Study on quality standard of Gardenia jasminoides and its effective parts / 药学实践杂志

Objective To study the quality standard of Gardenia jasminoides and its effective parts. Methods TLC was used to identify Gardenia jasminoides and its effective parts. The heavy metals, harmful elements, and moisture in Gardenia jasminoides and its effective parts were examined. The content of Gardenia jasminoides and its effective parts was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Results TLC method could be used to identify Gardenia jasminoides and its effective parts. The moisture content of Gardenia jasminoides and its effective parts were 8.4% and 3.2%, respectively. ICP-MS was used to determine the contents of five elements in Gardenia jasminoides and its effective parts simultaneously. There was a good linear relationship between arsenic, cadmium, copper, mercury, and lead in the range of 0~20, 0~10, 0~500, 0~5 and 0~20 ng/ml, respectively; The method detection limit of each metal element was 3.3×10−5~1.3×10−3 mg/kg. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of precision was 0.32%~0.82%. RSD values of each element content showed that the method had good repeatability. And the recoveries of arsenic, cadmium, copper, mercury, and lead were 103%~112%, 98%~99%, 98%~99%, 105%~106% and 100%~103%, respectively (n=3). The stability of each element was good within 8 h. The contents of the five elements were within the limits of the current edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The standard curve equation of gardenia was Y=15860X+22543, r=0.9999, indicating that there was a good linear relationship of gardenia in the range of 20.16~322.6 μg/ml. The RSD of precision was 1.86%. RSD of the two samples were 2.38% and 2.60%, respectively, indicated that the method had good repeatability. The average recovery of Gardenia was 99.1% (n=6). The stability of the two solutions was good within 8 h. The contents of gardenia and its effective parts were 5.71% and 34.2%, respectively. Conclusion The research on the quality of Gardenia jasminoides effective parts was carried out based on the research on the quality of Gardenia jasminoides, and the results met the requirements. Therefore, the method established in this experiment could control the quality of Gardenia jasminoides and its effective parts simultaneously.

Comparison of volatile oil from Gardenia jasminoides and their liver protective effects before and after stir-frying with wine / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To compare the components of volatile oil from Gardenia jasminoides and their liver protective effect before and after stir-frying with wine. METHODS Steam distillation was used to exact the volatile oil from G. jasminoides and wine stir-fried G. jasminoides. The components of volatile oil were identified by GC-MS method， and the relative mass fraction of each component was calculated by peak area normalization method. The rats were randomly divided into normal group， model group， positive control group （bifendate suspension 35 mg/kg）， G. jasminoides low-dose and high-dose groups [1， 2 g/kg （calculated by crude drug）] and wine stir-fried G. jasminoides low-dose and high-dose groups [1， 2 g/kg （calculated by crude drug）] with 10 rats in each group. Liver injury model was established by intraperitoneal injection of 40% carbon tetrachloride in rats of each group after continuous intragastric administration of corresponding drug solution for 7 days. The status， serum biochemical indexes， liver biochemical indexes and liver pathological sections of rats in each group were compared. RESULTS Twenty-three volatile oil components from G. jasminoides and 25 volatile oil components from wine stir-fried G. jasminoides were identified； there were 18 common volatile oil components， of which the contents of 17 common components were decreased， while the content of one common component was increased due to stir-frying with wine. Compared with model group， the symptoms of depression and liver cell damage of rats in each administration group were improved to varying degrees； the serum levels of adenosine deaminase， alanine transaminase， aspartate transaminase， direct bilirubin， lactate dehydrogenase，prealbumin， total bile acid and total bilirubin were significantly decreased， while the total protein level was significantly increased； the level of malondialdehyde in liver tissue was significantly decreased， there were statistical significance （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS During stir-frying with wine， the contents of 17 volatile oil components are decreased， while the content of one volatile oil component is increased. Wine stir-fried G. jasminoides shows liver protective effect. .

Systematic analysis of MYB transcription factors related to the geniposide biosynthesis in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis based on whole genome / 药学学报

MYB transcription factors are involved in the regulation of various secondary metabolites biosynthesis. Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is the commonly used Chinese herbal medicine, and its main active ingredient is geniposide. Here, leaves and flower buds at different developmental stages of G. jasminoides were used to explore MYB transcription factors related to geniposide biosynthesis based on genome and transcriptome analysis. Transcriptome data analysis showed that, different from the expression of the common pathway genes for terpenoid biosynthesis, the expression level of genes in the specific pathway of geniposide biosynthesis was significantly higher in flower buds than in leaves, which was the same as the organ accumulation pattern of this component. And the promoter regions of geraniol synthase, iridoid synthase and geniposidic acid methyltransferase involved in the specific pathway all contained multiple MYB-binding sites. A total of 105 MYB transcription factors were obtained by annotating the coding genes of G. jasminoides, which were divided into 68 1R-MYB, 33 R2R3-MYB, 3 3R-MYB and 1 atypical MYB transcription factor according to the number of conserved domain. Based on the analysis of phylogenetic tree and quantitative real-time PCR, three candidate MYB transcription factors related to geniposide biosynthesis were selected, including potential positive regulation factor GjMYB23 and negative regulation factors GjMYB31 and GjMYB73. The results of this study will lay a foundation for searching the regulation of geniposide biosynthesis and further analysis of the quality formation mechanism of G. jasminoides, so as to promote the breeding of excellent varieties of G. jasminoides.

Research progress on the mechanism of iridoids from Gardenia jasminoides against Alzheimer ’s disease / 中国药房

Alzheimer’s disease （AD）is a common latent neurodegenerative disease ，which is characterized by cognitive impairment，loss of learning and memory function ，abnormal behavior and dementia. At present ，there is no specific drug to effectively prevent or reverse AD. Gardenia jasminoides is the dried and mature fruit of G. jasminoides J. Ellis ，a gardenia plant in Rubiaceae. Its chemical components mainly include iridoids ，triterpenoids，organic acids and volatile oils ，among which iridoids are the main active components of G. jasminoides . This paper summarizes the researches on the mechanism of iridoids from G. jasminoides against AD at home and abroad in recent years ，in order to provide reference for the development of new drugs against AD.

Establishment of fingerprint ，content determination and chemical pattern recognition of decoction pieces and dispensing granules of Gardenia jasminoides / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To establish the fingerp rint of decoction pi eces and dispensing granules of Gardenia jasminoides ，to determine the contents of 6 components，so as to evaluate its quality combined with chemical pattern recognition. METHODS High performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）was used. Using geniposide as the reference ，Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of TCM （2012 edition）was used to draw the fingerprints of 20 batches of G. jasminoides decoction pieces and 10 batches of G. jasminoides dispensing granules. Similarity evaluation and common peaks identification were conducted. The same HPLC method was adopted to determine the contents of deacetyl asperulosidic acid methyl ester ，geniposide， picrocrocin，rutin，crocin-Ⅰ and crocin- Ⅱ. ORIGIN 9.1 software was used for hierarchical clustering analysis ，and SIMCA 16.0 software was used for principal component analysis （PCA） and partial least squares-discriminant analysis. The differential components affecting the quality of decoction pieces and dispensing granules were screened by taking the variable importance in projection（VIP）value＞1 as the standard. RESULTS There were 24 common peaks for both 20 batches of G. jasminoides decoction piece and 10 batches of G. jasminoides dispensing granules ；a total of 22 common peaks were found in the fingerprints of 30 batches of samples ，and the similarity was not lower than 0.96；six common peaks were identified ，i.e. deacetyl asperulosidic acid methyl ester （peak 2），geniposide（peak 6），picrocrocin（peak 9），rutin（peak 11），crocin-Ⅰ（peak 15），crocin-Ⅱ（peak 17）. Average contents of above 6 components in G. jasminoides decoction pieces were 1.04，57.00，1.30，1.03，9.63 and 0.99 mg/g， respectively；those of G. jasmin oides dispensing granules were 0.96，17.04，0.37，0.27，0.73 and 0.04 mg/g，respectively. PCA results showed that G. jasminoides decoction pieces and G. jasminoides dispensing granules were clustered into respective one category ，which was consistent with results of cluster analysis. There were 9 common peaks with VIP value ＞1， which were 16，14，3，17（crocin-Ⅱ），15（crocin-Ⅰ），18， 22， 2 （deacetyl asperulosidic acid methyl ester） and 21. CONCLUSIONS The estab lished fingerprint and content determination method are simple and reproducible. Combined with chemical pattern recognition ，it can be used to evaluate the quality of decoction pieces and dispensing granules of G. jasminoides . Nine corresponding components represented by peak 16 and so on are the differential components that affect the quality of them.

Research on chemical constituents of Gardenia jasminoides / 中草药

Objective: To study the main constituents from Gardenia jasminoides. Method In this study, the chemical constituents of enrichment fraction of iridoid glycosides were isolated by various chromatographic techniques and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses and comparison of NMR data with those reported in literatures. Results: The 60% ethanol extract of G. jasminoides was subjected to HP-20 macroporous adsorption resin CC to yield 30% ethanol fraction (GJ-2, UPLC-Q/TOF-MS method was used to identify the enrichment fraction of iridoid glycosides). Thirty-one compounds were obtained and characterized as 2'-O-trans-coumaroylgardoside (1), 6'-O-trans-sinapoylgardoside (2), 7-deoxygardoside (3), tarenninoside C (4), 2'-O-coumaroylmussaenosidic acid (5), 10-O-caffeoyl deacetyldaphylloside (6), 6'-O-trans-sinapoylgeniposide (7), genipin-1-O-β-D-gentiobioside (8), geniposide (9), 7-deoxy-8-epiloganicacid (10), secologanoside (11), gardenamide A (12), 6'-O-trans-sinapoyljasminoside B (13), epijasminoside A (14), jasminodiol (15), 6'-O-trans-sinapoyljasminoside L (16), 3-(β-D- glucopyranosyl-oxymethyl)-2,4,4-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one (17), jasminoside C (18), sinapinic acid (19), caffeic acid (20), methyl gallate (21), C-veratroylglucol (22), β-hydroxypropiosyringone (23), 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenoyl) propan-1-one (24), threo-guaiacylglycerol-8'-vanillic acid ether (25), 1,2-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-propanediol (26), trans-2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-β-D-glucoside (27), 1-sinapoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (28), 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene (29), rutin (30), and glycyrrhisoflavone (31), respectively. Conclusion: Compounds 1-12are iridoid glycosides and 13-18are monoterpenoid glycosides. Compounds 6, 10, 22-29, and 31 were identified from Gardeniae Fructus for the first time.

Genetic diversity analysis of Gardenia jasminoides based on ISSR and SRAP molecular markers / 中草药

Objective To analyze of genetic diversity of Gardenia jasminoides and provide the information for the conservation and new variety breeding of G. jasminoides. Methods 12 ISSR primers and 9 primer combinations of SRAP were used to assess the polymorphisms, genetic diversity, and cluster analysis within 21 G. jasminoides materials from three populations. Results The results showed that 100 (80.00%) of 125 and 74 (92.50%) of 80 bands were polymorphic by ISSR and SRAP primers amplification, respectively. In ISSR results, the populations of species level of observed number of alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne), Nei’s gene diversity (H), Shannon’s information index (I), total genetic diversity for species (Ht), and the mean heterozygosity with populations (Hs) were 1.461 3, 1.307 7, 0.173 1, 0.254 5, 0.239 1, and 0.173 1, respectively. Comparatively, for SRAP primers, the Na, Ne, H, I, Ht, and Hs value was 1.579 2, 1.342 1, 0.197 4, 0.295 9, 0.289 9, and 0.197 4, respectively. The coefficient of gene differentiation (Gst) for population was 0.276 2 and 0.318 9, which indicated that the within-population component accounted for 73.38% and 68.11%, respectively. The average mean of gene flow (Nm > 1) suggested that there certainly gene flow among the populations. UPGMA analysis showed that 21 samples were clustered into 2 branches, and a hierarchical dendrogram based on SRAP was more consistent with actual populations. Conclusion The gene diversity of G. jasminoides populations was high. The characteristics of genetic structure included genetic differentiation that occurs mainly within populations, which provided a reference for conservation and breeding of G. jasminoides germplasm.

Research progress on chemical composition and pharmacological effects of Gardenia jasminoides and predictive analysis on quality marker (Q-marker) / 中草药

Gardenia jasminoides is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, which is also the first batch of being used for both medicine and food issued by Ministry of Health of China. In recent years, G. jasminoides has been applied widely in medicine and health food, so the quality evaluation of G. jasminoides has become a key problem urgently needed to be solved in this industry. Based on the review of its chemical composition and pharmacological effects, combined with the definition of Q-marker, this study processed predictive analysis on Q-marker of G. jasminoides from several aspects at chemical composition, new clinical use, measurable composition, traditional medicine properties and efficacy, plasma composition, and storage time, which provides the basis for quality evaluation of G. jasminoides.

Mechanism of crocin compounds from Gardenia jasminoides in Zhejiang Province by network pharmacology / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the pharmacological mechanism of the crocin compounds from Gardenia jasminoides in Zhejiang Province by using network pharmacology. To provide a valuable research strategy for the rational use and in-depth research and development of G. jasminoides from Zhejiang. Methods: Our previous research results showed that the Zhejiang area of Gardenia crocin content and other areas have significant difference. Based on the results, the crocin compounds from G. jasminoides were used to predict the targets according to Pubchem, Uniprot, STITCH, SWISS, and TCMSP online databases. Cytoscape software was used to construct compound-target-disease network of the G. jasminoides crocin ingredients. The targets were analyzed by Gene ontology (GO) enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis using CTD online analysis platform to analyze main biological pathways for obtaining the deep mechanism of G. jasminoides in Zhejiang. Results: The crocin compounds from G. jasminoides in Zhejiang Province were obtained through previous work and network pharmacology screening, such as crocin-1 and crocin-2, and 18 corresponding targets were acted, such as FGF2, VEGFA, KDR, and FLT1. These targets could joint in pathways, such as GPCR, Rap1, and Ras signaling pathway. These ingredients are mainly used to treat 18 related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, tumors and digestive system. Conclusion: The method based on system pharmacology could help to find the key targets of characteristic high-content chemical constituents of herb from different producing areas, signaling pathway and disease network of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and provide useful information and data support for giving a further study on TCM resources in different regions of China.

Determination of Content of Index Components and HPLC Fingerprint of Gardenia jasminoides Pericarp,Seeds and Whiskers / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: To determine the content of index components in different parts of Gardenia jasminoides (pericarp, seeds, whiskers), study the fingerprint, and compare the contents and compositions differences of different parts of G. jasminoides, in order to provide the theoretical basis for different efficacies of G. jasminoides pericarp and seeds, explore the exploitation and utilization values of G. jasminoides whiskers, and avoid waste of gardenia medicinal resources. Method: The contents of geniposide and crocetin Ⅰ was were determined by HPLC, the content of total iridoid glycosides was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and three index components in different parts of G. jasminoides were analyzed. HPLC fingerprints of different parts of G. jasminoides were collected, the common pattern of HPLC fingerprints of different parts of G. jasminoides of different origins and with different processing methods was established, and the similarity evaluation software was used for data analysis; comparative analysis on fingerprints of different parts of G. jasminoides was conducted. Result: Content change of index components in G. jasminoides pericarp and seeds from Henan, Fujian and Jiangxi were the same. Content of geniposide:Fujian > Henan > Jiangxi, the contents of three components in G. jasminoides pericarp from Fujian were much higher than those from Henan and Jiangxi, the contents of crocetin Ⅰ and total iridoid glycosides:Fujian > Jiangxi > Henan, the contents of total iridoid glycosides from Fujian, Jiangxi were much higher than those from Henan. The order of three index components in G. jasminoides whiskers from different origins from high to low, the content of geniposide and crocetin Ⅰ was Fujian > Jiangxi and Henan, the content of total iridoid glycosides was Fujian > Jiangxi > Henan.In the same part, there were 22 common peaks in the fingerprints of G. jasminoides pericarp, except for S13-S15, the similarity of other samples were more than 0.9;the fingerprints of G. jasminoides seeds had 22 common peaks, except for S22-S30, the similarities of other samples were more than 0.9;the fingerprints of G. jasminoides whiskers had 16 common peaks, except for S7-S9, the similarities of other samples were more than 0.9.In different parts, the fingerprints of G. jasminoides whiskers were significant different from those of pericarp and seeds, the number of peaks in G. jasminoides whiskers reduced, the order of height of peaks 2, 3, 5 of G. jasminoides from high to low were whiskers > gardenia > seeds. There was not peak X in the seeds, the height of peak X of gardenia in whiskers was higher than that in pericarp, except for the peak 17, the height of all peaks in seeds were higher than that in whiskers. Conclusion: There are significant differences in the contents of index components in G. jasminoides pericarp and seeds. The content of total glycosides in gardenia is high, suggesting that it can be used to extract total iridoid glycosides. The fingerprints can reflect the content difference and species distribution of different parts of G. jasminoides, so as to provide theoretical support for the studies for pharmacodynamic material basis of G. jasminoides and the scientificity and rationality of the separate application of G. jasminoides pericarp and seeds.

A sensitive LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous assay of three iridiods in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis / 药学实践杂志

Objective To develop a simple, rapid and sensitive method for the determination of major compounds from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).Methods The analysis was performed on Dikma Diamonsil?C18 (100mm×4.6mm, 5μm) column with acetonitrile-0.1％acetic acid and 0.1％acetic acidwater as mobile phase at a rate of 0.4ml/min.The column temperature was set at 40℃and the injection volume was 2μl.Quantification of these compounds was performed by LC-MS/MS with positive or negative ion mode electrospray ionization (ESI) in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode.Nebulizer gas, 3L/h;drying gas, 15L/h;desolvation line (DL) temperature, 240℃;heat block temperature, 300℃;CID, 230kPa.The mass transition of the precursor/product ions was monitored at m/z 391.10→149.30for shanzhiside, 573.40→365.05for genipin-1-gentiobioside, 447.30→225.15for geniposide.Results The regress equation of shanzhiside, genipin-1-gentiobioside and geniposide were Y=243.810 X-289.957, r=0.999 9;Y=137.125 X+2 092.76, r=0.999 6;Y=2 030.32 X+823 213, r=0.999 8in the range of 10.76-215.2ng/ml;516-4 128ng/ml;2 000-20 000ng/ml respectively.This validated method has good repeatability, precision, recovery and stability.The results meet the requirements by regulation.Conclusion This method shortened the analysis time and improved efficiency.It assayed the three iridoid glycosides in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis sensitively and precisely.This method can be used for the quality control of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis.

Mechanism of Gardenia jasminoides against cholestasis based on network pharmacology / 中国中药杂志

To screen the active ingredients of Gardenia jasminoides and potential targets,and investigate the mechanisms against cholestasis based on network pharmacology technology. Twenty-one active components of G. jasminoides were retrieved and the target sites were screened by using Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform( TCMSP). Cytoscape3. 2. 1 was used to construct the component-target network. Two hundred and eight targets related to cholestasis were searched and screened through Dis Ge NET,KEGG and OMIM databases. The key targets of G. jasminoides components and cholestasis were integrated and screened,and the component-target-disease network was constructed with Cytoscape 3. 2. 1 software to screen out the core network whose freedom degree was greater than the average value. The Clue GO plug-in of Cytoscape 3. 2. 1 software was used to analyze the biological processes and pathway enrichment of G. jasminoides in regulation of cholestasis. GO biological process analysis revealed 17 biological processes,involving 3 signaling biological processes related to cholestasis,i.e. acute inflammatory response,positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process,and nitric oxide biosynthetic process. KEGG-KEEG-305 terms and REACTOME pathways analysis revealed 17 regulatory pathways,involving 4 signaling pathways related to cholestasis,i.e. metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450,nuclear receptor transcription pathway,GPVI-mediated activation cascade and platelet activation. It was found that aqueous extract of G. jasminoides could improve serum biochemical abnormalities in ANIT-induced cholestasis rats. Aqueous extract of G. jasminoides could decrease the protein and mRNA expression levels of ESR1 in liver tissues,and increase the protein and mRNA expression levels of PPARG,NOS2,F2 R,NOS3,and NR3 C1. To sum up,the possible mechanisms of G. jasminoides against cholestasis may be related with the above three processes and four pathways.

Study on processing technology of Gardenia jasminoides carbon based on thermal analysis and comprehensive evaluation / 中草药

Objective: To optimize the processing technology of Gardenia jasminoides carbon and validate the process with pharmacodynamics research. Methods: The pyrolysis characteristics of different active components in G. jasminoides were analyzed by thermal analysis technology, and the optimum processing temperature range of G. jasminoides carbon was obtained; Taking the tannin content in G. jasminoides carbon as the index, two factors of stir-frying temperature and stir-frying time was chosen to optimize the processing technology of G. jasminoides carbon by response surface methodology, and the processing technology of G. jasminoides carbon was verified by pharmacodynamics experiment (hemostasis test). Results: The optimum processing temperature range of G. jasminoides carbon was 290.3-387 ℃, response surface methodology was used to optimize the processing technology of G. jasminoides carbon: The processing temperature was 330 ℃, the processing time was 5.91 min, and the tannin content was 3.120 mg/g; Compared with the blank group, the new method group and the traditional group could significantly shorten the clotting time of mice (P < 0.01), raw product group can significantly shorten the clotting time of mice (P < 0.05), the new method group can significantly shorten APTT in mice (P < 0.05), there was no significant difference in PT and TT in mice. Conclusion: The processing technology of G. jasminoides carbon was optimized by thermal analysis technology and response surface methodology, and the results were verified by pharmacodynamics experiments. The method can provide a reference for improving the processing technology of Chinese materia medica and quantifying the fire parameters in the process of processing.

Genetic diversity of natural Gardenia jasminoides populations based on EST-SSR analysis / 中草药

Objective The genetic diversity of the natural populations of Gardenia jasminoides were investigated to provide scientific basis for its resources protection and rational utilization. Methods Fourteen pairs of EST-SSR primers were screened in 19 natural populations of 573 individuals to calculate the genetic parameters of G. jasminoides, and further cluster analysis was then carried out. Results Fourteen pairs of EST-SSR primers generated 75 loci, which showed high genetic diversity maintained in natural populations of G. jasminoides (He = 0.703). Mean population gene diversity (Nei) within populations was 0.603, the Shannon’s diversity index (I) was 1.10. Moderate genetic differentiation (Fst= 0.141) and high gene flow (Nm = 1.523) among populations have been showed too. AMOVA analysis revealed that genetic variation within populations was the main sources of total variation. The Mantle test showed there was no significant correlation between genetic distances and geographic distances. Moreover, significant bottlenecks effects in two-phased model of mutation (TPM) test in 73.7% populations were detected in recent history. Conclusion The results in this study indicated that high level genetic diversity were existed in the natural G. jasminoides populations.

Genetic diversity of cultivated Gardenia jasminoides germplasms detected by SCoT markers / 中草药

Objective: The genetic variation and relationship of 47 pieces of Gardenia jasminoides germplasms were analyzed by SCoT molecular markers. Methods: The genetic similarity coefficient was calculated by NTSYS version 2.1 software and the dendrogram was constructed by UPGMA method. Results: More than 20 polymorphic primers were screened from 36 primers and PCR amplificated to test materials. The primers generated totally 154 bands among which 120 bands were found to be polymorphic, with an average of 78.14%. The genetic similarity coefficient among the germplasms ranged from 0.655 8 to 0.980 5, and the average content was 0.784 1. The clustering results showed that the genetic diversity of G. jasminoides was rich and the genetic relationship was complex. Conclusion: SCoT markers were feasible and effective to analyze the genetic diversity of G. jasminoides germplasm resources. The results provide a reliable theoretical basis for breeding, classification, preservation and utilization of G. jasminoides.

Research and application progress of Gardenia jasminoides / 中草药·英文版

Fruits of Gardenia jasminoides (Zhizi in Chinese) have been used as dietary supplement and traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. Recent studies on Gardenia jasminoides reveal that the extracts or the active components play an essential role in oxidative stress, inflammation, hepatoprotection, neuroprotection, anti-diabetes, antitumor and so on. Here, we reviewed G. jasminoides in the aspects of botanical identity, chemical ingredients, pharmacology and pharmacokinetics, safety and toxicity evaluation, clinical application, etc.

Potential mechanism of cholagogic effect about Gardenia Jasminoides Ellis (Zhizi)-mediated increase of bile acids urinary excretion in normal rats / 中草药·英文版

Objectives: Gardenia Jasminoides Ellis (Zhizi), belonging to Rubiaceae family, has been traditionally used for treatment cholestasis and jaundice for centuries in Asian countries. In the theory of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Zhizi could dispel dampness and heat via the urine to execute its choleretic effects. However, the potential molecular mechanism has been still poorly clarified. Here, we investigated the effect of different dose of Zhizi aqueous extract powder (0.3 g/kg/d and 0.9 g/kg/d) on urinary excretion of bile acids (BAs), and defined the potential mechanism via renal BAs efflux transporters Mrp2 and Mrp4 in normal rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats were orally administrated with 0.3 or 0.9 g/kg/d dose of Zhizi aqueous extract powder for 2 weeks, then body weight, serum aminotransferase, total BAs concentrations in liver, bile, serum, kidney and urine, 1 h bile flow, 12-h urinary volume, biliary and urinary excretion amount of total BAs as well as protein expression of major renal BAs efflux transporter Mrp2 and Mrp4, were all evaluated. Results: Zhizi especially the high dose of Zhizi aqueous extract powder could reduce hepatic total BAs concentration. Additionally, bile flow and biliary excretion had no significant difference, but the remarkable increasing urinary excretion of BAs and 2 to 3 folds up-regulated renal Mrp2 expression were observed after administrated with Zhizi as compared with the control group. Conclusion: The findings indicate that Zhizi reduces hepatic total BAs level by increasing urinary excretion rather than the biliary excretion of BAs, which, in turn ascribed to elevated protein expression of Mrp2 at apical membrane of renal tubular epithelial cells.

Research Progress on Rapid Antidepressant of Traditional Chinese Medicine / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

Major depression is a public health problem that seriously harms individuals and the society.But one of the major shortcomings of mainstream antidepressant is the delayed onset.Recent series of studies demonstrated that,from a variety of animal models and clinical studies,classic stagnation-removing formula Yue-Ju (Y J) pill has the advantage in rapid antidepressant efficacy,which is similar to the prototype drug ketamine.It has the mechanism of rapid and sustained enhancement of neural plasticity and individual difference in response to YJ pill.The evidence of Gardenia jasminoides (Zhi-Zi) as the monarch component of YJ pill's rapid antidepressant action has also been revealed.The further in-depth research on rapid antidepressant traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is important for providing the scientific and reliable TCM strategies to treat depression.

Optimization of Extraction Technology of Total Polyphenols and Total Flavonoids in Gardenia jasminoides by Response Surface Method / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the extraction technology of total polyphenol and total flavonoid in Gardenia jasminoi-des. METHODS:Plackett-burman(PB)design was used to select the ethanol volume fraction,liquid-solid ratio,particle size,ex-traction time and extraction temperature to determine the key factor affecting the extraction of total polyphenol and total flavonoids in G. jasminoides. Then central composite design (CCD) was combined with response surface method to optimize the extraction technology,and verification test was conducted. RESULTS:The optimal extraction conditions of total polyphenol were 40% etha-nol,particle size of 0.20 mm,extraction temperature of 60 ℃,liquid-solid ratio of 20,and extraction time of 20 min;the optimal extraction conditions of total flavonoids were 40% ethanol,particle size of 0.20 mm,extraction temperature of 30 ℃,liquid-solid ratio of 20,and extraction time of 20 min. In verification test,the contents of total polyphenol and total flavonoids in G. jasminoi-des were 1.70%(RSD=1.43%,n=3),3.23%(RSD=3.72%,n=3),with relative error of 1.80%,8.75% with predicted val-ues,respectively. CONCLUSIONS:The response surface method based on PB and CCD is simple,reasonable and feasible to opti-mize the extraction technology of total polyphenol and total flavonoids in G. jasminoides. The method can provide reference for its industrial extraction.

Optimization of Extraction Technology of Total Polyphenols and Total Flavonoids in Gardenia jasminoides by Response Surface Method / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the extraction technology of total polyphenol and total flavonoid in Gardenia jasminoi-des. METHODS:Plackett-burman(PB)design was used to select the ethanol volume fraction,liquid-solid ratio,particle size,ex-traction time and extraction temperature to determine the key factor affecting the extraction of total polyphenol and total flavonoids in G. jasminoides. Then central composite design (CCD) was combined with response surface method to optimize the extraction technology,and verification test was conducted. RESULTS:The optimal extraction conditions of total polyphenol were 40% etha-nol,particle size of 0.20 mm,extraction temperature of 60 ℃,liquid-solid ratio of 20,and extraction time of 20 min;the optimal extraction conditions of total flavonoids were 40% ethanol,particle size of 0.20 mm,extraction temperature of 30 ℃,liquid-solid ratio of 20,and extraction time of 20 min. In verification test,the contents of total polyphenol and total flavonoids in G. jasminoi-des were 1.70%(RSD=1.43%,n=3),3.23%(RSD=3.72%,n=3),with relative error of 1.80%,8.75% with predicted val-ues,respectively. CONCLUSIONS:The response surface method based on PB and CCD is simple,reasonable and feasible to opti-mize the extraction technology of total polyphenol and total flavonoids in G. jasminoides. The method can provide reference for its industrial extraction.