs. In this case, an 8 year old girl with Moebius syndrome is presented, clinical findings are described and management aspects are discussed. Early dental evaluation and parental counselling as a part of preventive dental regimen can go a long way in providing complete psychosocial rehabilitation for such physically disabled children.

Inverted central incisor--a case report.

An unusual case of inverted central incisor in a nine year old girl is reported here. The case was diagnosed as an infected dentigerous cyst. The unerupted central incisor was placed inverted almost near the ethmoid bone. The cyst was enucleated successfully.

Fluoride uptake by enamel and dentin from bonding agents and composite resins: a comparative study.

The present study was performed to compare the amount of in vitro fluoride uptake by enamel and dentin from fluoridated bonding agent with non-fluoridated composite (Group I), non-fluoridated bonding agent with fluoridated composite (Group II) and fluoridated bonding agent with fluoridated composite resin (Group III). Sixty extracted premolars were selected and divided into three groups of 20 teeth each. Restorative materials were applied according to manufacturer's instructions into standard windows created in the teeth, cured and placed in de-ionised water for three months. The fluoride content of successive acid etch biopsy was determined by specific ion-electrode analysis. Although significant amount of fluoride uptake occurred in all the test groups, fluoride uptake was found to be highly significant in dentin when compared to enamel in Group, I, II and III (P<0.001). The fluoride uptake was greater by both enamel and dentin in Group III ie fluoridated bonding agent with fluoridated composite resin.

Congenital muscular dystrophy--a case report.

A rare case of congenital muscular dystrophy with unique oro-facial manifestations is presented. Dental considerations and successful management techniques are discussed.