Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid intake on serum lipoprotein, C-reactive protein and homocysteine in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack / 国际脑血管病杂志

Objective To investigate the relationship between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake and blood lipid,C-reactive protein (CRP) and homocysteine (Hcy) in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA).Methods Patients with acute ischemic stroke or TIA were enrolled consecutively from Nanjing Stroke Registry Program.The total dietary PUFA intake level was assessed by the food semi-quantitative frequency questionnaire.Venous blood samples were collected in the morning of the day after admission to the hospital to detect the levels of serum total cholesteroI,triacylglycerol,high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,Hcy,and CRP.According to the median level of total PUFA intake,the patients were divided into low PUFA group and high PUFA group.The rehtionship between PUFA intake and blood lipid,CRP and Hcy was analyzed by Spearman correhtion analysis,and multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the independent correhtion.Results A total of 170 patients (85.1％) with acute ischemic stroke and 31 patients with TIA (14.9％) were enrolled.Their age was 62.9 ± 14.1 years,143 were males (71.1％),and the median PUFA daily intake was 12.8 g (interquartile range:8.05-17.5 g).Compared with the high PUFA group (n =100),patients in the low PUFA group (n =101) were older,serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were lower,and CRP and Hcy levels were higher.The above differences were statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05).Spearman correlation analysis showed that total dietary PUFA intake was significantly negatively correhted with the serum CRP (r =-0.24,P =0.001) and Hey (r =-0.17,P =0.013) levels,and there was no significant correlation with the blood lipid levels.Multiple linear regression analysis showed that CRP was significantly negatively correlated with PUFA intake after adjusting for confounding factors (B =-0.28,P =0.012).Conclusions Dietary PUFA intake in patients with acute ischemic stroke or TIA may affect blood metabolism index and oxidative stress index.It is necessary to adjust the dietary structure of patients with low PUFA intake to reduce the risk of stroke recurrence.

Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid intake on serum lipoprotein, C-reactive protein and homocysteine in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack / 国际脑血管病杂志

Objective@#To investigate the relationship between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake and blood lipid, C-reactive protein (CRP) and homocysteine (Hcy) in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA).@*Methods@#Patients with acute ischemic stroke or TIA were enrolled consecutively from Nanjing Stroke Registry Program. The total dietary PUFA intake level was assessed by the food semi-quantitative frequency questionnaire. Venous blood samples were collected in the morning of the day after admission to the hospital to detect the levels of serum total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Hcy, and CRP. According to the median level of total PUFA intake, the patients were divided into low PUFA group and high PUFA group. The relationship between PUFA intake and blood lipid, CRP and Hcy was analyzed by Spearman correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the independent correlation.@*Results@#A total of 170 patients (85.1%) with acute ischemic stroke and 31 patients with TIA (14.9%) were enrolled. Their age was 62.9±14.1 years, 143 were males (71.1%), and the median PUFA daily intake was 12.8 g (interquartile range: 8.05-17.5 g). Compared with the high PUFA group (n=100), patients in the low PUFA group (n=101) were older, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were lower, and CRP and Hcy levels were higher. The above differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that total dietary PUFA intake was significantly negatively correlated with the serum CRP (r=-0.24, P=0.001) and Hcy (r=-0.17, P=0.013) levels, and there was no significant correlation with the blood lipid levels. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that CRP was significantly negatively correlated with PUFA intake after adjusting for confounding factors (B=-0.28, P=0.012).@*Conclusions@#Dietary PUFA intake in patients with acute ischemic stroke or TIA may affect blood metabolism index and oxidative stress index. It is necessary to adjust the dietary structure of patients with low PUFA intake to reduce the risk of stroke recurrence.

The effect of long-term high-fat diet on hippocampal neurons ultrastructural and cognitive function in obese rats / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of long-term high-fat diet on cognitive function and hippocampus neurons ultrastructure in obese rats.Methods Forty SD rats were randomly assigned to a high fat diet (HFD) group and a common diet (CD) group.Meanwhile,HFD-induced obese rat model were established.The spatial learning and memory were measured by the Morris water maze,and the neurons ultrastructural changes in rat hippocampus CA1 region at the corresponding period were observed by transmission electron microscopy.Results The average weight of rats was 25％,28％,and 22％ higher in the HFD group than in the CD group at the 12,16,and 20 weeks,respectively;the Lee's indexes were 6％,4％,and 8％ higher;the average swimming latency were 52％,44％,and 40％ longer;the average swimming distance were 85％,45％,and 51％ longer;the average swimming speed were 57％,34％,and 18％ higher;the duration of staying in the target quadrant were 32％,54％,and 63％ shorter;and the average times of crossing the plate form were 30％,34％,and 34％ shorter,respectively (all P ＜0.001).In comparison of ultrastructure in hippocampus CA1 region of rats at corresponding time points,the amounts of degenerated and necrosis neurons,of the deformed and vacuolar mitochondria,and of the less rough endoplasmic reticulum were significantly more at 12,16,and 20 weeks in the HFD group than in the CD group.Conclusions Long-term HFD-induced obesity damages the structure of neurons in the hippocampus,impairs spatial learning and memory function,and accelerates cognitive aging in rats.

The role of dietary fatty acid intake in inflammatory gene expression: a critical review / O papel da ingestão dos ácidos graxos da dieta na expressão de genes inflamatórios: uma revisão crítica

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Diet is an important modifiable factor involved in obesity-induced inflammation. We reviewed clinical trials that assessed the effect of consumption of different fatty acids on the expression of inflammation-related genes, such as cytokines, adipokines, chemokines and transcription factors. DESIGN AND SETTING: Narrative review study conducted at a research center. METHODS: This was a review on the effect of fat intake on inflammatory gene expression in humans. RESULTS: Consumption of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) was related to postprandial upregulation of genes associated with pro-inflammatory pathways in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), in comparison with monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) or polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake. In addition, acute intake of a high-SFA meal also induced a postprandial pro-inflammatory response for several inflammatory genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Both high-MUFA and high-PUFA diets showed anti-inflammatory profiles, or at least a less pronounced pro-inflammatory response than did SFA consumption. However, the results concerning the best substitute for SFAs were divergent because of the large variability in doses of MUFA (20% to 72% of energy intake) and n3 PUFA (0.4 g to 23.7% of energy intake) used in interventions. CONCLUSIONS: The lipid profile of the diet can modulate the genes relating to postprandial and long-term inflammation in PBMCs and adipose tissue. Identifying the optimal fat profile for inflammatory control may be a promising approach for treating chronic diseases such as obesity.

RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: A dieta é um importante fator modificável envolvido na inflamação induzida pela obesidade. Nós revisamos ensaios clínicos que avaliaram o efeito do consumo de diferentes ácidos graxos sobre a expressão de genes relacionados com a inflamação, tais como citocinas, adipocitocinas, quimiocinas e fatores de transcrição. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo de revisão narrativa realizado em um centro de pesquisa. MÉTODOS: Revisão do efeito da ingestão de gordura sobre a expressão de genes envolvidos com inflamação em seres humanos. RESULTADOS: O consumo do ácido graxo saturado (AGS) foi relacionado com a regulação favorável pós-prandial de genes associados com vias pró-inflamatórias nas células mononucleares de sangue periférico (CMSP), em comparação com a ingestão do ácido graxo monoinsaturado (AGMI) ou do ácido graxo poli-insaturado (AGPI). Além disso, o consumo agudo de uma dieta com alto conteúdo de AGS também induziu uma resposta pró-inflamatória pós-prandial para vários genes da inflamação no tecido adiposo subcutâneo. Ambas as dietas com alto conteúdo de AGMI e AGPI apresentaram perfil anti-inflamatório ou, pelo menos, menor resposta pró-inflamatória em relação ao consumo de AGS. Contudo, os resultados são controversos acerca do melhor substituto para o AGS, devido à grande variabilidade na dose de AGMI (20% a 72% da ingestão energética) e AGPI n3 (0,4 g para 23,7% da ingestão energética) utilizados nos estudos de intervenção. CONCLUSÕES: O perfil lipídico da dieta pode modular os genes relacionados com inflamação pós-prandial e a longo prazo em CMSP e no tecido adiposo. Identificar o perfil lipídico ideal no controle inflamatório pode ser uma abordagem promissora para o tratamento de doenças crônicas como a obesidade.

Effects of high-fat feeding on growth and expression of IGF-1 and IRS-1 in adolescent rats / 中国基层医药

Objective To observe the effects of high-fat feeding on growth and the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1),insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) in adolescent rats'liver with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,and to elucidate the relationship between growth failure in adolescent rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and IGF-1,IRS-1 turbulence.Methods Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley (SD) young rats of 21 days were randomly divided into normal control group(NC group,n =18) and high-fat feeding group(HF group,n =18).Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) model was induced by feeding the SD rats with high-fat food.Immunohistochemistry was applied to detect the expression levels of IGF-1 and IRS-1 in liver tissue.The expressions of mRNA of IGF-1 and IRS-1 were measured by RT-PCR.Results Compared with NC group,the serum alanine amino transferase (ALT),total cholesterol (TC),triglyceride (TG) of HF group in the 6th,8 th,12th week were gradually increased.The serum ALT [(194.67 ± 11.15) U/L],TC [(1.81 ± 0.09) mmol/L],TG [(0.34 ± 0.05) mmol/L] contents of HF group at 8th week were higher than those at 6th week [(166.00 ± 22.01) U/L,(1.52 ± 0.22) mmol/L,(0.41 ±0.12) mmol/L,respectively],and the serum ALT[(213.0 ±27.67) U/L],TC[(2.15 ±0.37) mmol/L],TG[(0.38 ±0.15)mmol/L] contents of the 12th week were significantly increased compared with 6th week and 8th week.The constitution and body length of the HF group were lower than those of the normal control group.With time extended,the liver tissue steatosis,inflammation,the balloon like change of the liver tissue pathology of HF group in 6,8,12th week gradually increased.Immunohistochemistry results showed that HF group IRS-1 [(1.46 ± 0.23),(0.74 ± 0.17),(0.85 ± 0.31)],IGF-1 [(0.92 ± 0.02),(0.83 ± 0.02),(0.77 ± 0.03)] expression gradually decreased,the difference was statistically significant(F =36.024,P ＜ 0.05).IGF-1 and IRS-1 mRNA expressions in HF group were consistent.Conclusion The liver tissue IGF-1 and IRS-1 are correlated with the weight and body length.The growth failure of young rats induced by high-fat feeding may be related to the decreased expression of IGF-1 and IRS-1.

Elaboração de um sistema de pontos para intervenções dietéticas em indivíduos hiperlipidêmicos / Preparations a scoring system for dietetic interventions in hyperlipidemic individuals

Fundamentos: Sabe-se da existência de substâncias dietéticas aterogênicas e promotoras de doenças cardiovasculares. Assim a utilização de um guia de fácil compreensão e manejo poderia auxiliar na escolha de alimentos saudáveis. Objetivo: Elaborar um instrumento de orientação alimentar como ferramenta para intervenção dietética em indivíduos com hiperlipidemias. Métodos: Foi elaborado um sistema de pontos com alimentos em medidas caseiras, considerando-se as características socioculturais da população. Criou-se uma listagem de alimentos que receberam pontuações para índicede colesterol/gordura saturada (CSI). O CSI foi calculado por meio de metodologia validada, utilizando a seguinte fórmula: CSI=(1,01xg de gordura saturada) + (0,05xmg decolesterol). Um índice baixo significa alta capacidade de redução das hiperlipidemias. A necessidade individual de gorduras e colesterol para o cálculo do CSI foi extraída das recomendações da American Heart Association. Resultados: Foi organizada uma dieta de pontos para colesterol em formato de cartilha acompanhada de material explicativo. Utilizou-se como representação gráfica o Guiada Pirâmide Alimentar Saudável, pois reflete rapidamente conceitos alimentares importantes, porém em formato decoração em alusão à prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares. Conclusão: Elaborou-se, com sucesso, um instrumento de orientação alimentar denominado Sistema de Pontos para Controle de Colesterol e Gordura no Sangue. É uma ferramenta que pode apoiar a capacitação de profissionais promotores da saúde, para orientar pacientes e a população em geral.

Background: The existence of foods containing atherogenic substances that cause cardiovascular diseases is well known. An eating guide that is easy tohandle and understand could thus help patients choose healthier foods.Objective: To prepare an eating guide as a tool for dietetic intervention in hyperlipidemic individuals. Methods: A food scoring system was drawn up,assigning points to foods using ordinary home measurements, considering the social and cultural characteristics of the population. A list of foods was prepared, assigning points based on the Cholesterol / Saturated Fat Index (CSI). This Index was calculatedthrough a validated methodology based on the following formula: CSI=(1.01xg saturated fat) + (0.05xmg of cholesterol). A low score indicates goodcapacity for reducing hyperlipidemias. The individual fat and cholesterol requirements for calculating thisIndex are drawn from the American Heart Association recommendations. Results: A cholesterol score diet was designed and presented in a leaflet, together with explanatory materials,using the Healthy Food Guide Pyramid as this clearly demonstrates important food-related concepts, but reshaped into a heart in order to underscore its importance for preventing cardiovascular diseases. Conclusion: A successful eating guide was prepared,using a points system to score cholesterol and fat in the blood. This tool can provide input for trainingprofessional health promoters, as well as offering guidance to patients and the population in general.

Biscoitos recheados: quanto mais baratos maior teor de gordura trans? / Filled cookies: the cheaper the higher trans fat content?

Objetivos: identificar a quantidade de gorduras totais, saturadas e trans descritas nos rótulos de biscoitos recheados e verificar se existe associação entre o preço e a quantidade de gorduras trans.Métodos: a amostra foi composta por 25 pacotes de biscoitos recheados de diferentes tipos e marcas, copiando-se de cada rótulo as informações necessárias. Para análise dos resultados foram efetuados cálculos de estatística descritiva, análise de variância e correlação de Spearmann.Resultados: os resultados apontam uma preocupação no consumo desses biscoitos, uma vez que a média dos biscoitos de duas marcas apresentaram valores próximos e que ultrapassam a recomendação máxima de gorduras trans (2,0 g) em uma porção média de 30 g (1,78 g e 2,05 g), com base em uma dieta de 2000 quilocalorias. Verificou-se também associação positiva entre preço e quantidade de gorduras trans (p<0,001) e associação inversa entre preço e quantidade de gordura saturada (p=0,003).Conclusões: quanto maior a quantidade de gorduras trans, menor a quantidade de gordura saturada e menor preço.Sugere-se uma revisão na legislação quanto à inserção da quantidade exata de gorduras trans no rótulo, uma vez que o consumo elevado dessas gorduras está associado a dislipidemias, um fator de risco para doença cardiovascular.

Aims: To identify the amount of total fat, saturated fat and trans fat described on the labels of filled cookies and to verify the association between price and trans fat content.Methods: The sample consisted of 25 packages of different types and brands of filled cookies, obtaining the necessary information from every label. Calculations of descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and correlation of Spearman were carried out.Results: The results call the attention for the consumption of these cookies, since the average of cookies of two brands presented values close and up to the daily recommendation of trans fat (2.0 g) in an average portion of 30 g (1.78 g and 2.05 g), based on a diet of 2000 kilocalories. We have also found a direct relation between price and trans fat value and reverse relation between price and saturated fat value.Conclusion: The more trans fat, the smaller price and quantity of saturate fat were found. We suggest a revision in the legislation regarding the inclusion of the exact amount of trans fat in the labels of every product, because high intakes of these fats are associated with dyslipidemia, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

Evidence of inadequate docosahexaenoic acid status in Brazilian pregnant and lactating women / Evidência de estado inadequado do ácido docosahexaenóico em gestantes e nutrizes brasileiras / Evidencia de estado inadecuado del ácido docosahexaenóico en gestantes y nutrices brasileras

Recently published data concerning dietary intake of fat and food sources of (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) in Brazil are reviewed together with data on biochemical indices of PUFA status during pregnancy and lactation and PUFA composition of breast milk in Brazilian adolescents and adults. Potential inadequacies of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) status among Brazilian pregnant and lactating women have not yet been thoroughly evaluated. The data reviewed show that dietary intake of food sources of n-3 LCPUFA is low and possibly deficient in Brazil, and that biochemical indices of maternal DHA status and breast milk DHA content are low compared to the international literature. These data indicate inadequate DHA status among Brazilian women during pregnancy and lactation, but this evidence needs confirmation through comprehensive and specific population-based studies.

São revistas informações publicadas recentemente sobre a ingestão de tipos de gorduras alimentícias e fontes alimentares de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados de cadeia longa (AGPI-CL) n-3 no Brasil, juntamente com índices bioquímicos do estado nutricional para AGPI em gestantes e nutrizes e a composição em AGPI no leite de mulheres brasileiras adultas e adolescentes. Possíveis inadequações do estado nutricional do ácido docosahexaenóico (DHA) nas gestantes e nutrizes brasileiras ainda não foram investigadas com abrangência e profundidade suficientes no Brasil. Os dados considerados mostram que a ingestão dietética de fontes alimentares de AGPI-CL n-3 no Brasil é baixa e insuficiente. Além disso, os índices bioquímicos do estado nutricional materno para o DHA e o teor de DHA no leite de mulheres brasileiras adultas e adolescentes são baixos, quando comparados com dados internacionais. Estes dados indicam possível estado inadequado para o DHA em gestantes e nutrizes brasileiras, mas estas evidências merecem confirmação por meio de estudos populacionais abrangentes e específicos.

Son revisadas informaciones publicadas recientemente sobre la ingestión de tipos de grasas alimenticias y fuentes de alimentos de ácidos grasos poli-insaturados de cadena larga (AGPI-CL) n-3 en Brasil, junto con índices bioquímicos del estado nutricional para AGPI en gestantes y nutrices y la composición en AGPI en la leche de mujeres brasileras adultas y adolescentes. Posibles inadecuaciones del estado nutricional del ácido docosahexaenóico (DHA) en las gestantes y nutrices brasileras aún no fueron investigadas con amplitud y profundidad suficientes en Brasil. Los datos considerados muestran que la ingestión dietética de fuentes de alimentos de AGPI-CL n-3 en Brasil y baja e insuficiente. Así mismo, los índices bioquímicos del estado nutricional materno para el DHA y la proporción de DHA en la leche de mujeres brasileras adultas y adolescentes son bajos, cuando se comparan con datos internacionales. Estos datos indican posible estado inadecuado para el DHA en gestantes y nutrices brasileras, pero estas evidencias merecen confirmación por medio de estudios poblacionales amplios y específicos.

Effects of saturation of free fatty acids on nitric oxide and endothelin production in cultured human vascular endothelial cells / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Corresponding author: SONG Guang yao Human umbilical venous endothelial cells (HUVEC) were incubated with free fatty acids (FFAs) of various degrees of saturation. C18:1 and C18:2 inhibited the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin (ET) in HUVEC, and ET synthesis was inhibited much more than NO synthesis, and C18:0 increased ET synthesis in HUVEC, suggesting that the effects of FFAs on HUVEC were related to their degree of saturation.