Superexpressão Gênica PTEN em Tecidos Miocárdicos de Pacientes de Cirurgia de Revascularização Miocárdica / Overexpression of the PTEN Gene in Myocardial Tissues of Coronary Bypass Surgery Patients

Resumo Fundamento: A doença arterial coronariana é um distúrbio complexo que causa morte em todo o mundo. Um dos genes envolvidos no desenvolvimento dessa doença pode ser o PTEN. Objetivos: Nosso objetivo foi investigar a expressão gênica e proteica do PTEN em amostras de tecido e sangue retiradas de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica. Métodos: Foram realizados estudos moleculares no Centro de estudos do genoma humano e células-tronco da Universidade Erciyes (GENKOK). Amostras do apêndice atrial direito e de sangue foram coletadas da veia central de 22 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica antes de iniciar e terminar a circulação extracorpórea. A expressão do PTEN foi determinada usando PCR quantitativo em tempo real e análise de Western Blot. O nível de significância aceito foi de p<0,05. Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa na expressão gênica do PTEN em amostras de sangue coletadas antes e depois da circulação extracorpórea. Entretanto, foi observado um aumento substancial nos níveis de expressão gênica e proteica de P-PTEN e PTEN nas amostras de tecido. A expressão gênica miocárdica PTEN aumentou significativamente ao final da circulação extracorpórea. A expressão gênica do PTEN no período pós-circulação extracorpórea aumentou em comparação com o período pré-circulação extracorpórea, mas não foi um aumento significativo em comparação com sujeitos saudáveis do grupo de controle. Conclusão: Este estudo revelou pela primeira vez o papel do gene PTEN analisando a expressão de mRNA e de proteína em pacientes com revascularização miocárdica, que se manifesta tanto em tecido miocárdico quanto em amostras de sangue. O aumento dos níveis de PTEN pode ser um marcador no tecido miocárdico para pacientes com doença arterial coronariana.

Abstract Background: Coronary artery disease is a complex disorder that causes death worldwide. One of the genes involved in developing this disease may be PTEN. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the PTEN gene and protein expression in tissue and blood samples taken from coronary bypass surgery patients. Methods: Molecular studies were performed at Erciyes University Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK). Right atrial appendage and blood samples were taken from the central vein of 22 coronary bypass surgery patients before starting and ending cardiopulmonary bypass. PTEN expression was determined using quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analysis. The significance level was accepted as p<0.05. Results: There was no significant difference in the PTEN gene expression in blood samples taken before and after cardiopulmonary bypass. However, a substantial increase in both protein and gene expression levels of P-PTEN and PTEN was observed in the tissue samples. Myocardial expression of the PTEN gene was significantly increased at the end of the cardiopulmonary bypass. PTEN gene expression in the post-cardiopulmonary bypass period was increased when compared to the pre-bypass period, but it was insignificant when compared to healthy controls. Conclusion: This study first revealed the role of the PTEN gene by analyzing both mRNA and protein expression in coronary bypass patients, appearing in both myocardial tissue and blood samples. Increased levels of PTEN may be a marker in myocardial tissue for patients with coronary artery disease.

Timelines of Philhealth Z Benefit Package for Standard Risk Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) Surgery at the University of the Philippines- Philippine General Hospital

@#Objective. The study evaluates the clinical profile of patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) under the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (Philhealth) Z Benefit Package (PZBP), as well as time intervals between PZBP screening, approval, and timing of surgery. Methods. A review of medical records was done to collect data on time intervals between the screening process and Philhealth approval in CABG patients under PZBP. The clinical profile and surgical outcomes of patients were also evaluated. Results. Sixty-three patients were included from March 2017 to December 2018. Most patients were under 61-70 years old. Hypertension was the most commonly observed comorbidity. Time intervals were analyzed including identification for surgery to eligibility screening (2–217 days, median 25 days), Philhealth approval (8–266 days, median 20 days), and surgery (9-403 days, median 33 days). Postoperative atrial fibrillation was seen in 22.58%. The most commonly observed complication prolonging hospitalization was pneumonia. Conclusion. This is the first local study which evaluated the timelines of PZBP. Results may be use as basis of follow up study in the future for identification of an acceptable timeline intervals. Several modifiable factors affecting time intervals were identified for further improvement of healthcare services. The leading cause of increase length in hospitalization were HAP and AF.

Is hypoalbuminemia a predictor for acute kidney injury after coronary bypass grafting in diabetes mellitus patients?

Abstract Objective: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most important complications after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) procedure. Serum albumin, which is an acute phase reactant, is suggested to be associated with AKI development subsequent to various surgical procedures. In this study, we research the relation between preoperative serum albumin levels and postoperative AKI development in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients undergoing isolated CABG. Methods: We included a total of 634 diabetic patients undergoing CABG (60.5±9.1 years, 65.1% male) into this study, which was performed between September 2009 and January 2014 in a single center. The relation between preoperative serum albumin levels and postoperative AKI development was observed. AKI was evaluated and diagnosed using the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) classification. Results: AKI was diagnosed in 230 (36.3%) patients. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the independent predictors of AKI development. Proteinuria (odds ratio [OR] and 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.066 [1.002-1.135]; P=0.043) and low preoperative serum albumin levels (OR and 95% CI, 0.453 [0.216-0.947]; P=0.035) were found to be independent predictors of AKI. According to the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, albumin level <3mg/dL (area under the curve: 0.621 [0.572-0.669], P<0.001) had 83% sensitivity and 10% specificity on predicting the development of AKI. Conclusion: We observed that a preoperative low serum albumin level was associated with postoperative AKI development in patients with DM who underwent isolated CABG procedure. We emphasize that this adjustable albumin level should be considered before the operation since it is an easy and clinically implementable management for the prevention of AKI development.

A prospective, randomized, comparison study on effect of perioperative use of chloride liberal intravenous fluids versus chloride restricted intravenous fluids on postoperative acute kidney injury in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting surgeries

Context and Aims: Off-pump coronary artery bypass graft (OPCABG) is a form of CABG surgery. It is performed without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass machine as a surgical treatment for coronary heart disease. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the common postoperative complications of OPCABG. Previous studies suggest important differences related to intravenous fluid (IVF) chloride content and renal function. We hypothesize that perioperative use of chloride restricted IVFs may decrease incidence and severity of postoperative AKI in patients undergoing OPCABG. Methods: Six hundred patients were randomly divided into two groups of 300 each. In Group A (n = 300), chloride liberal IVFs, namely, hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) in 0.9% normal saline (Voluven), 0.9% normal saline, and Ringer's lactate were used for perioperative fluid management. In Group B (n = 300), chloride-restricted IVFs, namely, hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) in balanced colloid solution (Volulyte) and balanced salt crystalloid solution (PlasmaLyte A), were used for perioperative fluid management. Serum creatinine values were taken preoperatively, postoperatively at 24 h and at 48 h. Postoperative AKI was determined by AKI network (AKIN) criteria. Results: In Group A, 9.2% patients and in Group B 4.6% patients developed Stage-I AKI determined by AKIN criteria which was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Perioperative use of chloride restricted IVF was found to decrease incidence of postoperative AKI. The use of chloride liberal IVF was associated with hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.

Multiple factors analysis on the recovery of left ventricular ejection fraction in the revascularized patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective We probed how to predict left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of the ischaemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) patients would be improved apparently after revascularization. Methods Between July 2010 and December 2015, 245 ICM patients (30%≤LVEF≤40%) with coronary bypass grafting (CABG) were retrospectively observed. Among them, 146 patients were accompanied by ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) (146/245, 59.6%), and 41 patients underwent mitral valvuloplasty or replacement because of more than moderate IMR. There were 13 patients early death, and other 232 patients who were followed up over 6 months were divided into two groups based on whether or not post-operative LVEF increased by 10%: a LVEF recovered group (group A, 124 patients) and a non-recovered group (group B, 108 patients). Results Preoperative NT-proBNP in the group A was significantly higher than that in the group B (P=0.036). There were less patients with myocardial infarction in the group A than that in the group B (P=0.047), and more with angina pectoris in the group A than that in the group B (P=0.024). There was no significant difference in the extent of mitral regurgitation or mitral surgery between the groups A and B (P>0.05). There were lower left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD) and left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) in the group A than those in the group B (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that preoperative LVEDD dilated apparently and no angina pectoris existed before surgery were independent risk factors for LVEF with no recovery in the ICM patients (30%≤LVEF≤40%) after revascularization. The LVEDD of 245 patients (including 13 early deaths) was 41-71 mm. We found that the ICM patients with LVEDD ≥60 mm were more likely to signify the unfavourable prognosis (χ2=8.63, P=0.003, OR=2.21, 95% confidence interval 1.25 to 3.91). Conclusion Preoperative LVEDD dilated and no angina pectoris before surgery are independent risk factors for LVEF with no recovery in the ICM patients (30%≤LVEF≤40%) after revascularization. LVEDD≥60 mm can be regarded as the preoperative forecasting factors for the unfavourable prognosis in the ICM patients (30%≤LVEF≤40%) after revascularization.

Clinical contrast research of Coronary bypass operation under Extacorpeal circulation and Non-extracor-poeal circulation in patients over 70 years old with coronary triple-vessel disease / 实用医学杂志

Objective Through compare the clinical data of two kinds of coronary bypass operation under Extacorpeal circulation and Non extracorpoeal circulation in patients over 70 years old with triple-vessel disease, and to provide the clinicalexperience. Methods Choose the patients hospitalized from Department of thoracic sur-gery 115 cases who had had coronary arterybypass grafting surgery from January 2014 to June 2017.there were 51 cases accepted Extracorporeal circulation surgery,Another 64 cases accepted Non-extracorpoeal circulation sur-gery.And make a comparative study of the clinical data of two kinds of coronary bypass operation. Results Com-pared with the Extacorpeal circulation group,the operation time,bypass vessel numb,the Thoracic Drainage were no statistic difference in Non-extracorpoealcirculation(P>0.05),The amount of transfused blood;Mechanical ven-tilation time,Hospitalized time in ICU;Postoperative complications;Total hospitalization time were Significantly lower than Extacorpeal circulation group,the difference was statistically significant(P < 0.05). Conclusions As the development of technology and the maturity of the operator′s experience,Off-pump coronary artery bypass graft-ing is safe and effective in elderly patients,which could be further promoted in clinical practice.

50 años de cirugía de bypass coronario, meditar el pasado, enfrentar el presente y forjar el futuro / Fifty years of coronary artery surgery

Al cumplirse este año 50 años de la cirugía de bypass coronario, introducida y desarrollada por René Favaloro en la Cleveland Clinic, es conveniente meditar el camino seguido previamente por la cirugía para tratar la enfermedad coronaria, analizar cómo la cirugía enfrenta en la actualidad esta grave y frecuente enfermedad, y, si es posible, predecir el rol que ésta jugará en el futuro en el tratamiento de la enfermedad coronaria.

This year is the 50th anniversary of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft surgery, introduced and developed by René Favaloro at The Cleveland Clinic. The occasion calls for meditation about the path followed by surgery to treat coronary artery disease in the past, to analyze how surgery currently faces this serious and frequent disease and, if possible, to predict the role that surgery will play in the future in the treatment of coronary artery disease.

Alternativas para lograr la revascularización arterial total usando una o ambas arterias mamarias y el remanente distal de una de ellas como únicos injertos / Alternatives to achieve total arterial revascularization using one or both mammary arteries and distal remnant of them as unique grafts

Introducción: Toda cirugía de revascularización miocárdica debe estar dirigida a lograr que el paciente permanezca el mayor tiempo posible sin necesidad de una nueva revascularización. La revascularización arterial total contribuye a alcanzar este propósito. Objetivo: Demostrar que ambas arterias mamarias pueden ser utilizadas, en varias configuraciones, para lograr la revascularización arterial total. Métodos: Se incluyeron 35 pacientes, 29 de género masculino y 6 del femenino, con edad promedio de 54,2 años, a quienes se les revascularizaron una o ambas arterias mamarias, en el período entre enero de 2012 y septiembre de 2014, para un seguimiento medio de 13,1 meses. El valor del Euroscore aditivo fue de 0 para los hombres y 1 para las mujeres. Resultados: Se describieron siete configuraciones para lograr la revascularización arterial total, usando una o ambas arterias mamarias y el remanente distal de una de las arterias mamarias como únicos injertos. No hubo fallecimientos ni complicaciones mayores en los pacientes revascularizados. Seis meses después todos permanecían asintomáticos y sin nuevos signos de isquemia en los territorios revascularizados. Conclusiones: La revascularización arterial total, utilizando una o ambas arterias mamarias y el remanente distal de una de ellas es posible y arroja buenos resultados en pacientes seleccionados.

Introduction: The aim of all coronary artery bypass grafts should be to allow patients to stay as long as possible without the need to repeat revascularization. Total arterial revascularization contributes to achieving these purposes. Objective: To demonstrate that both mammary arteries can be used in various configurations to achieve total arterial revascularization. Methods: 35 patients were included, 29 male and 6 female, with age average of 54.2 years, who were revascularized with one or both mammary arteries in the period between January 2012 and September 2014, with a mean follow-up time of 13.1 months. The additive EuroSCORE was 0 for men and 1 for women. Results: Seven configurations are described to achieve total arterial revascularization using one or both mammary arteries and the distal remnant of a mammary arteries as single grafts. There were no deaths or major complications in patients revascularized. Six months later, all were asymptomatic with no new signs of ischemia in revascularized territories. Conclusions: Total arterial revascularization using one or both mammary arteries and distal remaining one is possible and gives good results in selected patients.

Physical Therapy Program Improves the Physiological Impact Towards Better Quality of Life and Low Cardiac Risk Factors in Patients Following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. Systematic Review.

Introduction: Studies suggest that exercise therapy may enhance heart rate variability in myocardial infarction, chronic heart failure and revascularization patients by increasing vagal tone and decreasing sympathetic activity. This review addressed the impact of cardiac rehabilitation programs (CRPs) in post CABG patients on the quality of life, in terms of physical function and cardiac risk factors. Methods: OVID, Science direct, Embase, AMED and Cochrane controlled Trial Register were searched for studies published from 2005 up to 2015. Two reviewers assessed the eligibility of each study based on predefined inclusion criteria. Results: Of 35 abstracts reviewed, 9 studies met the inclusion criteria. All studies compared CRPs of different interventions to a control (non-intervention) group. From the selected 9 studies, 6 studies included interventions compared with control groups (usual or standard care) while 3 studies compared two different intervention strategies with groups and included a no-intervention control group. Conclusion: This systematic review concludes that all types of CRPs lead to improvements in the quality of life and reduction of cardiac risk factors in post CABG patients. However, these improvements were quite varied between the 9 studies according to variations in the components of CRPs.

Left Anterior Descending Coronary Endarterectomy for a Patient with Dextrocardia and Situs Inversus / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

An 80-year-old woman with dextrocardia and situs inversus was admitted with chest pain. She successfully underwent off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. The free left internal mammary artery (IMA) was anastomosed to the posterior lateral branch and the <i>in-situ </i>right IMA to the left anterior descending artery (LAD). The reconstruction of the LAD was performed with endarterectomy due to a diffusely diseased LAD with severe calcification. Except for the mirror-image anatomy, the surgical technique was similar to that used for patients with situs solitus.

Cuidado de enfermería al paciente en postoperatorio temprano de revascularización miocárdica / Nursing care of the patient in early postoperative myocardial revascularization

La etapa temprana postoperatoria después de un injerto de bypass de arteria coronaria, sigue siendo una de las fases más críticas para los pacientes que recibieron intervención quirúrgica del corazón. Se pretendió diseñar una propuesta de cuidado de enfermería con base en los problemas que presentan los pacientes en esta fase del proceso de recuperación (48-96 horas), a partir de la descripción e interpretación de los eventos clínicos que requieren cuidados de enfermería (ECRCE) y situaciones que requieren cuidado de enfermería (SRCE). Los ECRCE incluyeron datos cuantitativos en los sistemas neurológico, cardiovascular y respiratorio, y en piel. Estos datos se recolectaron a través de la Hoja de Registro de Información (HRI), historia clínica e información general, diagnósticos y datos relacionados con la cirugía. Por otro lado, los datos cualitativos, que incluyen bienestar, logros, razonamiento, beneficio, complacencia, creencias y valores, sufrimiento, agobio y pesadumbre se investigaron a través de una entrevista semiestructurada a profundidad. Los datos cuantitativos (ECRCE) se analizaron mediante el modelo de Rasch, estadística descriptiva y análisis de correspondencias múltiple y el método de clasificación (cluster analysis). Los datos cualitativos (SRCE) fueron codificados y agrupados en categorías, y luego analizados e interpretados en consecuencia. El análisis mostró que los cambios que se presentan inmediatamente después de la cirugía, permanecen a lo largo de todo el proceso de recuperación. La identificación de éstos permitió la elaboración de una propuesta de cuidado de enfermería a los pacientes durante by pass aorto-coronario (CABG).

Postoperative early stage after grafting of coronary artery bypass, remains one of the most critical phases for the patients undergoing heart surgery. We intended to design a nursing proposal based on the problems presented by patients at this stage of the recovery process (48-96 hours), from the description and interpretation of clinical events requiring nursing care (CERNC) and situations that require nursing care (SRNC). The CERNC included quantitative data on the neurological, cardiovascular and respiratory systems and in the skin. These data were collected through Record Sheet Information (RSI), medical history and general information, diagnostics and surgery-related data. Secondly, qualitative data, which include welfare, achievements, reasoning, benefit, complacency, beliefs and values, suffering, anxiety and grief were investigated through in-depth semi-structured interviews. Quantitative data (CERNC) were analyzed using the Rasch model, descriptive statistics and multiple correspondence analysis and classification method (cluster analysis). Qualitative data (SRNC) were coded and grouped into categories, and then analyzed and interpreted accordingly. The analysis showed that the changes that occur immediately after surgery remain along the whole recovery process. The identification of these led to the drafting of a proposed nursing care to patients during CABG.

Fibrilación auricular en el período posoperatorio precoz de la cirugía de revascularización coronaria / Atrial fibrillation in the early postoperative period of the coronary bypass surgery

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 73 pacientes con fibrilación auricular de nueva aparición en las primeras 72 horas del periodo posoperatorio de revascularización coronaria, intervenidos quirúrgicamente en el Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular del Hospital Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico "Saturnino Lora Torres" de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero de 2010 hasta igual período de 2013. En la serie, los mayores de 60 años fueron los más afectados (71,2%), con un aumento en la frecuencia a medida que avanzó la edad. Primaron el sexo masculino (74,3 %) y el hábito de fumar (86,0 %). Entre los factores más notables figuraron: antecedentes de hipertensión arterial, fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda por debajo de 55,0 %, revascularización incompleta y uso del bypass de apoyo. Aunque esta arritmia se relacionó con otras complicaciones posoperatorias, el bajo gasto cardiaco y los accidentes vasculares encefálicos predominaron en esta investigación.

A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 73 patients with new-onset atrial fibrillation in the first 72 hours of the postoperative period of coronary bypass surgery, surgically treated at the Cardiovascular Surgery Department of "Saturnino Lora Torres" Provincial Teaching Clinical Surgical Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, from January 2010 to the same month of 2013. In the series those older than 60 years were the most affected (71.2%), with an increase in frequency as age advanced. Males (74.3%) and smoking habit (86.0%) prevailed. Among the most remarkable factors were history of hypertension, left ventricular ejection fraction below 55.0%, incomplete revascularization and use of the bypass support. Although this arrhythmia was related to other postoperative complications, low cardiac output and strokes prevailed in this study.

Algoritmo para el diagnóstico del infarto miocárdico agudo en el período posoperatorio de la cirugía de revascularización coronaria / Algorithm for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in the postoperative period of coronary bypass surgery

El infarto agudo del miocardio en el periodo posoperatorio de la cirugía de revascularización coronaria constituye una complicación grave, debido a la elevada mortalidad que provoca. Su diagnóstico resulta esencialmente clínico, enzimático y ecocardiográfico, razón por la cual debe establecerse tempranamente, pues de ello depende el éxito terapéutico y la evolución de los pacientes; por tanto, es de vital importancia, poseer una guía que permita orientarse y reducir el tiempo requerido para este. Se presenta un algoritmo diagnóstico de fácil aplicación, elaborado en el Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular del Hospital Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico "Saturnino Lora Torres" de Santiago de Cuba, con vistas a disminuir el tiempo de definición de esta enfermedad y que puede ser empleado en el resto de los centros del país.

Acute myocardial infarction in the postoperative period of coronary bypass surgery is a serious complication due to the high mortality it causes. Its diagnosis is essentially clinical, enzymatic and echocardiographic, reason why it should be early established, because the success of therapy and patient outcomes depend on that; therefore, it is of paramount importance to have a guide to get information and to reduce the time required for this. An easily applicable diagnostic algorithm is presented, developed in the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of "Saturnino Lora Torres" Provincial Teaching Clinical Surgical Hospital of Santiago de Cuba, in order to reduce the time of definition of the disease, which can be used in the rest of centers of the country.

Application of double C program in the perioperative period of coronary artery bypass / 中国综合临床

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of the double C program consisting of glucose monitoring systems (CGMS) and insulin pump (CSⅡ) in perioperative period of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass patients with type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods Divided participants who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery with T2DM into double C treatment group (double C group,n =20) and multiple subcutaneous insulin group (MSⅡ group,n =30).Before and after surgery,blood sugar control in blood glucose time,blood sugar fluctuations,the amount of insulin,the incidence of low blood sugar,incision infection,and total hospitalization days were observed.Results Comparing the double C treatment group with the MSⅡ group,blood sugar fluctuations ((5.76 ± 1.42) mmol/L vs.(7.91 ± 1.68) mmol/L,P ＜ 0.05),the amount of insulin ((38.82 ± 16.97) U/d vs.(49.00 ± 15.32) U/d,P =0.032),the blood sugar compliance time ((3.52 ± 1.13) d vs.(6.00 ± 4.27) d,P =0.002),hypoglycemia (4 cases vs.1 case,P =0.025),the incision infection rates in both the cases(P =0.948),the total admission days((23.68 ± 13.67) d vs.(30.12 ± 2.94) d,P =0.084).Conclusion The double C program is comprehensively effective.for the perioperative glycemic control of patients with T2DM undergoing coronary artery bypass.

Retiro de "Stents" intracoronarios y cirugía de revascularización miocárdica / Retirada de "Stents" intracoronários e irurgia de revascularização miocárdica / Intracoronay “stents” removal and coronary artery Bypass grafting surgery

Introducción: es cada vez más frecuente la necesidad de retirar “stents” en la cirugía de revascularización. Material y métodos: serie de casos en los que se realiza endarterectomía y retiro de “stents” de vasos coronarios entre el 1 de enero y el 30 de abril del 2011. Se analizó morbilidad, antecedentes y evolución. Resultados: tres pacientes requirieron remoción de “stents”, dos de la descendente anterior y uno de la coronaria derecha, un paciente con infarto del miocardio falleció por choque cardiogénico. Conclusión: La remoción de “stents” en cirugía de revascularización debe considerar se como opción terapéutica en casos bien determinados.

Introdução: Cada vez é mais frequente a necessidade de retirar “stents” na cirurgia de revascularização. Material e métodos: série de casos onde são realizadas endarterectomia e retirada de“stents” de artérias coronárias entre 1 de janeiro e 30 de abril de 2011. Analisou-se morbilidade, antecedentes e evolução. Resultados: três pacientes tiveram remoção de “stents”, dois da artéria descendente anterior e um da coronária direita, um paciente com infarto do miocárdio faleceu por choquecardiogênico. Conclusão: A remoção de “stents” em cirurgia de revascularização deve considerar-se como opção terapêutica em casos bem determinantes.

Introduction: Stent removal is associated to coronary artery by-pass surgery is a more fre-quent procedure. Material and Methods: We present the cases that required endarterectomy, stent removal and coronary artery by-pass surgery between January 1, 2011, and April 30, 2011. We analyzedmedical history, morbidity, and evolution.Results: Three patients required stents removal, two in coronary anterior descending artery and one on right coronary artery. One patient with acute myocardial infarction died, due tocardiogenic shock. Conclusion: It was concluded that stent removal in coronary artery by-pass surgery shouldbe considered as a surgical option in selected cases.

Diferenças regionais no acesso a cirurgia cardiovascular no Brasil, 2002 -2010 / Regional differences in access to coronary bypass surgery in Brazil, 2002-2010

As taxas internação por angioplastia e cirurgia de revascularização vêm sendo usadas como proxies de acesso a serviços de alta complexidade. O objetivo é analisar sua evolução e discutir quais seriam as possíveis causas associadas às desigualdades regionais. Foram calculadas as taxas padronizadas de realização de angioplastia e cirurgia de revascularização por sexo e idade por 100 mil habitantes de 20 anos e mais, no período 2002 a 2010. A comparação com os dados internacionais mostra que o Brasil tem taxas menores que as observadas nos países da OECD. No Brasil, as taxas padronizadas de internação por angioplastia na população de 20 anos ou mais apresentaram uma tendência de crescimento, passando de 27,5 por 100 mil habitantes em 2002 para 39 por 100 mil em 2010. Na comparação das taxas padronizadas por idade e sexo entre as grandes regiões do Brasil, além das diferenças marcantes no eixo Norte - Sul, o que chama atenção é que mantenham um padrão estável e também as diferenças regionais. A constituição de redes assistenciais regionais hierarquizadas para cirurgias cardíacas constitui uma estratégia importante para: garantir a qualidade do cuidado, a optimização dos custos operacionais e reduzir as desigualdades no acesso entre as regiões brasileiras.

The hospitalization rates for angioplasty and coronary bypass surgery have been used as proxies for access to highly specialized services. The scope of this study is to analyze the evolution of these rates and discuss what are the possible causes associated with regional inequalities. Standardized rates of angioplasty and coronary bypass surgery by age and sex per 100,000 inhabitants aged 20 and over, in the period from 2002 to 2010 were calculated. Comparison with international data shows that Brazil has lower rates than those observed in OECD countries. In Brazil, the standardized rates of hospitalization for angioplasty in the population aged 20 and over showed an upward trend, rising from 27.5 per 100,000 in 2002 to 39 in 2010. When mortality rates by age and sex from different geographical regions were compared, besides the marked differences in the north - south axis, what is notable is the maintenance of a stable pattern of these rates and regional differences over the period analyzed. The definition of regional health care networks for cardiac surgery is an important strategy to ensure the quality of care, optimization of operating costs and reduction of inequalities in access to healthcare between Brazilian regions.

The effect of weight loss on the outcome after coronary artery bypass grafting in obese patients.

The role of body mass index (BMI) in the setting of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery has been a focus of past studies. However, the effects of postoperative weight loss in patients after CABG is yet to be known. We performed a retrospective study of 899 patients who underwent CABG at our institution. Perioperative patient information was collected from an onsite electronic record system. Patients were grouped into four BMI categories: normal controls, overweight, obese and morbidly obese. Based on the postoperative BMI changes, patients were then grouped into three categories: gainers, no change and losers. Statistical analyses were performed using analysis of variance and linear regression to establish an association among the data. Hazard ratios (HR) and cumulative survival were obtained by the Cox-Mantel and Kaplan-Meier analyses, respectively. The normal controls exhibited a markedly higher mortality postoperatively, at 27.9%, especially when compared with the obese individuals (16.1%). Patients who lost weight faced a significantly increased risk of mortality than those who experienced no changes or gained weight after surgery. This trend was especially salient among the obese patients, who more than tripled their mortality risk (HR = 3.24) versus individuals who gained weight, and more than doubled their risk (HR = 2.87) versus those who had no changes. We conclude that obesity confers a survival advantage in the setting of the CABG surgery. Weight loss among all BMI categories of patients studied results in an adverse effect on postoperative survival.

A randomized prospective analysis of alteration of hemostatic function in patients receiving tranexamic acid and hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) undergoing off pump coronary artery bypass surgery.

Postoperative hemorrhagic complications is still one of the major problems in cardiac surgeries. It may be caused by surgical issues, coagulopathy caused by the side effects of the intravenous fluids administered to produce plasma volume expansion such as hydroxyl ethyl starch (HES). In order to thwart this hemorrhagic issue, few agents are available. Fibrinolytic inhibitors like tranexamic acid (TA) may be effective modes to promote blood conservation; but the possible complications of thrombosis of coronary artery graft, precludes their generous use in coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The issue is a balance between agents that promote coagulation and those which oppose it. Therefore, in this study we have assessed the effects of concomitant use of HES and TA. Thromboelastogram (TEG) was used to assess the effect of the combination of HES and TA. With ethical committee approval and patient's consent, 100 consecutive patients were recruited for the study. Surgical and anesthetic techniques were standardized. Patients fulfilling our inclusion criteria were randomly allocated into 4 groups of 25 each. The patients in group A received 20 ml/kg of HES (130/0.4), 10 mg/kg of T.A over 30 minutes followed by infusion of 1 mg/kg/hr over the next 12 hrs. The patients in group B received Ringer's lactate + TA at same dose. The patients in the Group C received 20 ml/kg of HES. Group D patients received RL. Fluid therapy was goal directed. Total blood loss was assessed. Reaction time (r), α angle, maximum amplitude (MA) values of TEG were assessed at baseline, 12, 36 hrs. The possible perioperative myocardial infraction (MI) was assessed by electrocardiogram (ECG) and troponin T values at the baseline, postoperative day 1. Duration on ventilator, length of stay (LOS) in the intensive care unit (ICU) were also assessed. The demographical profile was similar among the groups. Use of HES increased blood loss significantly (P < 0.05). Concomitant use of TA reduced blood loss when used along with HES. r value was prolonged at 12 hours in all the groups and α angle was reduced at 12 hours in all the groups, where as MA value was reduced at 12 th hour in the HES group compared to the baseline and increased in TA + HES group. These findings were statistically significant. No significant change in Troponin T values/ ECG, duration of ventilation and LOS ICU was observed. No adverse events was noticed in any of the four groups. HES (130/0.4) used at a dose of 20 ml/kg seems to produce coagulopathy causing increased blood loss perioperatively. Hemodilution produced by fluid therapy seems to produce Coagulopathy as observed by TEG parameters. Concomitant use of TA with HES appears to reverse these changes without causing any adverse effects in patients undergoing OPCAB surgery.

Blood-saving effect of combination of hemocoagulase artox for injection and tranexamic acid in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To evaluate the blood-saving effect of combination of hemocoagulase artox for injection and tranexamic acid (TXA) in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG).Methods Eighty ASA Ⅱ patients (NYHA Ⅰ or Ⅱ),aged 50-70 yr,weighing 50-100 kg,scheduled for elective OPCABG,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =20 each):control group (group C),hemocoagulase atrox for injection group (group H,n =20),TXA group (group T) and hemocoagulase atrox for injection + ·TXA group (group HT).Hemocoagulase atrox 0.04 U/kg (the highest dose 4 U) was injected at 20 min before skin incision,and additional hemocoagulase atrox 2 U was given every 2 h starting from 15 min after administration of protamine until the end of operation in group H.TXA 20 mg/kg was injected intravenously at skin incision,followed by a continuous infusion of TXA at 10 mg· kg-1 · h-1 until the end of operation in group T.Hemocoagulase atrox and TXA were given as the method described in groups H and T.Venous blood samples were taken from the central vein before operation,at the end of operation,and 24 h after operation to determine the plasma D-Dimer concentration.The amount of blood loss,allogeneic red blood cells and plasma infused during operation,volume of drainage during 0-6 and 6-24 h after operation,total volume of drainage and volume of allogeneic blood transfused during operation were recorded.The deep vein thrombosis was recorded.Results Compared with group C,the amount of blood loss during operation was significantly decreased in groups T and HT,and the allogeneic red blood cells and plasma infused during operation,and volume of drainage during 0-6 and 6-24 h after operation,and total volume of drainage were significantly decreased in groups H,T and HT (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with groups H and T,the allogeneic red blood cells and plasma infused during operation,and volume of drainage during 0-6 and 6-24 h after operation,and total volume of drainage were significantly decreased in group HT (P ＜ 0.05).No deep vein thrombosis was observed in the 4 groups.Conclusion The combination of hemocoagulase artox for injection and TXA provides better blood-saving effect than either alone for the patients undergoing OPCABG without increasing the risk for thrombosis.

The Mortality Following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Patients with Dialysis-Dependent Renal Failure and the Risk Factor for the Prognosis / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

There were 3,129 consecutive patients who underwent CABG by only one operator at Kishiwada Tokushukai Hospital between January 1991 and December 2010. These patients included 236 patients requiring chronic renal hemodialysis at the time of operation. They consisted of 181 men and 55 women, with an average age of 64.1±9.7 years. The mean duration of hemodialysis was 10.1±20.4 years. Diabetic nephropathy (133 cases, 56.4%) was the most common disease leading to required for hemodialysis. The operative mortality and the hospital mortality were 3.4% and 6.4% respectively. The 1-year survival rate, the 3-year survival rate, the 5 year survival rate and the 10-year survival rate were 72.4%, 48.3%, 32.4% and 14.3%. Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that only peripheral artery disease (PAD) was a significant risk factor for mortality (<i>p</i><0.05). The infectious diseases were the most common cause of long term death (24.1%). The mortality rates of CABG in patients with dialysis-dependent renal failure are still higher than those for non-hemodialysis patients. Our data suggest that PAD is a great risk factor for mortality following CABG in hemodialysis patients.