Résumé
Abstract The species Spondias mombin, is native to the Amazonian region. Since these trees' cultivation is incipient, their exploitation is done through extraction techniques. The aim of the present study was to assess the genetic divergences between S. mombin genotypesand to quantify the relative contribution from 12 morphological traits of the species' fruits and seeds, as well as to collect data able to subsidize future research on the species conservation and domestication. 60 genotypes were assessed in total, and ten fruits of each genotype were analyzed. Eight descriptors were used for fruit characterization, namely: fruit mass, pulp weight, volume, length, width, thickness, total soluble solids content and hydrogenionic potential. The seed descriptors were mass, length, width and thickness. The data were assessed through the principal components and groupings by applying the UPGMA and Tocher methods. They were analyzed in the GENES software, based on the dissimilarity matrix (Euclidean distance average). The analysis applied to the principal components showed that the first three components explained 83 % accumulated variation. The main traits contributing to the genotype discrimination were fruit width, fruit pulp weight, pH, seed length and thickness, and the most responsive traits to S. mombin genotype selection. The features fruit mass, seed width, fruit thickness, fruit volume, fruit length, seed mass and total soluble solid content presented the smallest contribution to diversity. The grouping methods UPGMA and Tocher evidenced genetic divergence between the analyzed genotypes. Genotypes 37 and 41 were more divergent than the others, what makes them promising for crossings in future genetic enhancement programs focused on the species' domestication.
Resumen Spondias mombin es un árbol nativo de la región amazónica; su explotación se produce de manera extractiva, siendo aún incipiente el cultivo de la especie. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la divergencia genética entre genotipos de S. mombin y cuantificar la contribución relativa de 12 características morfológicas de frutos y semillas, para obtener datos que permitan investigaciones futuras relativas a la conservación y domesticación de la especie. Se evaluaron 60 genotipos; de cada uno se analizaron diez frutos. Los descriptores utilizados para la caracterización de los frutos fueron ocho: masa del fruto, peso de la pulpa, volumen, longitud, anchura, espesor, contenido total de sólidos solubles y pH; los descriptores de semillas fueron cuatro: masa, longitud, anchura y espesor. Los datos se evaluaron por medio de componentes principales y agrupaciones obtenidas por métodos UPGMA y Tocher, de la matriz de disimilitud (distancia euclideana media) con ayuda del programa GENES. A través del análisis de los componentes principales, se verificó que los tres primeros componentes explican 83.63 % de la variación acumulada. Las características que más contribuyen a la discriminación de los genotipos fueron: anchura del fruto, peso de la pulpa, pH, longitud y espesor de semillas, y son las más significativas para la selección de genotipos de S. mombin. Las contribuciones más pequeñas a la diversidad se deben a: la masa del fruto, anchura de semilla, espesor, volumen y longitud del fruto, así como a la masa de las semillas y el contenido de sólidos solubles totales. Ambos métodos de agrupación, UPGMA y Tocher, revelaron que existe divergencia genética entre los genotipos analizados. Los genotipos 37 y 41 son los más divergentes respecto a los otros; por eso son ideales para programas de mejoramiento genético con miras a la domesticación de la especie.
Résumé
Stressed plants are generally more attacked by galling insects. In this study we investigated the relationship between population abundance and species richness of galling insects on the tree Alchornea castaneaefolia A. JUSS. (Euphorbiaceae), submited to stress induced by the hemiparasite Psittacanthus sp. (Loranthaceae) in the Amazon, Brazil. Branches of A. castaneaefolia attacked by the hemiparasite were more heavily infested by galling insects than non-attacked branches. The field observations partially corroborate the hypothesis that there would be an optimal level of host-plant stress for galling insect establishment.
Plantas estressadas geralmente são mais atacadas por insetos galhadores. Neste estudo investigamos a relação entre abundância populacional e a riqueza de espécies de insetos galhadores na árvore Alchornea castaneaefolia A. JUSS. (Euphorbiaceae), submetida ao estresse induzido pela hemiparasita Psittacanthus sp. (Loranthaceae) na Amazônia, Brasil. Galhos de A. castaneaefolia atacados pela hemiparasita foram mais fortemente infestados por insetos galhadores do que os galhos não atacados. As observações de campo corroboram parcilmente a hipótese de que haveria um nível ótimo de estresse da planta hospedeira para o estabelecimento de insetos galhadores.