RÉSUMÉ
BACKGROUND:Myocardial infarction is one of the most serious cardiovascular diseases at present,and the existing clinical treatment options such as thrombolytic therapy,percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass grafting cannot fully restore the myocardial damage caused by ischemia.Stem cell-derived exosomes for the treatment of myocardial infarction have been a hot research topic in recent years,but the low yield of natural-derived exosomes,the difficulty and time consuming nature of obtaining them,and the poor homing effect have limited their clinical application.In this context,the construction of artificial exosomes as an alternative to natural exosomes has become an effective strategy to solve the above problems. OBJECTIVE:To expound the research status of artificial exosomes in the treatment of myocardial infarction,and classify them into two design modes:semi-artificial and full-artificial,and discuss the research progress and problems of the two modes,finally,make the evaluation and prospect of its clinical application in the future. METHODS:PubMed and CNKI were searched for relevant articles with"artificial exosomes,myocardial infarction,engineering"in Chinese,and"artificial exosome,hybrid exosome,myocardial infarction,nanoparticle,drug delivery system"in English.The focus of the search was from January 2017 to December 2022,and some of the classic forward literature was included.A preliminary selection was conducted through reading titles and abstracts.Repetitive studies,low-quality journals and irrelevant articles were excluded.Finally,73 articles were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)By semi-artificially modifying exosomes,whether it is the modification of targeting peptides,hybridization of biofilms or the assistance of magnetic substances,traditional exosome therapies with insufficient targeting and low retention rate and easy to be cleared by the reticuloendothelial system have improved the efficiency of traditional exosome therapy for myocardial infarction.However,these strategies have problems such as unclear modification efficiency,medical ethics,and biotoxicity.(2)Fully artificial bionic exosomes have a higher degree of design freedom compared to exosome modification,which can solve the problems of high extraction and storage difficulties of exosomes of natural origin and limitations of large-scale production;however,this artificial exosome strategy still lacks reliable preclinical data support and biosafety testing,and has not yet formed a standardized process required for large-scale production;therefore,before applying to the clinic,the artificial exosome solution as an alternative to natural exosomes still needs continuous in-depth research by researchers.
RÉSUMÉ
@#Ischemic stroke is a cerebrovascular disease with high disability rate and mortality. At present,there is no effective treatment to promote the recovery of neurological function after ischemic stroke. Exosomes can not only mediate the communication between cells,but also have the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier,so they have received extensive attention in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Exosomes are modified by bioengineering technologies to prepare engineered exosomes with brain targeting and therapeutic effects,which have been applied in the research and treatment of ischemic stroke,in order to improve the repair of neurological function after stroke,reduce the clinical disability rate and mortality,and improve the survival and quality of life of patients. This article reviews exosomes,the role of exosomes in ischemic stroke,and the preparation of engineered exosomes,and discusses the application prospect of engineered exosomes in the treatment of ischemic stroke,with a view to providing a reference for subsequent research.